磁共振弥散张量成像在评价缺血性脑梗死所致运动功能损伤的价值

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)评价缺血性脑梗死所致皮质脊髓束损伤程度及运动功能的关系。方法对32例缺血性脑梗死患者,分别进行常规头部MR平扫、DWI、DTI扫描,获得各向异性分数(FA)及方向编码彩色图(DEC)。对比测量梗死侧与健侧相对应部位脑白质的各向FA值,对皮质脊髓束(CST)进行弥散张量纤维束重建(DTT)并分级。结果梗死灶FA值较对侧相应部位明显减低。CST穿过病灶的患者运动功能恢复较差,CST未穿过梗死灶的患者运动功能恢复较好。结论 CST损伤程度与运动功能的恢复相关,DTI、DTT技术能够无创显示CST与缺血性脑梗死灶的空间关系,帮助判断运动功能受损情况及预测预后。     

弥散张量纤维束成像技术在脑梗死患者运动功能康复中的临床研究

目的通过弥散张量纤维束成像技术分析脑梗死患者皮质脊髓束损伤。方法选择脑梗死患者37例,在发病3d内完成常规磁共振弥散张量成像扫描,使用MRI自带软件勾画患者双侧皮质脊髓束。根据皮质脊髓束损伤程度分为Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级15例。比较皮质脊髓束不同损伤程度患者一般临床资料及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,随访6个月,使用Fugl-Meyer评分(FMS)评估患者运动功能恢复状况及影响FMS的危险因素。结果Ⅲ级皮质脊髓束损伤患者入院NIHSS评分明显高于Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级患者(P0.05)。Ⅰ级运动功能恢复最好,评分最高,Ⅲ级最差,评分最低。与入院时比较,Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级皮质脊髓束损伤患者6个月FMS明显改善[(90.00±4.30)分vs(85.00±4.50)分,(78.40±3.80)分vs(73.00±3.90)分,(72.50±3.80)分vs(67.00±4.00)分,P0.01]。多因素线性回归分析显示,皮质脊髓束损伤程度、脑白质病变等级及入院NIHSS评分是影响运动功能评分的相关因素(P0.01)。结论弥散张量纤维束成像技术可以评估脑梗死患者皮质脊髓束的损伤程度;皮质脊髓束的损伤程度是影响脑梗死患者运动功能恢复的重要因素。     

脑桥梗死锥体束继发Wallerian变性的磁共振扩散张量成像研究

目的应用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)研究脑桥梗死后锥体束继发Wallerian变性的演变过程与神经功能恢复的关系。方法对16例脑桥梗死患者(病例组)于发病<7 d、15 d、30 d、90 d和180 d进行DTI检查。另选16例正常志愿者作为对照组。测量梗死区下方的延髓、上方的大脑脚、内囊后肢及中央前后回皮质的各向异性分数(FA)值,比较病例组各时间点梗死侧与对侧以及对照组各部位FA值的差异,计算FA比值(rFA),并进行临床神经功能评分分析。结果与对照组比较,病例组脑桥梗死灶同侧的延髓、大脑脚、内囊后肢以及中央前后回皮质FA值均有不同程度降低,这种降低的趋势在发病15 d时最为显著,180 d基本恢复正常。患者发病15d时的rFA与90d、180d时的Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分均呈正相关。结论 DTI能够早期检测脑桥梗死后锥体束纤维继发的Wallerian变性。发病早期病灶同侧锥体束FA值下降的程度可预示患者远期运动功能恢复的程度。     

弥散张量成像在脑出血患者运动功能转归预测中的作用

卒中是中国居民死亡的首位原因.脑出血占所有卒中的10%~20%,神经功能损伤程度往往较缺血性卒中更严重.皮质脊髓束受损是卒中后运动功能缺损的重要机制.弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)是目前唯一可无创性检测脑白质纤维束的功能磁共振成像技术,可客观评估纤维束受损程度,预测患者的运动功能转归.文章对DTI在脑出血患者运动功能转归预测中的作用进行了综述.     

白质纤维束磁共振扩散张量成像在恒河猴脑梗死模型中的应用

目的探讨MR扩散张量成像(DTI)及扩散张量纤维束成像(DTT)技术对恒河猴脑梗死模型脑缺血后不同时期白质纤维束损伤的诊断价值,并观察白质纤维束的受损情况。方法 4只清洁级成年雄性恒河猴,平均年龄(8. 0±1. 5)岁,平均体质量(9. 6±1. 2) kg。采用恒河猴自体血栓制备大脑中动脉(M1段)闭塞-再通模型,闭塞后2. 5 h予以重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂溶栓治疗。分别于脑缺血后4 h、7 d、30 d进行常规MRI、扩散加权成像、DTI检查。对比梗死侧(梗死灶、额叶、小脑)与健侧相应部位脑白质的各向异性分数(FA)值和白质纤维束数量的改变。结果梗死侧梗死灶的FA及纤维束数量均具有7 d下降、30 d升高的趋势,差异均有统计学意义(缺血后4 h、7 d、30 d的FA分别为0. 301±0. 045、0. 200±0. 050、0. 305±0. 026,纤维束数量分别为43. 0±1. 6、22. 8±11. 0、31. 3±6. 4; F值分别为8. 223、7. 861,均P 0. 05)。脑缺血后不同时间点梗死侧的额叶、小脑及对侧相应部位脑白质的FA和纤维束数量比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。结论 DTI及DTT技术能较好地评价脑梗死恒河猴模型脑缺血后不同时期白质纤维束的损伤程度,对指导临床诊断和帮助判断预后有重要价值。     

弥散张量成像对脑出血预后的评估

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)对脑出血患者预后评估的应用价值.方法 利用DTI、弥散张量纤维束成像(DTT)观察36例脑出血患者皮质脊髓束(CST)的损伤情况,分析运动功能变化、临床预后与CST受损情况的关系.结果 患侧CST受损区的各向异性分数(FA)值降低,与健侧相比有显著性差异(t=14.375 8,P<0.05);患侧CST受损区FA值降低百分比和美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分值具有相关性(r=0.951 6,P<0.05);不同CST损伤级别组在不同的时期肌力、NIHSS 评分的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),发病后2个月各组间的NIHSS评分转归情况有显著性差异(P=0.002 9).结论 FA值可定量评估神经功能的损伤情况;DTT所示CST中断的患者肌力下降幅度大、神经功能缺损重、预后较差,且中断纤维数量越多上述表现越重.     

弥散张量成像在评价急性缺血性脑梗死白质纤维束损伤中的价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)在评价急性缺血性脑梗死白质纤维束损伤中的价值。方法对21例发病72 h内的急性缺血性脑梗死住院患者进行常规头部MR平扫、DWI、DTI扫描及DTT三维重建。对比测量梗死侧与健侧相对应部位脑白质的各向异性系数(FA),对皮质脊髓束(CST)进行弥散张量纤维束重建(DTT),并分级。结果急性脑梗死患侧FA减低,两者相比差异有统计学意义。病变侧CST表现为受压、变形、移位和中断,FA下降越明显,CST受累越严重。结论 DTI能够直接观察到白质纤维束的变化,从而对急性脑梗死白质纤维束损伤进行很好的评估。     

磁共振扩散张量成像对急性脑干缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能的评估价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)对急性脑干缺血性卒中(ABIS)患者运动功能的评估价值。方法选择2014年1月至2015年6月在医院接受磁共振成像(MRI)诊断的40例ABIS患者为观察组;另选同期在医院进行头颅MRI检查未见器质异常的健康志愿者40例作为对照组,利用AVANTO 1.5T超导MRI诊断仪为两组受试者实施MRI脑部平扫。对比两组不同部位的DTI和扩散张量的纤维束成像(DTT)参数,观察组患者发病不同时期(发病后7 d、1、6个月)美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)及上下肢的肌力评分,分析观察组患者患侧/健侧相对值与NIHSS及上下肢的肌力评分的相关性。结果观察组患侧梗死灶和大脑脚及内囊后肢的各向异性分数(FA)值,以及皮质脊髓束的数量均显著低于健侧(P0.05)。观察组发病后1、6个月的NIHSS评分与上下肢的肌力评分均显著低于发病后7 d(P0.05)。观察组大脑脚偏侧性值(r FA)与发病后7 d、1、6个月的NIHSS评分及上下肢的肌力评分均呈负相关。结论大脑脚r FA与NIHSS评分及上下肢的肌力评分对ABIS患者的神经功能及运动功能的恢复具有较大的反馈价值。     

磁共振扩散张量成像及白质纤维束示踪技术对脑卒中预后的判断价值

脑卒中是一种致死率和致残率极高的疾病,早期评价脑卒中的损伤程度和准确预测患者预后一直是医学界的难题。常规头颅CT和磁共振（MRI）很难准确显示病灶与神经纤维束的空间位置关系以及白质束受损的范围,扩散张量成像（DTI）和白质纤维束示踪技术（DTT）的出现为脑卒中的早期诊断和病情评估、治疗时机的判断以及预后的评估提供了技术支持,是唯一可在活体显示脑白质纤维束的无创性成像技术,可直观地显示脑内病变对白质纤维形态结构直接或间接地影响。     

扩散张量成像联合美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评价老年急性脑梗死患者预后价值

目的分析白质纤维束成像技术及磁共振扩散张量成像在评估急性缺血性脑梗死患者预后中的应用价值。方法选取我院收治的120例单侧急性缺血性脑梗死患者作为研究对象;行磁共振扩散张量成像及白质纤维束成像技术检测,采用平行联合和系列联合进行联合预测分析,若所有指标均为阳性则判定系列联合预测阳性,任一指标为阳性则判定平行联合预测为阳性。结果平行联合预测的敏感性及阴性预测值均显著高于美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分预测、病灶与皮质脊髓束关系预测及系列联合预测(P0.05)。系列联合预测的特异性及阳性预测值均显著高于NIHSS评分预测、病灶与皮质脊髓束关系预测及平行联合预测(97.50%vs 85.00%、87.50%、78.75%,P=0.001;93.75%vs 73.33%、76.19%、68.52%,P=0.000);平行联合预测及系列联合预测的ROC曲线下面积显著高于NIHSS评分预测、病灶与皮质脊髓束关系预测(P0.05)。结论依照患者脑梗死病灶与皮质脊髓束关系并联合患者NIHSS评分结果对患者的偏瘫预后进行评估,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

磁共振扩散张量成像评价脑梗死患者运动功能预后的价值

目的 应用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)研究脑梗死不同时期扩散张量的变化规律,探讨脑梗死区的扩散张量及皮质脊髓束受累程度与患者临床预后的关系.方法 选择内囊周围区脑梗死患者20例,分别于发病<7 d,15d,1、3、6个月进行5次DTI检查,测量各个时期脑梗死区相对部分各向异性分数值(rFA),应用Fugl-Meyer量...     

Complete monoplegia due to limb-kinetic apraxia in a patient with traumatic brain injury: A case report

Rationale:Limb-kinetic apraxia (LKA) is a disorder of movement execution that is a result of injury to the corticofugal tracts (CFTs) from the secondary motor area. We report on a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and complete monoplegia due to LKA, which was mainly ascribed to injury of the CFT from the secondary motor area using diffusion tensor tractography.Patient concerns:A 35-year-old male was struck by a car from the side during riding an autocycle and received direct head trauma as a result of falling to ground. He lost consciousness for approximately 1 month and experienced continuous post-traumatic amnesia after the accident. The patient''s Glasgow Coma Scale score was 3 and he showed quadriparesis including complete monoplegia of his left arm since the onset of TBI.Diagnoses:The patient diagnosed complete monoplegia due to LKA after traumatic brain injury.Interventions:He underwent conservative management for TBI followed by rehabilitation at approximately 2 months after onset. Outcomes: At 32-month after onset, weakness on left arm (Manual Muscle Test [MMT]:0) and partial weakness of left leg (MMT:3).Outcomes:Results of electromyography and nerve conduction studies of left extremities were normal. Motor evoked potential values obtained from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (APB) were: right APB latency 22.3msec, amplitude 1.6mV; left APB latency 22.8msec, amplitude 1.5mV. After 2 weeks of administration of dopaminergic drugs for improvement of LKA, left arm weakness had recovered to level that permitted movement against gravity (MMT:3). Diffusion tensor tractography at 32-month after onset showed right corticospinal tract discontinuation at the pontine level and partial tearing of the left corticospinal tract at the subcortical white matter. In addition, the left CFT from the supplementary motor area showed partial tearing at the subcortical white matter.Lessons:The LKA due to injury of the left supplementary motor area-CFT was demonstrated in a patient with complete monoplegia following TBI. Accurate diagnosis of LKA is important for successful rehabilitation because LKA is known to respond to dopaminergic drug treatment.     

Spontaneous corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after adult central nervous system injury

Although it is believed that little recovery occurs after adult mammalian spinal cord injury, in fact significant spontaneous functional improvement commonly occurs after spinal cord injury in humans. To investigate potential mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery, lesions of defined components of the corticospinal motor pathway were made in adult rats in the rostral cervical spinal cord or caudal medulla. Following complete lesions of the dorsal corticospinal motor pathway, which contains more than 95% of all corticospinal axons, spontaneous sprouting from the ventral corticospinal tract occurred onto medial motoneuron pools in the cervical spinal cord; this sprouting was paralleled by functional recovery. Combined lesions of both dorsal and ventral corticospinal tract components eliminated sprouting and functional recovery. In addition, functional recovery was also abolished if dorsal corticospinal tract lesions were followed 5 weeks later by ventral corticospinal tract lesions. We found extensive spontaneous structural plasticity as a mechanism correlating with functional recovery in motor systems in the adult central nervous system. Experimental enhancement of spontaneous plasticity may be useful to promote further recovery after adult central nervous system injury.     

磁共振弥散张量成像对急性卒中患者脑白质病灶定位定量的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）技术对急性卒中患者脑白质病灶的定位、定量评估价值。方法连续纳入100例卒中急性期的患者,根据急性期患肢的肌力分为：无瘫痪组（肌力Ⅴ级）21例,轻度瘫痪组（肌力Ⅲ～Ⅳ级）40例,重度瘫痪组（肌力0～Ⅱ级）39例。入院3d内对患者行头部MRI或CT、DTI和磁共振弥散张量纤维束成像（DTT）检查,明确病灶分布。并在DTI各向异性（FA）弥散图上取FA值。对3组中病灶位于基底核区的病例,进行病灶容积计算。对患者在急性期（发病3d内）和4周末进行神经运动功能评分,采用简易Fugl—Meyer运动量表（FMMS）评定运动功能的恢复情况。结果①3组病灶部位的分布差异有统计学意义（χ^2=25．892,P〈0．001）,无瘫痪组主要为放射冠区的病变（85．7％,18／21）,轻度瘫痪组主要为基底核区病变（65．0％,26／40）,仅重度瘫痪组存在脑干区病灶（15．4％,6／39）。②3组患侧与健侧相应区域FA值的比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;仅重度瘫痪组的内囊后肢和放射冠区患侧与健侧FA值的比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。对病灶同位于基底核区的轻度瘫痪组患者与重度瘫痪者组患者受损的皮质脊髓束（CST）FA值的比较,差异有统计学意义（P＝0．004）;对轻度瘫痪组中9例局部受损CST的FA值与重度瘫痪组患侧CST的FA值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。⑧轻度瘫痪组40例患者肌力FMMS评分,急性期为（85±5）,4周末为（92±3）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;重度瘫痪组39例急性期FMMS评分为（54±11）,4周末为（57±11）分,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。④将轻度瘫痪组局部受损CST的FA值与发病时肌力进行相关性检验,rs=0．065,P=0．868,差异无统计学意义;将重度瘫痪组受损CST的FA值与发病时肌力进行相关性检验,rs=0．008,P=0．972,差异亦无统计学意义。结论弥散张量成像技术能够对卒中急性期患者的病灶进行准确定位,并对白质病灶进行定量分析。轻度瘫痪患者的运动功能恢复明显优于重度瘫痪者,而基底核区病灶容积大小对运动障碍程度无显著影响。     

Injury of the Ascending Reticular Activating System in Patients With Fatigue and Hypersomnia Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Two Case Reports

We report on patients with post-traumatic fatigue and hypersomnia who showed injury of the lower portion of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) between the pontine reticular formation (RF) and the intralaminar thalamic nucleus (ILN) following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT).Two patients with mild TBI resulting from a car accident were enrolled in this study. Patient 1 was a 51-year-old woman showed abnormalities as 6.9 (cut off: 3.7 points) and 18 (cut off: 10) on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale at 11 months after onset. Patient 2 was a 64-year-old woman who revealed abnormalities on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale with 6.8 and 19 at 3 months after onset.In both patients, the upper ARAS in which the neural connectivity of the ILN to the cerebral cortex did not show significant abnormalities. However, we observed the narrowing of the left dorsal lower ARAS between the pontine RF and the ILN in both patients and the tearing (patient 1) and narrowing (patient 2) of the left ventral lower ARAS between the pontine RF and the hypothalamus.Injuries of the dorsal and ventral lower ARAS were demonstrated in patients with fatigue and hypersomnia following mild TBI. We believe that these injuries of the ARAS might be a pathogenetic mechanism of fatigue and hypersomnia in patients with TBI.     

脑梗死后皮质脊髓束Wallerian变性的DTI纵向研究

目的探讨应用扩散张量成像（DTI）观察脑梗死后从早期、亚急性至慢性期同侧皮质脊髓束（CST）的DTI参数随时间变化的规律,由此检测皮质脊髓束发生Wallerian变性的时间演变过程。方法选取2008年11月至2010年1月间在复旦大学附属中山医院住院治疗的皮层下运动通路脑梗死患者34例,发病时间从5h至2年。在入院时行MRI＋DTI检查。34例中选取5例患者,在发病1W内、第2周、1个月、3个月、6个月和1年分别行MRI＋DTI检查。采用工作站之Functool软件,重建出平均弥散系数（MD）、各向异性分数（FA）的参数图。通过放置兴趣区（ROI）的方式计算出FA值、MD值、rFA、rMD。ROI放置在双侧大脑脚。结果脑梗死后病灶同侧大脑脚区rFA在1月内下降最明显,1个月至3个月下降变慢,3个月后rFA变化幅度很小基本保持平稳。而rMD在脑梗死2W内无明显变化,2W至3个月上升,3个月后基本保持稳定。5例患者不同时间点的DTI研究能够显示这种变化过程。结论脑梗死后从早期、亚急性至慢性期同侧大脑脚处皮质脊髓束的FA值进行性减少。DTI有利于检测脑梗死后皮质脊髓束发生Wallerian变性的程度及动态演变过程。     

Long-term recovery from a minimally responsive state with recovery of an injured ascending reticular activating system: A case report

We report on a patient with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HI-BI) who showed recovery from a minimally consciousness state over 6 years concurrent with recovery of an injured ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which was demonstrated on diffusion tensor tractography (DTT).A 31-year-old female patient, who suffered from HI-BI, showed impaired consciousness with a minimally conscious state: intermittently obeying simple motor tasks, such as “please grasp my hand.” Her consciousness showed recovery with the passage of time; rapid recovery was observed during the recent 2 years.In the upper ARAS, the neural connectivity to both the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex had increased on 8-year DTT compared with 1.5-year DTT. In the lower dorsal and ventral ARAS, no significant change was observed between 1.5 and 8 years DTTs.Recovery of an injured ARAS was demonstrated in a patient who showed recovery from a minimally consciousness state over 6 years following HI-BI. Our results suggest the brain target areas for recovery of impaired awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness.     

体外反搏对脑梗死恢复期运动神经功能的疗效观察

目的观察体外反搏治疗方法对脑梗死后3～10月内未能完全恢复的脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法40例患者随机分为体外反搏组（T组）及继续药物治疗组（C组）各20例,采用大脑皮层运动诱发电位（motorevoked—potential）及日常生活活动能力（ADL）对患者进行治疗前后评测。结果2组一般基线比较无统计学差异,具有可比性,在治疗疗程结束后,T组患者ADL的Barthel指数及运动神经系统功能较C组有明显好转。结论 体外反搏可使脑梗死后较长一段时间内运动神经功能得到改善及恢复。