淋巴显像法与染料法示踪喉癌和下咽癌前哨淋巴结的对比研究

目的 探讨淋巴显像法与生物活性染料定位法示踪cNO期喉癌和下咽癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)在头颈部肿瘤治疗中的价值.方法 40例cNO喉癌患者和10例cNO下咽癌患者,术前于喉镜引导下注射~(99)Tc~m-硫胶体,使用单光子发射型计算机断层扫描仪(single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)和CT进行颈淋巴显像;同时术中用γ探针探测放射性"热点".手术中注射亚甲蓝,示踪蓝染的SLN.SLN全部被切除后,行肿瘤切除加颈淋巴清扫术,所有淋巴结送常规病理检查.结果 运用淋巴显像法35例喉癌和6例下咽癌患者检出SLN,检出率为82.0%(41/50).运用生物活性染料定位法29例喉癌和4例下咽癌患者示踪SLN,检出率为66.0%(33/50),两种方法的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=2.769,P<0.05).SLN的检出数目分别为96枚和83枚(χ~2=2.098,P<0.05),灵敏度分别为83.3%和66.7%.本组50例患者中,12例患者常规病理检查有淋巴转移,占24.0%.结论 淋巴显像法和染料法均可示踪cNO期喉癌和下咽癌的前哨淋巴结.淋巴显像法不仅术前可进行前哨淋巴结的定位,而且较染料法具有较高的检出率和灵敏度.     

对cN0喉及下咽癌患者进行Ⅳ区和V区的颈清扫是否合理

目的:为了制定恰当的颈清扫治疗方案,对cNO喉癌和下咽癌患者的淋巴结累及区域和复发率作一评价.方法:回顾性分析接受局限性颈淋巴结清除术的238例cNO患者,至少随访24个月,并对局部复发进行评估.结果:Ⅳ区的隐匿性淋巴结转移率是3.4%;其中单独转移至Ⅳ区的是1.5%.我们观察发现颈部的局部复发率是5.6%,在V区没有发现淋巴结转移和局部复发.结论:当术中颈淋巴结冷冻切片为阴性,对cNO患者可合理性做出Ⅱ、Ⅲ区清扫术,Ⅳ区部分清扫术及对侧颈部淋巴结清扫术,得出结论:Ⅴ区颈清扫术是没有必要的,除非在Ⅴ区有明显的转移灶.     

喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移临床对比分析

目的：探讨喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结转移的特点和分布规律。方法：对全喉切除术同期及复发后第1次行颈淋巴结清扫的129例喉癌、下咽癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析，研究不同类型的喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结的转移情况。结果：声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者易发生早期淋巴结转移；下咽癌患者的转移淋巴结融合率高，颈静脉下区出现阳性淋巴结的比率高；声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者原发病灶分化差的比率相对偏高；同期与复发后行颈淋巴结清扫的患者原发病灶分期差异无显著性意义。结论：对T2期及以上的声门上型喉癌及下咽癌患者，尤其当细胞分化比较差时，即使颈淋巴结阳性体征不明显亦应积极考虑颈淋巴结清扫问题，对下咽癌患者行颈淋巴结清扫时应考虑彻底清扫颈静脉下区的淋巴结。     

叶绿素染色在喉癌下咽癌颈淋巴结清扫术中的应用

目的 :探讨喉癌、下咽癌的颈淋巴结转移方式。方法 :对 5 0例喉癌、下咽癌患者于颈清扫术前 ,在喉及下咽粘膜下注射叶绿素使颈淋巴结系统染色 ,指导施行颈清扫术并收集淋巴结 ,进行连续切片观察。结果 :颈淋巴结被染成深绿色 ,与周围组织颜色对比明显 ,便于颈部手术和采集淋巴结 ;经病理检查证实 ,颈淋巴结总的转移率为 4 8% ,Ⅰ、Ⅴ区转移时均伴有其它区域的转移 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ区转移率高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区 (P <0 .0 1) ;临床诊断颈淋巴结阴性 (cN0 )的患者淋巴结转移率为 2 3.5 % ,转移区域均在Ⅱ、Ⅲ区。结论 :临床诊断颈淋巴结阳性 (cN+ )喉癌、下咽癌患者的颈清扫手术 ,首先要保证清扫II、III区淋巴结 ,术中所见决定选择性颈清扫术式 ,对cN0 的下咽癌或声门上癌可行单侧或双侧颈深上、中淋巴结清扫术。叶绿素染色清晰 ,安全无毒 ,便于手术 ,可以在颈清扫术中常规应用     

甲状腺乳头状癌临床NO患者颈部淋巴结转移规律

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌临床NO( clinical NO,cN0)患者颈部淋巴结转移规律和外科处理方式.方法 前瞻性研究2007年8月至2010年9月51例甲状腺乳头状癌cNO患者.术前采用核素法和染料法定位前哨淋巴结,并行术中冰冻病理检查,与术后颈清扫标本常规病理进行对照.记录51例患者53侧颈部淋巴结清扫转移淋巴结的数量及在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区的分布情况.研究患者年龄、肿瘤多中心病灶、被膜外侵、肿瘤大小、中央区淋巴转移数目与颈侧区淋巴转移的关系,影响颈侧区淋巴转移率单因素差异比较采用x2检验,Logistic模型进行多因素分析.结果 颈部淋巴结隐匿性转移率77.4％ (41/53),颈侧隐匿性转移率58.5％(31/53),中央区淋巴转移≥3枚是颈侧区淋巴转移的独立危险因素.pNO 12侧,pN+41侧,17侧仅有1个分区转移,占pN+的41.5％( 17/41);2个或2个以上分区转移24侧,占pN+的58.5％( 24/41).转移淋巴结分布以Ⅵ区最常见,为62.3％(33/53),其次为Ⅲ区52.8％(28/53),Ⅳ区30.2％(16/53),Ⅱ区18.9％(10/53),Ⅴ区0％ (0/53).结论 甲状腺乳头状癌cNO患者隐匿性淋巴结转移以多区转移为主,Ⅵ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ区常见.中央区淋巴转移≥3枚较易出现颈侧淋巴转移,对cNO患者选择性清扫Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区能清除大部分存在的颈部隐匿性转移淋巴结.     

喉及下咽鳞癌颈淋巴结隐匿性转移灶的研究

目的 :进一步探讨喉及下咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移规律 ,为喉及下咽鳞癌颈淋巴结清扫术提供理论依据。方法 :收集 1997年 5月～ 1999年 7月 4 0例临床颈淋巴结阴性 ( c N0 )的喉及下咽鳞癌患者改良根治性颈清扫术所得标本 ,且术前未经任何治疗者为研究病例。对颈清扫淋巴结 (共 2 2 19枚 )进行常规 HE及免疫组化法检查。全部病例随访 1年以上。结果 :喉及下咽鳞癌出现颈淋巴结转移 14例 ( 3 5 % ) ,共 3 1枚 ( 1.4 % )淋巴结 ,其中声门上癌 6例 ( 6/2 0 ) ,跨声门癌 1例 ( 1/1) ,下咽癌 7例 ( 7/10 )。 9例声门癌无颈淋巴结转移。颈淋巴结转移均位于颈 、 区。结论 :喉及下咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移多发生于患侧颈 、 区 (局限于声门区喉癌除外 )。对于 T2 ～ T4 声门上癌、跨声门癌及下咽癌的 c N0 患者 ,根据其可能发生颈淋巴结隐匿性转移的高危险性 ,建议行患侧或双侧颈 及 区淋巴结清扫术。     

99m锝-右旋糖酐颈淋巴显像对喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的：探讨乳突区皮下注射^99m锝-右旋糖酐（^99mTc-DX105）单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）颈淋巴显像对喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法：对30例喉癌和下咽癌患者术前经双侧乳突区皮下注射^99mTc-DX105 SPECT颈淋巴显像与颈廓清标本病理检查进行对比研究。结果：30例患者53侧颈部SPECT，显像阳性24侧，其中3侧为假阳性；阴性29侧，其中1侧为假阴性。53侧SPECT颈淋巴显像的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为95．5％（21／22）、90．3％（28／31）和92．5％（49／53）。8侧隐匿性转移淋巴结中SPECT显像检出7侧，检出率为87．5％（7／8）。结论：乳突区皮下注射^99mTc-DX105 SPECT颈淋巴显像对指导喉癌和下咽癌的临床分期及颈淋巴结清扫，具有一定的临床意义。     

瘤内微血管密度与喉癌下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的相关性研究

为探讨瘤内血管密度与喉癌，下咽癌淋巴转移的关系，应用免疫组化方法对６１例喉癌、下咽癌组织行血管内皮细胞染色观察，进行颈部淋巴结转移的相关性研究。结果发现：喉癌、下咽癌瘤内血管密度较良性对照组明显升高，且差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）；有淋巴结转移组较无淋巴结转移组也明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０５），提示：瘤内微血管密度不仅与喉、下咽肿瘤的良恶性有关，且和有无淋巴结转移有关。表明：（１）瘤内微血管密度的高低可     

喉癌,下咽癌颈廓清组织中转移淋巴结的分布研究

对５４例经临床或／和ＣＴ扫描确诊为有淋巴结转移而行颈廓清的标本进行病理学观察，发现，喉癌，下咽癌淋巴结转移有一定规律可循，即ＬｅｖｅｌⅡ，Ⅲ有较高的转移率，ＬｅｖｅｌⅣ，Ⅵ的发生率较代，而ＬｅｖｅｌⅡ，ＬｅｖｅｌⅤ很少发生转移。提示：喉癌，下咽癌病人的颈廓清的施术应在颈ＬｅｖｅｌⅡ－Ⅳ廓清的同时行同侧甲状腺侧叶的切除以将颈中器官周围淋巴结清扫彻底。     

喉癌及下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的彩色多谱勒超声检查

目的应用彩色多谱勒超声对喉癌及下咽癌颈淋巴结转移进行研究,以指导临床治疗方式的选择。方法对354例喉癌及下咽癌病人行颈部彩超检查,通过与术前触诊检查、术中淋巴结探查及病理检测结果对比分析进行研究。结果应用彩超对喉癌及下咽癌病人颈部淋巴结检测能非常准确地发现触诊不易发现的小淋巴结,经病理证实这些未被触诊发现的淋巴结中存在转移癌;当彩超检查发现淋巴结大于1.5 cm时,淋巴结转移癌的可能性明显增加。当颈淋巴结包膜受侵或突破包膜,可以确诊为颈淋巴结转移癌。结论喉癌及下咽癌病人术前应常规行颈部淋巴结彩超检查。其结果可为制定颈部廓清治疗提供良好依据。对判断病人预后有着非常重要的意义。     

前哨淋巴结检测在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中的应用

目的 评价前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node，SLN)检测在NO头颈鳞状细胞癌(简称鳞癌)中的可行性以及SLN对微小转移灶的诊断价值。方法 分析研究中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科2001年8月～2002年2月收治的10例头颈鳞癌患者，为未经治疗临床诊断为NO的患者。所有患者术前均在肿瘤周围的黏膜下注射锝标记的右旋糖酐胶体(technetium 99m prepared with dextran colloid，^99mTc-DX)，约30min后行单光子发射计算机断层显像术扫描，在相应的颈部皮肤上标记显像“热点”；术中翻开皮瓣后用手提探测仪探测术野，以高于背景计数4倍以上确定为SLN。将确定的SLN送病理学检查，并借助淋巴结连续切片和免疫组化法检测微小转移灶。结果术前淋巴结显像及术中探测仪探测所识别的SLN行病理学检查，10例NO患者有3例发现隐性转移，其隐性转移率为30％(3／10)，SLN的阳性率为22．7％(5／22)，非SLN的阳性率为0．4％(1／247)。经病理证实为SLN阴性的患者的非SLN无阳性发现。结论 头颈鳞癌颈部NO的SLN检测对发现临床隐性转移灶是可行的。SLN检测技术可缩小手术范围，减少手术的创伤及并发症，该技术的进一步推广还需更多的研究。     

前哨淋巴结检测在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中的应用

目的　评价前哨淋巴结 (sentinellymphnode ,SLN)检测在N0头颈鳞状细胞癌 (简称鳞癌 )中的可行性以及SLN对微小转移灶的诊断价值。方法　分析研究中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科 2 0 0 1年 8月～ 2 0 0 2年 2月收治的 10例头颈鳞癌患者 ,为未经治疗临床诊断为N0的患者。所有患者术前均在肿瘤周围的黏膜下注射锝标记的右旋糖酐胶体 (technetium 99m preparedwithdextrancolloid ,99mTc DX) ,约 30min后行单光子发射计算机断层显像术扫描 ,在相应的颈部皮肤上标记显像“热点” ;术中翻开皮瓣后用手提探测仪探测术野 ,以高于背景计数 4倍以上确定为SLN。将确定的SLN送病理学检查 ,并借助淋巴结连续切片和免疫组化法检测微小转移灶。结果　术前淋巴结显像及术中探测仪探测所识别的SLN行病理学检查 ,10例N0患者有 3例发现隐性转移 ,其隐性转移率为 30 % (3/ 10 ) ,SLN的阳性率为 2 2 .7% (5 / 2 2 ) ,非SLN的阳性率为 0 .4 % (1/ 2 4 7)。经病理证实为SLN阴性的患者的非SLN无阳性发现。结论　头颈鳞癌颈部N0的SLN检测对发现临床隐性转移灶是可行的。SLN检测技术可缩小手术范围 ,减少手术的创伤及并发症 ,该技术的进一步推广还需更多的研究。     

喉癌喉咽癌哨位淋巴结的临床初步研究

目的 探讨喉癌喉咽癌哨位淋巴结的检测及其对颈淋巴结转移的预测价值。方法 用手术中注射蓝染料的方法,对29例颈淋巴结NO的喉癌喉咽癌患者进行了哨位淋巴结的临床研究。手术中取蓝染的哨位淋巴结作快速冰冻病理检查,并与HE染色病理检查结果及颈清扫切除的淋巴结病理检查对照,观察哨位淋巴结转移对颈淋巴结转移癌的预测值。结果 29例中28例成功地显示了哨位淋巴结,成功率达96．6％。每例发现蓝染的哨位淋巴结1－4个,平均每例则检出2．5个。有3例患者的哨位淋巴结检测有肿瘤转移,HE染色病理检查及颈清扫切除的淋巴结病理检查均证实颈淋巴结转移。25例哨位淋巴结冰冻病理检查阴性患者,颈淋巴结清扫标本亦未查见淋巴结转移。哨位淋巴结对颈淋巴结转移的阳性正确率和阴性预测率为100％。结论 哨痊淋巴结检测对喉咽癌的淋巴结转移有重要的预测价值。     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in thyroid tumors: a pilot study

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in thyroid neoplasms. Ten patients with uninodular thyroid disease and no evidence of lymph node metastases were examined. Lymph node mapping was performed by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative use of a hand-held gammaprobe. Following thyroidectomy, the SLN(s) were selectively excised and worked-up histologically for occult metastases. Overall detection of SLNs was possible in 50% of the cases with lymphoscintigraphy and in 100% with the gammaprobe. All SLNs in the lateral compartment and upper mediastinum were accurately detected with lymphoscintigraphy. One patient with a papillary carcinoma showed a metastasis in the SLN. One patient experienced temporary lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In conclusion, sentinel lymph node biopsy is technically feasible. The combination of lymphoscintigraphy and gammaprobe accurately reveals SLNs in the central and lateral compartment and in the mediastinum. Search for SLNs in the lower central compartment enhances the risk of injuring the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The clinical relevance of SLN biopsy in papillary thyroid cancer is unclear, and the subgroup of patients benefiting from it has still to be defined.     

Predictive value of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer

CONCLUSIONS: The negative predictive value (NPV) of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) in this study was 95%. The accuracy of SNB compared to histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimen of subsequent neck dissection (ND) was 96%. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate NPV of SNB in head and neck cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective clinical study comprising 35 patients (50 necks) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of head and neck with clinically (cN0) and radiologically negative necks, without previous treatment, who underwent SNB with gamma probe and subsequent ND. The NPV, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of SNB were compared to histopathologic assessment of surgical specimens from NDs. Negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) on histopathology were evaluated with step serial section (SSS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). When a neck had a positive SLN, all lymph nodes of subsequent NDs were studied with SSS and IHC. RESULTS: There were primaries of the oral cavity (n=24), lip (n=3), oropharynx (n=3), and larynx (n=5). All patients had detected SLNs. In all, 41 necks were SLN-negative on histopathologic evaluation but 2 (5%) had metastases in non-SLNs after ND. Of these 41 necks, SLNs were level Ib (26%), IIa (45%), III (21%), and IV (8%). Nine necks presented positive SLN on histopathologic evaluation, level Ib (n=3), IIa (n=5), and III (n=2), and subsequent NDs were negative on conventional histopathologic analysis, but after SSS and IHC, two presented micrometastases.     

How many sentinel nodes should be harvested in oral squamous cell carcinoma?

The number of harvested lymph nodes when performing sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy remains controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the maximum number of nodes to be harvested for histopathological analysis. We also wanted to determine if the level of radioactivity within a SLN or its size were indicators for the likelihood of nodal metastases. The SLNs from 34 neck dissection specimens from patients with T1/T2 N0 oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas were included. Altogether 76 SLNs were measured for radioactivity and lymph node dimensions and volume. Tumour was identified in 16 of 76 nodes (positive nodes), and the remaining 60 nodes were free from tumour (negative nodes). In 9 of 16 cases, metastases were in the hottest node. Two patients had more than one positive SLN: the first and fourth hottest in one and the second and fourth hottest nodes in another contained tumour. However, all patients would have been staged accurately if only the hottest three sentinel nodes had been retrieved. Lymph nodes that contained tumour had a greater maximum diameter than non-metastatic SLNs. To stage the neck accurately, only the three hottest lymph nodes required sampling.     

Identification of sentinel lymph node in neck-node-negative oral and pharyngeal carcinoma study of patients, it's feasibility, and problems

We assessd the feasibility and problems associated with sentinel lymph node (SLN) study in 13 cases of oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that were neck-node-negative clinically. The primary sites were the tongue (n = 10), other sites in the oral cavity (n = 2), and the mesopharynx (n = 1). The day before surgery, tracer was injected into the submucosa around the tumor, and scintigraphic images were acquired 2 hours later. The SLN was identified intraoperatively with a handheld gamma probe, and neck dissection, including the SLNs, was performed. Radioactivity within the nodes was confirmed with a well type scintillation counter, and all resected lymph nodes were histologically examined for metastasis. The SLN was identified in every case. There were regional lymphnode metastases in 4 cases, and metastasis to the SLNs was present in all of 4 cases. Thus, the SLN concept was valid for head and neck SCC, sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) was thought to be applied in stage NO SCC of the head and neck. If SNNS is performed, about 70% of patients do not require neck dissection. SNNS is feasible and cost-effective in these cases. We used two different tracers: phytate and tin colloid, and found that phytate was more useful. To avoid the effects of the shine-through phenomenon, it was thought that some directions of lymphoscintigram should be taken. For intraoperative identification of the SLNs, care should be taken to the angle of gamma probe. SLN study leads to clarify each patient's lymphoid flow mapping, and it is also useful to determine the dissection area of selective neck dissection.     

Predictive value of sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer

Conclusions. The negative predictive value (NPV) of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) in this study was 95%. The accuracy of SNB compared to histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimen of subsequent neck dissection (ND) was 96%. Objective. To evaluate NPV of SNB in head and neck cancer. Patients and methods. This was a prospective clinical study comprising 35 patients (50 necks) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of head and neck with clinically (cN0) and radiologically negative necks, without previous treatment, who underwent SNB with gamma probe and subsequent ND. The NPV, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of SNB were compared to histopathologic assessment of surgical specimens from NDs. Negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) on histopathology were evaluated with step serial section (SSS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). When a neck had a positive SLN, all lymph nodes of subsequent NDs were studied with SSS and IHC. Results. There were primaries of the oral cavity (n=24), lip (n=3), oropharynx (n=3), and larynx (n=5). All patients had detected SLNs. In all, 41 necks were SLN-negative on histopathologic evaluation but 2 (5%) had metastases in non-SLNs after ND. Of these 41 necks, SLNs were level Ib (26%), IIa (45%), III (21%), and IV (8%). Nine necks presented positive SLN on histopathologic evaluation, level Ib (n=3), IIa (n=5), and III (n=2), and subsequent NDs were negative on conventional histopathologic analysis, but after SSS and IHC, two presented micrometastases.