中国哈萨克族成人代谢综合征腰围适宜切点研究

探讨哈萨克族成人代谢综合征(MS)诊断的腰围适宜切点.选取2 052例哈萨克族成人,依据国际糖尿病联盟标准,检出两个以上MS组分的假阳性和假阴性率均较低的腰围切点为男性≥99 cm,女性≥88 cm.建议哈萨克族成人以此切点作为MS的检出标准.     

蒙古族农牧民代谢综合征诊断的腰围切点观察

目的研究我国蒙古族农牧民代谢综合征（MS）诊断的腰围（WC）适宜切点。方法以内蒙古自治区通辽市科左后旗朝鲁吐苏木和奈曼旗固日班花苏木32个自然村2589名年龄大于20岁的蒙古族农牧民为研究对象,以国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）MS全球共识诊断标准为基础,分析蒙古族男女不同WC水平与MS其他组分聚集的关联,检出至少两个组分存在时灵敏度和特异度均较高的WC界限,作为诊断蒙古族农牧民MS的WC切点,并以此计算不同年龄组MS的检出率。结果随WC增大,MS组分聚集的OR值显著增高。当男性WC≥84cm、女性WC≥81cm时,ROC曲线下面积最大。结论IDF标准在蒙古族农牧民男性中WC切点偏高,宜降至男性≥85cm、女性≥80cm。     

上海市奉城社区30岁以上人群代谢综合征腰围切点的研究

目的：分析上海农村30岁以上人群代谢综合征（MS）腰围的适宜切点。方法：随机整群抽取上海市奉贤区奉城镇灯民村及洪南村30岁以上人群1041人。分析男性和女性不同腰围水平与MS其他成分聚集的关系，并寻找检出2个及以上危险成分假阳性和假阴性率均较低的腰围切点，作为30岁以上人群腰围切点的建议。据此计算各性别年龄组MS的患病率以及成分组合特点。结果：随腰围增大，MS成分聚集的比数比（0R）显著增高，以男性腰围≥85．0cm．女性腰围≥80．0cm．接受者运行曲线（ROC）距离最短。以此为腰围切点，30岁以上人群男性MS患病率为15．32％，女性为12．35％．其中以腰围超标、血压升高和高血糖3项的组合为最多。结论：建议男性腰围≥85．0cm，女性腰围≥80．0cm，收缩压≥130mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）和（或）舒张压≥85mmHg，血清三酰甘油（TG）≥1．7mmol／L，男性高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）〈1．03mmol／L、女性HDL—C〈1．29mmol／L，空腹血糖（FBG）≥5．6mm01／L，5项中具备3项及以上作为上海农村MS的临床检出标准。     

国际糖尿病联盟代谢综合征诊断标准中的腰围切点分析

目的分析国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）关于代谢综合征（MS）的诊断标准中适用于我国城市中老年人群的诊断中心性肥胖的腰围切点。方法对北京地区中老年人群流行病学调查，无糖尿病者行口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验，同时进行问卷调查和体检。对1870例完整资料进行统计，通过对腰围预测各代谢异常危险因素的分析，讨论适用于该人群的诊断中心性肥胖的腰围切点。结果（1）无论男性还是女性，甘油三酯（TG）、收缩压、舒张压和空腹血糖（FBG）的中位数均随腰围的增加而呈线形增加趋势，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）呈线形下降趋势；（2）高TG、高血压、高FBG、低HDL-C及≥2个危险因素的患病率随腰围的增加而增加；（3）腰围预测各代谢异常因素的敏感度和特异度、ROC曲线，以及Youden指数均显示男性腰围90cm，女性腰围80cm时预测各代谢异常因素的真实性较好；（4）预测≥2个代谢异常危险因素的OR值在男性腰围≥90cm，女性≥80cm时增加最为显著。结论北京城市中老年人群中男性腰围90cm，女性80cm是IDF诊断MS的标准中诊断中心性肥胖的合适切点。     

中国成人代谢综合征腰围切点的研究

目的　根据中国成人较近期的调查数据 ,分析代谢综合征中腰围的适宜切点。方法　利用国家“九五”科技攻关课题 1998年在 15组人群进行心血管病危险因素调查 13732例 35～ 5 9岁成人的数据库 ,分析男性和女性不同腰围水平和代谢综合征其他成分聚集的关系 ,并寻找检出两个及以上危险成分假阳性和假阴性率均较低的腰围切点 ,作为成人腰围切点的建议。据此计算各性别年龄组代谢综合征的患病率 ,以及成分组合特点。结果　随腰围增大 ,代谢综合征成分聚集的OR值显著增高 ,以男性腰围≥ 85cm ,女性腰围≥ 80cm ,ROC曲线距离最短。以此为腰围切点中年男性人群代谢综合征患病率为 19 3% ,女性为 13 9% ,其中以腰围超标 ,血压升高和高甘油三酯三项的组合为最多。结论　建议男性腰围≥ 85cm ,女性腰围≥ 80cm ,收缩压≥ 130mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa)和 (或 )舒张压≥ 85mmHg ,血清甘油三酯≥ 1 6 9mmol/L ,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 <1 0 3mmol/L ,空腹血糖≥ 6 1mmol/L ,5项中具备 3项及以上作为中国成人代谢综合征的临床检出标准。以上初步结果需要在有全国代表性的样本中进一步验证。     

哈萨克族代谢综合征适宜腰围切点的研究

采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,对新疆部分地区常住哈萨克族居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和血生化检测,共收集完整资料2 760例,分析其不同腰围水平和代谢综合征(MS)组分聚集的关系.按照国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)标准,随着腰围升高,哈萨克族≥1和≥2个MS组分检出率呈增加趋势,比值比(OR)明显增高.当男性腰围≥91 cm,女性≥88 cm,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线距离最短.以此标准哈萨克族MS粗患病率为22.1%,男性为22.4%,女性为21.9%.

Abstract：

Questionnaire-based survey, physical examination, and blood testing were conducted according to cluster random samplings in Kazakh residents in Xinjiang.2 760 samples were collected to analyze the association of different strata of waist circumference and clustering of metabolic syndrome (MS) components.Accoding to International Diabetes Federation standard, the prevalence of ≥1and ≥2 components of MS showed increasing trend with the increase of waist circunference, and odds ratio of clustering of MS components also increased significantly.The distance of receiver operating characteristic curve was the shortest and the prevalence of MS was 22.1% ;22.4% in men, and 21.9% in women;when the waist circumference was ≥91 cm for men, and ≥88 cm for women.     

中国成人多重心血管危险因素聚集的最佳腰围切割点

目的探讨中国成人多重心血管危险因素聚集的最佳腰围切割点。方法分析1994年全国糖尿病普查的15628例年龄≥25岁的中国成人资料。以腰围〈70cm组（每隔5cm分为一组）作为对照,计算其他各组发生多重心血管危险因素的优势比OR值和95％CI。采用ROC曲线分析计算不同腰围水平对多重心血管危险因素聚集识别的敏感性和特异性,以诊断指数（诊断指数=1-假阳性-假阴性）最大的腰围作为最佳切割点。结果无论男性还是女性。胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常、高血压和高血糖的百分比均随着腰围的增加而增加。男性腰围≥85cm、女性腰围≥80cm后发生代谢综合征的OR值显著增加[分别为2．08（95％CI1．80-2．39）和1．66（95％CI1．41-1．97）1。ROC分析显示以上相应腰围切割点具有最佳的敏感性和特异性。结论反映中国成人多重心血管危险因素聚集的男性最佳腰围切割点为85cm、女性为80cm。     

2种代谢综合征诊断标准的比较分析

目的 评价、分析国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)和我国糖尿病学分会代谢综合征(MS)诊断标准的一致性.方法 对心血管内科门诊和体检科年龄≥40岁的中老年人进行问卷调查.无糖尿病者行口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),共1130例资料进行分析,按两个标准分别计算MS患病率.结果 1)两种MS诊断标准具有较好的符合率(72.4%),将中国标准中的空腹血糖(FPG)调整至≥5.6 mmol/L后,两者符合率增加(78.3%).2)体质量指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2与男性腰围≥90 cm(女性腰围≥80 cm)时符合率较好,女性符合率高达91.0%.3)IDF与中国标准诊断MS者心肌梗死和(或)脑卒中患病率及尿微量白蛋白的患病率相似,均显著高于无MS者的患病率[IDF标准[心肌梗死和(或)脑卒中患病率:20.3%比无MS:14.5%,P<0.01;尿微量白蛋白患病率:7.9%比无MS,3.4%,P<0.01];中国标准[心肌梗死和(或)脑卒中患病率:21.3%比无MS:15.1%,P<0.01,尿微量白蛋白患病率:8.5%比无MS:4.2%,P<0.01].结论 我国建议MS诊断标准与IDF标准的一致性较好,两个标准都可用于中国人群.     

2种代谢综合征诊断标准的比较分析

目的评价、分析国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)和我国糖尿病学分会代谢综合征(MS)诊断标准的一致性。方法对心血管内科门诊和体检科年龄≥40岁的中老年人进行问卷调查,无糖尿病者行口服75 g 葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),共1130例资料进行分析,按两个标准分别计算 MS 患病率。结果 1)两种 MS 诊断标准具有较好的符合率(72.4%),将中国标准中的空腹血糖(FPG)调整至≥5.6 mmol/L 后,两者符合率增加(78.3%)。2)体质量指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m~2与男性腰围≥90 cm(女性腰围≥80 cm)时符合率较好,女性符合率高达91.0%。3)IDF 与中国标准诊断 MS 者心肌梗死和(或)脑卒中患病率及尿微量白蛋白的患病率相似,均显著高于无 MS 者的患病率[IDF标准[心肌梗死和(或)脑卒中患病率:20.3%比无 MS:14.5%,P<0.01;尿微量白蛋白患病率:7.9%比无 MS:3.4%,P<0.01];中国标准[心肌梗死和(或)脑卒中患病率:21.3%比无 MS:15.1%,P<0.01;尿微量白蛋白患病率:8.5%比无 MS:4.2%,P<0.01]。结论我国建议 MS 诊断标准与 ...     

维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平与代谢综合征的相关性

目的探讨新疆维吾尔自治区维吾尔族成人2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)与代谢综合征(MS)组分的相关性。方法测定维吾尔族T2DM患者(男93例,女79例)的GGT、血脂、空腹血糖(FBG)、血压、腰围等。结果 1随着GGT四分位数的升高,男、女的腰围、体重指数(BMI)、甘油三酯(TG)升高;2男性组的GGT与腰围、BMI、舒张压(DBP)、TG、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)呈正相关,女性组的GGT与腰围、BMI、TG、TC呈正相关(P均<0.01);3线性回归模型的结果显示,男、女两组中GGT水平主要受腰围及TG水平的影响。结论 T2DM患者血清γ-GGT与MS组分相关,同时在MS各组分中,GGT与TG和TC水平具有相关性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.