襄阳市城区生活饮用水中氯化消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评价

目的 了解襄阳市城区生活饮用水消毒副产物暴露水平,评价其人群健康风险,为饮用水安全风险管控提供参考依据.方法 根据国标方法采样和实验室检测,利用美国环境保护署USEPA提供的评估模型进行风险评价.结果 襄阳市生活饮用水中三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷均有检出.经液氯消毒的水中卤代烃类消毒副产物含量大于二...     

次氯酸钠与液氯消毒效果及消毒副产物对比分析

目的 研究水厂消毒方式由液氯转变为次氯酸钠后对出厂水消毒效果与消毒副产物的影响.方法 采集6家水厂转变消毒方式前后出厂水水样共22份,检测消毒效果与13种消毒副产物的指标水平.结果 两种消毒方式出厂水消毒效果与13项消毒副产物指标均合格;次氯酸钠消毒出厂水中游离余氯、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、三溴甲烷、三卤甲烷、三氯...     

自贡市乡镇自来水厂氯化消毒副产物调查

目的 调查自贡市乡镇自来水厂消毒副产物的现状.方法 2010年分别在丰水期和枯水期对32家乡镇自来水厂进行卫生学调查并对源水、出厂水及末梢水中三卤甲烷、卤乙酸等指标进行测定.结果 32家自来水厂均检出氯化消毒副产物,包括4种三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和三溴甲烷)和2种卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸),三氯甲烷超标率为28％,二氯乙酸超标率为22％,二氯一溴甲烷超标率为3％.结论 自贡市乡镇水厂均存在不同程度的消毒副产物污染,其对居民身体健康的影响不容忽视.     

南平市市政供水的消毒副产物监测结果分析

目的 比较南平市市政供水水厂两种消毒方法(复合二氧化氯消毒和液氯消毒)的主要消毒副产物监测结果,提示存在的污染风险。方法 依据GB/T 5750—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》对南平市城区3个主要供水水厂的出厂水、末梢水的消毒副产物进行监测。结果 复合二氧化氯消毒法水样中的三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷均值低于液氯消毒法(t=2.81,P<0.01;t=2.13,P<0.05);副产物亚氯酸盐含量与二氧化氯含量呈正相关(r=0.42,P<0.01)。结论 采用复合二氧化氯消毒法的水样中三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷含量低于液氯消毒法,在控制有机消毒副产物方面有优势;可改进其消毒工艺,以控制消毒副产物亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐的含量。     

佛山市生活饮用水中氯化消毒副产物监测结果分析

目的 调查佛山市生活饮用水中消毒副产物(DBPs)三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的污染现状.方法 采用GC-6890气相色谱仪、ECD检测器、余氯比色计对佛山市26家自来水厂出厂水中的三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、总余氯进行测定.结果 26家自来水厂的出厂水不同程度检出氯化消毒副产物(DBPs)的6种三卤甲烷(THMs)(三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和四氯乙烯)和3种卤乙酸(HAAs)(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸和余氯),除1家水厂的四氯化碳指标超出国家标准之外,其余指标均符合国家标准.出厂水均未检出三溴甲烷.结论 水中自由余氯是卤代烃含量的影响因素,加大氯含量消毒会产生较多消毒副产物.     

江苏省城市饮用水氯化消毒副产物的健康风险评估

目的 了解江苏省城市饮用水中氯化消毒副产物三卤甲烷、卤乙酸暴露水平,评估饮用水中氯化消毒副产物经口摄入途径对人体健康潜在危害,为制定饮水安全保障政策提供参考.方法 2017-2019年,选取全省氯化消毒的市政水厂51座,在枯水期(3-5月)、丰水期(7-9月)采集出厂水、末梢水192份,检测水中三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、三溴甲烷)、卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸)暴露水平,使用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型,对氯化消毒副产物经口摄入途径的健康风险进行评估.结果 所有水样氯化消毒副产物检出值均低于国标限值.氯化消毒副产物对成年男性、成年女性、儿童终身致癌风险分别为3.13×10-5、3.16×10-5、2.91×10-5,其中二氯一溴甲烷致癌风险最高,对成年男性、成年女性、儿童致癌风险分别为1.12×10-5、1.13×10-5、1.04×10-5,分别占总致癌风险的35.78％、35.76％、35.74％.副产物终身致癌风险液氯消毒高于次氯酸钠消毒,末梢水高于出厂水,丰水期高于枯水期.对成年男性、成年女性、儿童非致癌风险健康危害指数分别为7.30×10-2、7.40×10-2、6.80×10-2,其中三氯甲烷非致癌风险最高.结论 江苏省城市饮用水氯化消毒副产物终身致癌风险、非致癌风险均在可接受范围内,二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷是风险管理重点指标.     

上海市黄浦区饮用水中氯化消毒副产物的分布特征

目的分析上海市黄浦区生活饮用水中氯化消毒副产物(CDBPs)的污染水平和分布特征,同时研究氯化消毒副产物产生的影响因素。方法选取辖区内出厂水、管网水、二次供水等供水情况进行调查,同时对主要的氯化消毒副产物以及天然有机物、总氯等指标进行检测。结果水体中含量总体分布为三氯甲烷二氯一溴甲烷一氯二溴甲烷三溴甲烷;其水体中含量总体分布为二氯乙酸三氯乙酸;一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷、二氯乙酸的浓度丰水期和枯水期比较,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05),丰水期含量高于枯水期;饮水中二溴一氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、三氯乙酸浓度与总有机碳含量呈正相关,Pearson相关系数分别为0.383、0.564、0.340(P0.05)。结论在该区饮用水中氯化消毒副产物有较高的检出率,丰水期含量高于枯水期。总有机碳是氯化消毒副产物形成的影响因素。     

无锡地区出厂水消毒副产物变化趋势及致癌风险研究

目的了解2008—2012年无锡地区出厂水中消毒副产物(DBPs)变化趋势,评估其对成人的致癌风险。方法选取无锡市四家市政供水水厂,于2008—2012年间丰枯水期(8月和2月)采集水样进行监测,监测指标包括4种三卤甲烷类消毒副产物(THMs,三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和三溴甲烷)和两种卤乙酸类消毒副产物(HAAs,二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸),采用美国环保局推荐的低剂量致癌风险评价方法对其进行评价。结果所有消毒副产物检出值都低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)[1]的限值。THMs在丰水期的含量高于枯水期的含量,有明显的季节特征。而HAAs则无明显变化规律。无锡地区6种DBPs对成人的致癌风险均超过了USEPA认为可以忽略的水平(10-6),处于具有潜在致癌风险的区间(10-6~10-4),其中各DBPs总致癌风险从高到低分别为三氯乙酸二氯乙酸一氯二溴甲烷三溴甲烷二氯一溴甲烷三氯甲烷。结论无锡地区出厂水中THMs有明显的季节性特征,DBPs对成人具有潜在的致癌风险。     

南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物含量及其健康风险评价

目的 了解南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物种类、分布,并评价其潜在健康风险。方法 于 2015年枯水期（11月）、2016年丰水期（6月）采集南昌市主城区 8家市政出厂水水样 16份 ,依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB/T5750 - 2006）检测水样中 13种消毒副产物含量;运用美国环保局健康风险评价模型评价消毒副产物通过饮水途径引起的健康风险。结果 出厂水中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749 - 2006）,卤乙酸（二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸）和三卤甲烷（三氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷）是南昌市主城区饮用水中主要消毒副产物。消毒副产物在丰水期浓度是枯水期浓度的4.16倍,丰水期二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氯甲烷浓度高于枯水期,枯水期二溴一氯甲烷浓度高于丰水期（均P＜0.05）。消毒副产物引起的致癌风险为2.83×10 - 5/年～7.98×10 - 5/年,中值5.91×10 - 5/年,非致癌风险为6.21×10 - 2/年～1.86×10 - 1/年,中值为1.22×10 - 1/年。致癌风险主要来自二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸和二氯一溴甲烷,丰水期以三氯乙酸和三氯甲烷贡献最大;枯水期以二溴一氯甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷贡献最大;而二氯乙酸对非致癌风险贡献最大。结论 卤乙酸和三卤甲烷是南昌市主城区饮用水中的主要消毒副产物,出厂水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险在可接受的范围,但需提出风险控制措施,丰水期消毒副产物浓度应该得到控制。     

武汉市饮用水中氯化消毒副产物风险评价

目的了解武汉市饮用水中消毒副产物种类和污染状况,并对其健康风险进行评价。方法依据《生活饮用水标准检测方法》(GB/T5750-2006)对武汉市主城区市政出厂水氯化消毒副产物进行监测,利用美国环境保护局USEPA推荐的健康风险模型进行风险评价。结果武汉市饮用水中共检出三卤甲烷类物质(三氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷)、三氯乙醛和二氯甲烷等5种氯化消毒副产物,所检水样氯化消毒副产物含量均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)规定的标准限值。武汉市饮用水中氯化消毒副产物通过饮水途径所致的非致癌风险HI值小于1,致癌风险为9.87×10~(-9)a~(-1)～2.14×10~(-5) a~(-1),氯化消毒副产物致癌风险和非致癌风险均可接受。结论三氯甲烷是氯化消毒副产物健康风险值的主要贡献者,应作为饮用水风险管理的重点对象。     

Presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and other halogenated compounds in drinking water samples collected in the areas of Modena and Parma

The Authors report data about the presence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) and other halogenated compounds in drinking water samples collected in the areas of Modena and Parma (20 water supplies). Trihalomethanes, chlorite and chlorate (only in water samples treated with chlorine dioxide), and halogenated compounds were investigated. On the whole, trihalomethanes were evidenced in the 85% of the samples (n. 285) at low levels, while chlorite and chlorate were present in the 67% and 63% of the treated samples with chlorine dioxide (257 samples). Chlorite mean and median values were 225.70 microg/l and 136.75 microg/l respectively, ranging from 20 to 2000 microg/l. Chlorate concentrations were lower than chlorite: the mean value was 102.93 mg/l, while median level was 50 microg/l (range: 20-1500 microg/l). The high concentrations of chlorite and the wide range of values within each municipality plant in Modena and Parma suggest to investigate further in order to evaluate the human exposure in drinking water thoroughly.     

Disinfection aboard cruise liners and naval units: Formation of disinfection by-products using chlorine dioxide in different qualities of drinking water

The world-wide deployment of cruise liners and naval units has caused an increased need for the disinfection of drinking water. The main cause for this is the unknown quality of drinking water in foreign harbours – besides the formation of bio-films due to the climatically disadvantageous conditions in the operational area.Water conduits on board are currently disinfected with calcium hypochlorite in case of microbiological contamination. Chemical and physical analyses after disinfection with calcium hypochlorite have shown that organic by-products consisting of trihalomethanes develop in considerable amounts during disinfection. Furthermore, the method is susceptible to handling errors and thus often leads to insufficient disinfection results.Hitherto, the use of other disinfection methods allowed by government regulations, especially chlorine dioxide, is not widely spread. Unlike disinfection with calcium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide does not lead to the formation of trihalomethanes. Typical disinfection by-products (DBP) are the anions chlorite and chlorate, which are formed in oxidative processes.The formation conditions of these anions have not yet been elucidated. For this reason, the probability of the generation of inorganic by-products after disinfection with chlorine dioxide has been determined, and their occurrence in drinking water on board has been examined with respect to a possible correlation between water quality and the formation of chlorate and chlorite. Therefore, a chromatographic method was developed and validated in order to determine the periodical development of chlorate and chlorite from chorine dioxide in purified water at different pH-values as well as in actual drinking water samples from water conduits on board.The formation of the by-products chlorite and chlorate after disinfection with chlorine dioxide is influenced neither by pH-value nor by chemical properties of the disinfected water. Considering the examined conditions, chlorine dioxide is suitable for usage on board due to its simple handling and the low potential of producing by-products.     

Disinfection aboard cruise liners and naval units: formation of disinfection by-products using chlorine dioxide in different qualities of drinking water

The world-wide deployment of cruise liners and naval units has caused an increased need for the disinfection of drinking water. The main cause for this is the unknown quality of drinking water in foreign harbours – besides the formation of bio-films due to the climatically disadvantageous conditions in the operational area.Water conduits on board are currently disinfected with calcium hypochlorite in case of microbiological contamination. Chemical and physical analyses after disinfection with calcium hypochlorite have shown that organic by-products consisting of trihalomethanes develop in considerable amounts during disinfection. Furthermore, the method is susceptible to handling errors and thus often leads to insufficient disinfection results.Hitherto, the use of other disinfection methods allowed by government regulations, especially chlorine dioxide, is not widely spread. Unlike disinfection with calcium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide does not lead to the formation of trihalomethanes. Typical disinfection by-products (DBP) are the anions chlorite and chlorate, which are formed in oxidative processes.The formation conditions of these anions have not yet been elucidated. For this reason, the probability of the generation of inorganic by-products after disinfection with chlorine dioxide has been determined, and their occurrence in drinking water on board has been examined with respect to a possible correlation between water quality and the formation of chlorate and chlorite. Therefore, a chromatographic method was developed and validated in order to determine the periodical development of chlorate and chlorite from chorine dioxide in purified water at different pH-values as well as in actual drinking water samples from water conduits on board.The formation of the by-products chlorite and chlorate after disinfection with chlorine dioxide is influenced neither by pH-value nor by chemical properties of the disinfected water. Considering the examined conditions, chlorine dioxide is suitable for usage on board due to its simple handling and the low potential of producing by-products.     

云南省K市水厂出厂水中卤乙酸的健康风险评估

目的 监测饮用水中卤乙酸污染状况,并对其健康风险进行评价,了解K市人群通过饮水途径可能引起的健康风险。 方法 依据《生活饮用水标准检测方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)对K市市政水厂出厂水卤乙酸进行监测,利用美国国家环保局推荐的健康风险模型进行风险评价。结果 K市饮用水二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸致癌风险范围分别为3.33×10^-6～1.38×10^-4、1.12×10^-6～1.91×10^-4,二氯乙酸致癌风险占比最高;非致癌健康危害指数分别为1.67×10^-2～6.90×10^-1、8.34×10^-4～1.42×10^-1,三氯乙酸对非致癌健康危害风险贡献最大。结论 K市应重视长期暴露于饮用水中消毒副产物卤乙酸引起的潜在健康风险,降低水中卤乙酸类消毒副产物对人群的健康危害。     

消毒副产物暴露对男性生殖健康影响的研究进展

消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)是饮用水中一类广泛存在的污染物,其来源于饮用水消毒过程中消毒剂与源水中存在的有机或者无机化学物质发生的化学反应。目前在饮用水中已鉴定的DBPs多达600多种,其中三卤甲烷类(trihalomethanes,THMs)和卤代乙酸类(haloacetic acids,HAAs)的含量最高。自20世纪70年代美国国立癌症研究所发现DBPs具有致癌性以来,有关DBPs的潜在健康危害便引起了世界各国的广泛关注,其中DBPs的生殖毒性也成为关注点之一。本文从毒理学和流行病学两方面综述了DBPs暴露对男性生殖健康影响的研究进展,并对其今后的研究展望进行了相关讨论。     

中国六城市饮用水中氯化消毒副产物分布的研究

目的探讨饮用水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的分布及其分布规律,同时研究消毒副产物随季节变化及地带性分布规律。方法选取大庆、北京、天津、郑州、长沙和深圳6个城市,对其市政供水中水源、水处理等供水情况进行调查,同时对饮用水中主要消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)及卤乙酸(HAAs)指标,以及天然有机物、pH、投氯量和水温进行监测。结果6个城市饮用水中三卤甲烷的范围为:未检出~92.8μg/L,卤乙酸范围:未检出~40.0μg/L。每种消毒副产物污染水平均在《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-2006规定的限值范围内,但是其中2个水厂涉及3个末梢水三卤甲烷总量指标略高于标准限值。三卤甲烷分布为:郑州>天津>大庆>北京>深圳>长沙,其中郑州和天津2个地区水中三卤甲烷明显高于其他4个地区;卤乙酸的分布为:长沙>天津>深圳>大庆>郑州>北京,其中长沙、天津和深圳3个地区明显高于其他3个地区。此外,消毒副产物污染程度夏季明显高于冬季。结论目前中国饮用水中消毒副产物的分布处于较低水平;消毒副产物的产生呈明显的季节性,夏季最高;三卤甲烷主要分布在中国的北方地区,而卤乙酸主要分布在南方地区。     

2018—2021年太仓市饮用水三氯甲烷浓度分布及风险评估

目的 探索太仓市饮用水三氯甲烷浓度的空间分布特征及其影响因素,评估其健康风险。方法 2018—2021年采集太仓市2座水厂出厂水及各镇区末梢水样1 253份,使用毛细管气相色谱法检测水中三氯甲烷,利用GIS软件对三氯甲烷浓度进行空间分析,探索其影响因素。采用国家卫健委推荐的模型评估三氯甲烷经口摄入、皮肤接触及呼吸道吸入暴露途径对人群的健康风险。结果 太仓市生活饮用水三氯甲烷浓度为未检出～57.7 μg/L,浓度中位数为7.0 μg/L,检出率为70.2%。A水厂出厂水三氯甲烷浓度比B水厂低（Z = - 3.550,P＜0.001）。A水厂及其供水镇区三氯甲烷浓度比B水厂及其供水镇区低（Z = - 9.228,P＜0.001）。A水厂及其供水镇区间三氯甲烷浓度有差异（H = 16.102,P = 0.003）。三种暴露途径对CCR的贡献比例分别为51.3%（摄入）,13.0%（皮肤）和35.7%(吸入)。不同区域的CCR为3.75×10 - 7～2.55×10 - 6。当控制饮用水三氯甲烷浓度低于6.7 μg/L时,CCR将小于1×10 - 6。结论 饮用水三氯甲烷浓度受深度处理工艺影响,随输水距离增加而升高,进入城市管网后快速上升。经口摄入是主要暴露途径,沐浴时皮肤和吸入暴露途径不可忽略。太仓市饮用水三氯甲烷具有一定致癌风险,但仍处于可接受的风险水平,宜引起关注。     

武汉市饮用水中有机污染物风险影响评价

目的 对武汉市饮用水中有机污染物含量进行调查和风险评估。方法 2013年至2017年,采集武汉市中心城区市政出厂水48件,测定《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)规定的51种有机污染物及全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)含量,运用健康风险评价模型进行风险概率评价。结果 共检出18种有机污染物,检出率高的污染物依次为三氯甲烷、PFOA、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三氯乙醛、二氯甲烷。有机污染物通过饮水途径所致的非致癌风险为3.53×10-1²～1.14×10-9年-1,致癌风险为2.52×10-9～1.92×10-6年-1,其中一氯二溴甲烷和三氯甲烷的风险值之和占总风险值的比重大于85%。PFOA通过饮用水途径所致的非致癌风险与二氯一溴甲烷相当,仅次于一氯二溴甲烷和三氯甲烷。结论 武汉市饮用水中存在一定程度的有机物污染;有机物通过饮水途径所致非致癌健康风险可忽略,致癌健康风险低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平,但高于瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署推荐的最大可接受风险水平。一氯二溴甲烷和三氯甲烷是健康风险值的主要贡献者,应作为饮用水风险管理的重点对象。     

Mutagenicity and disinfection by-products in surface drinking water disinfected with peracetic acid

The aims of this research were to study the influence of peracetic acid (PAA) on the formation of mutagens in surface waters used for human consumption and to assess its potential application for the disinfection of drinking water. The results obtained using PAA were compared to those found with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2). The Ames test, root anaphase aberration assay, and root/micronuclei assay in Allium cepa and Tradescantia/micronuclei test were used to evaluate the mutagenicity of disinfected samples. Microbiological tests were also performed, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A slight bacterial mutagenicity was found in raw lake and river water, and similar activity was detected in disinfected samples. A plant test revealed genotoxicity in raw river water, and microbiological analysis showed that PAA has bactericidal activity but lower than that of the other disinfectants. The DBPs produced by PAA were mainly carboxylic acids, which are not recognized as mutagenic, whereas the waters treated with the other disinfectants showed the presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic halogenated DBPs. However, additional experiments should be performed with higher concentrations of PAA and using water with higher organic carbon content to better evaluate this disinfectant.