腹腔镜技术在腹部闭合性损伤中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在腹部闭合性损伤的治疗中的应用效果。方法选取2015年1月至2015年5月收治的闭合性腹部损伤患者86例,根据治疗方式分为腹腔镜手术组(64例)和中转开腹手术组(22例)。采用SPSS 20.0进行分析处理,术后并发症发生率采用χ2检验;手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间和住院费用采用(x珋±s)表示并行t检验。以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果腹腔镜手术组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、住院费用均显著低于中转开腹手术组(t=6.531,t=2.378,t=2.356,t=8.569,P0.05或P0.01)。腹腔镜手术组术后并发症发生率3.13%(2/64)显著低于中转开腹手术组36.36%(8/22)(χ2=9.565,P0.01);出院时,腹腔镜手术组生活质量各维度显著高于中转开腹手术组(t=2.311,t=2.265,t=2.253,t=2.297,P0.05)。结论对于符合腹腔镜手术适应证的腹部闭合性损伤患者,积极开展腹腔镜手术,具有手术时间短,出血量少、住院相关费低的优势,应严格控制中转开腹率,提高其应用率。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的可行性、安全性及肿瘤根治性分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的可行性、安全性及肿瘤根治效果。方法:随机选取2008年2月至2013年2月54例腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者作为研究对象(腹腔镜组),另选取60例传统开腹直肠癌根治术患者作为对照(开腹组)。对比分析两组患者一般资料、手术时间、手术出血量、术中输血、术后并发症、术后恢复情况,以及手术前后炎性指标、免疫指标、肿瘤标志物变化、手术根治效果。结果:手术均顺利完成,腹腔镜组无一例中转开腹。两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.124,P<0.05),手术出血量腹腔镜组少于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(t=8.108,P=0.000),术中输血两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腹腔镜组术后恢复情况优于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前CRP、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平两组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第3天、第7天、第10天,腹腔镜组CRP、CD8+均低于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),腹腔镜组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平均高于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者手术前后血清CA242、CEA、CA724、CA199含量及阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率低于开腹组(13%vs.23.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组标本长度、淋巴结清扫数量、各站淋巴结转移率、转移度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜直肠癌根治术具有安全性高、并发症少、术后住院时间短等优点,手术可行性高、肿瘤根治性彻底,可作为直肠癌根治性治疗的首选方案。     

腹腔镜下脾切除加门奇断流术在肝硬化门静脉高压中的应用

探讨腹腔镜下脾切除联合门奇断流术治疗肝硬化性门静脉高压的安全性和有效性。分析48例肝硬化门静脉高压患者行脾切除联合门奇断流术的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同分为两组:腹腔镜组26例,接受完全腹腔镜下脾切除和门奇断流术;开腹组22例,接受传统开腹手术行脾切除及门奇断流术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛指数、肠功能恢复时间、并发症发生率及术后住院时间等。腹腔镜组成功完成手术22例,中转开腹4例。腹腔镜组与开腹组平均手术时间分别为(198±20)min和(162±18)min,差异无统计学意义(t=3.461,P=0.610);术中平均出血量分别为(186±48)mL和(285±35)mL,差异有统计学意义(t=1.162,P=0.042);术后平均住院时间分别为(9.2±2.5)d和(12.5±2.2)d,差异有统计学意义(t=1.968,P=0.010);腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率、术后疼痛指数较开腹组低,术后肠功能恢复较开腹组快(P0.05)。腹腔镜下脾切除联合门奇断流术创伤小、术中出血少、并发症发生率低、恢复快,在肝硬化性门静脉高压中的应用是安全、可行、有效的。     

手辅助腹腔镜胃癌根治术的临床效果观察

目的探讨手辅助腹腔镜胃癌根治性切除术的临床可行性和效果。方法回顾性分析2011年10月至2014年10月收治的132例胃癌根治性手术患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为手辅助组(采用手辅助腹腔镜手术治疗41例)、腹腔镜组(采用腹腔镜辅助手术46例)、开腹组(采用传统开腹手术治疗45例)。使用SPSS17.0统计软件分析,三组患者的术中、术后指标以(x珋±s)表示,三组组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验;术后并发症率比较采用卡方检验。P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果三组患者的手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数目、术后肛门排气时间、下床活动时间、术后住院时间指标比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组的手术时间(192.4±16.6)min长于其他两组(P=0.039);手辅助组的术中出血量(229.5±44.2)ml显著小于其他两组(P=0.001);手辅助组和腹腔镜组的术后肛门排气时间、下床活动时间、术后住院时间显著的短于开腹组患者(P0.05);手辅助组术中共清扫淋巴结(17.8±2.1)枚与开腹组相当,但显著的高于腹腔镜组(P=0.035)。三组患者的术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.846,P=0.397)。结论手辅助腹腔镜胃癌根治性切除术具有腹腔镜手术的微创、术后恢复快的特点,同时具有开腹手术的手术时间短、可充分发挥手的灵巧性及触觉、术中淋巴结清扫较为彻底的优点。     

低位直肠癌腹腔镜与开腹根治术近期效果比较

目的:探讨腹腔镜与开腹根治术治疗低位直肠癌的近期效果,为临床诊断治疗提供参考。方法:将70例低位直肠癌患者随机分为腹腔镜组(n=36)与开腹组(n=34),对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后尿管留置时间、术后住院时间及并发症发生情况。结果:腹腔镜组手术时间显著长于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组术中出血量显著少于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后远端切缘长度、淋巴结扫清数量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组术后肛门排气时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院时间均优于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组术后并发症总发生率显著低于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜手术可达到开腹手术的近期疗效,且具有出血少、切口小、术后康复快、并发症发生率低等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜联合开腹胆道探查器行胆总管探查取石的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合开腹胆道探查器行胆总管探查取石的可行性和临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年9月重庆市第九人民医院收治的124例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,分为开腹组、腹腔镜组和联合组.开腹组患者58例,采用开腹胆道探查器行胆总管取石;腹腔镜组患者31例,采用腹腔镜联合腹腔镜取石器行胆总管探查取石;联合组患者35例,采用腹腔镜联合开腹胆道探查器行胆总管探查取石.采用t检验、x2检验和方差分析比较3组患者术中、术后情况和医疗费用等.结果 在手术时间、术中出血量、胆总管取石量等方面,联合组与开腹组比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.432,1.957,1.186,P＞0.05);但联合组比腹腔镜组手术时间短、胆总管取石量多、中转开腹率低(t=3.848,4.749,x2=8.592,P＜0.05).在医疗费用方面,联合组与开腹组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.683,P＞0.05);但联合组术后肛门排气时间短、住院时间短、术后使用镇痛剂次数更少(t=3.581,2.893,4.749,P＜0.05);与腹腔镜组比较,联合组医疗费用较低(t=4.517,P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜联合开腹胆道探查器行胆总管探查取石术具有微创的优点,且应用范围广,成功率高,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

有上腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的体会

目的:探讨有上腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的安全性与可行性。方法:选取2015年8月至2017年8月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的112例慢性胆囊炎并胆囊结石患者,其中57例有上腹部手术史(观察组),55例无手术史(对照组),比较两组手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、中转开腹率、术后并发症及术中出血量。结果:与对照组相比,观察组手术时间更长、术中出血量更多、住院费用更高(P0.05),但两组中转开腹率、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:有上腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术相对安全、可行。     

腹腔镜直肠癌手术中转开腹对术后恢复的影响

目的 分析腹腔镜直肠癌根治术(LRR)中转开腹手术对患者术后恢复的影响.方法 回顾性分析深圳市人民医院胃肠外科2003年2月至2007年2月期间行LRR的病例208例,其中腹腔镜中转开腹手术(CRR)32例,与同期59例开腹直肠癌根治手术(ORR)和176例成功施行LRR比较,分析手术时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、术中出血量、肠功能恢复时间及并发症发生率情况.结果 3种手术方式之间的手术时间、术后住院时间、术中出血量和肠功能恢复时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05); CRR和LRR的住院费用明显要高于ORR(P=0.001,P=0.001),而CRR和LRR之间住院费用差异无统计学意义(P=0.843),但ORR的术后并发症发生率要高于CRR和LRR(P=0.023,P=0.004).结论 LRR虽然具有一定的中转开腹手术率,但与ORR相比,CRR并不会影响患者术后恢复,只是手术费用会增加.     

完全腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术在肝硬化门脉高压症中的应用

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化性门静脉高压症的手术技巧、可行性、安全性及临床价值。方法:分析25例肝硬化门脉高压患者行脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术的临床资料,患者分为两组,腹腔镜组(n=14)接受完全腹腔镜手术;开腹组(n=11)接受传统开腹手术。对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛指数、肠功能恢复时间、并发症发生率及术后住院时间等。结果:腹腔镜组12例成功完成手术,2例中转开腹。腹腔镜组与开腹组平均手术时间分别为(200±19)min、(172±20)min(t=3.361,P=0.511);术中平均出血量分别为(183±45)ml与(308±34)ml(t=-2.157,P=0.043);术后平均住院时间分别为(10.2±2.6)d与(12.9±2.0)d(t=2.788,P=0.011);腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率、术后疼痛指数较开腹组低,术后肠功能恢复较开腹组快,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与传统开腹手术相比,完全腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术创伤小、术中出血少,术后并发症发生率低,康复快,住院时间短,治疗门脉高压症是安全、可行、有效的,值得临床进一步推广。     

3D与2D腹腔镜D2根治性全胃切除术的 近期疗效对比研究

目的:探讨3D腹腔镜在D2根治性全胃切除术中的优势及近期疗效。方法:回顾分析2017年2月至2018年2月由同一组医师完成的3D(n=14)与2D(n=18)腹腔镜胃癌D2根治性全胃切除术的临床资料。对比两组手术时间、淋巴结清扫数量、术中出血量等手术指标,及术后并发症、术后排气时间、术后住院时间等近期疗效指标。结果:两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开腹。3D组与2D组手术时间[(271.0±45.2)min vs.(278.6±53.6)min,t=0.352,P=0.731]差异无统计学意义;但3D组术中出血更少[(105.4±31.3)mL vs.(142.2±58.6)mL,t=2.123,P=0.042];淋巴结清扫数量更多[(28.6±10.6)枚vs.(21.1±8.2)枚,t=2.278,P=0.030]。两组术后排气时间[(3.1±0.7)d vs.(3.7±1.0)d,t=1.928,P=0.063]、术后住院时间[(11.2±2.2)d vs.(12.3±2.2)d,t=1.115,P=0.278]、术后并发症发生率[21.4%(3/14) vs. 27.8%(5/18),P=1.000]差异无统计学意义。结论:与2D腹腔镜相比,3D腹腔镜D2根治性全胃切除术在术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数量方面优势明显,值得临床进一步推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.