浙产竹叶椒叶挥发油化学成分的研究

目的研究浙产竹叶椒叶的化学成分。方法水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,应用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）进行定性分析,按峰面积归一化法,求出叶挥发油中化学成分的百分含量。结果共鉴定出55个化合物。竹叶椒叶挥发油中主要成分为桉树脑（38.52%）和α-萜品醇（19.44%）,此外还含有一定量的4-萜品醇（5.24%）、甲壬酮（4.13%）、α-红没药醇（2.47%）和桃金娘油（1.89%）。结论浙产竹叶椒叶含有丰富的药用活性成分。     

浙产竹叶椒叶挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

目的分析浙产竹叶椒叶的挥发性化学成分。方法用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）法测试,Nist谱库自动检索。结果通过计算机自动检索,从竹叶椒叶中共分离鉴定出64个组分,并用面积归一化法计算出各组分的相对百分含量,其主要成分为桉叶油醇（Eucalyptol）37.9643%,α-松油醇（3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol,α,,α4-trimethyl-,（S）-）17.6166%,（-）-4-萜品醇（3-Cyclohexen-1-ol,4-methyl-1-（1-methylethyl）-,（R）-）5.1632%,4-甲基-1-（1-甲基乙基）二环〔3.1.0〕己-2-烯（Bicyclo〔3.1.0〕hex-2-ene,4-methyl-1-（1-methylethyl）-）5.1401%。结论为进一步开发和利用浙产竹叶椒提供依据。     

浙江产吴茱萸果实挥发油化学成分研究

目的研究浙江产吴茱萸果实挥发油的化学成分。方法水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油 ,利用气相色谱 质谱联用（GC MS）法计算机联用仪定性分析 ,按峰面积归一化法计算挥发油中化学成分的百分含量。结果鉴定出71种化合物。挥发油中主要成分为Bicyclo［2.2.1］heptane, 2,2 dimethyl 3 methylene , （1S） （22.46%）、1,3,6 Octatriene, 3,7 dimethyl , （Z） （罗勒烯,29.62％）、beta. Myrcene（月桂烯,7.8％）,油中含有一定量的Cyclohexene, 4 methylene 1 （1 methylethyl） 。结论浙江产吴茱萸果实挥发油中含有大量的单萜类化合物。     

浙江产山胡椒叶挥发油化学成分的研究

目的研究浙江产山胡椒叶挥发油的化学成分。方法水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）进行定性分析,按峰面积归一化法,求出叶挥发油中化学成分的百分含量。结果共鉴定出33个化合物。主要成分为α-杜松醇、石竹素、别香橙烯氧化物、T-萘醇和榄香醇。结论浙江产山胡椒叶挥发油中香料成分含量较高。     

浙产吴茱萸叶挥发油化学成分的研究

目的研究浙产吴茱萸叶挥发油的化学成分。方法水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,利用GC-MS-计算机联用仪定性分析,按峰面积归一化法,求出挥发油中化学成分的百分含量。结果鉴定出20个化合物。挥发油中主要成分是主要成分为Caryophyllene oxide（19.773%）,Bicyclo〔3.2.1〕oct-6-en-3-one（16.985%）,Vanillin（14.090）。结论浙产吴茱萸叶挥发油中含有大量的石竹烯氧化物。     

黄水枝不同部位挥发性成分的GC-MS研究

目的在使用GC-MS技术的基础上采用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)研究云南产黄水枝根、茎、叶3个不同部位的挥发油成分。方法以黄水枝根部位为例详细介绍了HELP的解析过程,应用总体积积分法测定各成分的质量分数。结果3个不同部位(根、茎、叶)提取的挥发油中分别鉴定出58、37、38个化合物,分别占挥发油总量的92.48%、99.16%、93.51%。结论黄水枝不同部位的挥发油化学成分有明显差异;利用GC-MS分析法结合化学计量学分辨方法鉴定挥发油化学成分,比单独使用GC-MS法结果更准确、可靠。     

浙江产异叶茴芹叶挥发油化学成分研究

目的 研究浙江产伞形科茴芹属植物异叶茴芹叶挥发油的化学成分.方法 采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,用气相色谱一质谱联用仪作定性分析,按峰面积归一化法计算挥发油中化学成分的相对百分含量.结果 鉴定出38个化合物,占总挥发油相对含量的94%.主要成分为IH-苯并环庚烯(22.70%)、水芹烯(17.77%)、β-花柏烯(15.94%),还含有一定量的β-榄香烯(2.99%)和β-法尼烯(1.75%).结论 浙江产异叶茴芹叶可作为提取榄香烯和法尼烯的原料药材.     

湖南引种温莪术挥发油的GC-MS分析

目的对比湖南引种温莪术与浙江产温莪术挥发油的化学成分。方法运用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法结合计算机检索对浙江、湖南产温莪术挥发油的化学成分进行分析和鉴定,用气相色谱面积归一法计算各组分的相对百分含量。结果湖南引种温莪术与浙江产温莪术的挥发油含量分别为3.4%(m L·g-1)、3.1%(m L·g-1),均符合中国药典2010年版一部质量标准;浙江温莪术中共分离得到33个色谱峰,相对含量>2%的有9种,占总含量的89.92%;湖南引种温莪术中共分离得到34个色谱峰,相对含量>2%的有10种,占总含量的86.80%。结论湖南引种温莪术挥发油含量符合药典质量标准。     

浙江产水菖蒲挥发油化学成分研究

目的:研究浙江产水菖蒲根茎和叶中挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法进行定性分析,按峰面积归一化法求出挥发油中各化学成分的百分含量。结果:共鉴定出32个化合物,根、茎和叶中挥发油成分基本相同,主要成分为细辛醚、水菖蒲酮和榄香素。结论:浙江产水菖蒲挥发油中含有丰富的药用活性成分。     

芸香挥发油GC-MS分析及其生物活性研究

目的研究芸香挥发油的化学成分、抑菌活性和对HepG2细胞、NCI-H460细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法（SD）提取挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析芸香挥发油的化学成分,同时采用纸片法测定其抑菌活性和MTT法观察芸香挥发油对肝癌HepG2细胞和肺癌NCI-H460细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果从芸香挥发油共鉴定出21种成分,主要为2-十一酮（46.15%）,其次是2-壬酮（27.01%）及2-十三醇乙酸酯（12.73%）;抗菌实验显示,芸香挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、乙型链球菌有较强的抑菌活性;对肝癌HepG2细胞和肺癌NCI-H460细胞的增殖也有抑制作用,48 h的作用强于24 h,IC50分别为23.21μg.mL-1和21.87μg.mL-1。结论芸香挥发油可作为一种潜在的天然抗菌和抗肿瘤药物的来源。     

Trichloroethylene. I. Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) as an industrial pollutant may damage human health and can be considered as carcinogen. TCE has been detected in the environment and in various human organs, e.g., liver, kidney and brain etc. There are histological alterations such as depletion of glycogen and hydropic degeneration in the liver, however, other signs of TCE effects can be found in various organs as well. TCE and its metabolites, e.g., trichlorethanol, trichloro-acetic acid and epoxides were recently identified as strong mutagens in Ames mutagenicity test inducing frameshift and base-substitution mutations. TCE induced predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma after long term administration in mice. In these animals, kidneys and liver were supposed to be primary target organs with low epoxy-hydrolase activity. A high level of mitotic gene conversion (or gene rearrangement) was indicated by the metabolism of TCE after repeated administration. Purified TCE by was a weak mutagen in the presence of S9 microsomal fraction of rats and as a consequence, the carcinogenic activity was low in the kidney of rats. However, a dose related increase of Leydig cell tumors was found in male rats.     

Trichloroethylene. II. Mechanism of carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene.

The cancer inducing effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) was studied by various methods. DNA complexing activity and apoptosis inhibition were found to be the key elements of the carcinogenicity of TCE and its metabolites. The ability of TCE to interact with DNA was low, but its incorporation into the RNA and DNA of the brain, testis, pancreas, kidney, liver, lung and spleen, cannot be excluded. Exposure to TCE and its metabolites provides a selective growth advantage to spontaneously occurring mutations in some K- and H-ras oncogenes (as non specific results of secondary DNA or RNA damage). The amount of DNA-TCE adducts was higher in mouse hepatocytes than in rat hepatocytes. These differences may explain the species difference in carcinogenicity of TCE, which was dose dependent (due to metabolism) in mice but independent in rats. The blood level kinetics of TCE confirmed the faster metabolic rate in mice, including peroxisome proliferation and induction in hepatocytes. Dichloroacetic- and trichloroacetic acid were found to be hepatic carcinogens in mice, and the specificity depends on peroxisome proliferation induction. Possibly, TCE and related compounds down regulated apoptosis in mouse liver, and the reduced ability to remove initiated cells by apoptosis could be responsible for liver cancer induction by TCE.     

Studies in antifertility agents. 11. Secosteroids. 5. Synthesis of 9,11-secoestradiol.

9,11-Secoestradiol (9) and 11-hydroxy-9,11-secoestradiol (12) have been synthesized starting from 17-acetoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether (1) and found to possess significant antifertility activity in rats. 3-Methoxy-9,11-seco-9-oxo-17beta-acetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-oic acid (2), prepared by CrO3 oxidation of 1, on hydrogenolysis gave methyl 17beta-hydroxy-3-methoxy-9,11-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-11-carboxylate (3). The 17-O-THP derivative of 3 was treated with LiAlH4 to give 17beta-(O-tetrahydropyranyl)-3-methoxy-11-hydroxy-9,11-secoestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (5). The 11-O-mesylate of 5 on LiAlH4 reduction followed by mild acid treatment and demethylation under alkaline conditions gave 9. LiAlH4 reduction of 3 gave 9,11-seco-11-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether (11) which on demethylation gave 9,11-seco-11-hydroxyestradiol (12).     

Metabolism of benzothiazole. I. Identification of ring-cleavage products.

1. The metabolic fate of benzothiazole in guinea pig has been investigated following i.p. administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg. 2. Five ring-cleavage products were identified in urinary extracts by g.l.c.-mass spectra. By reference to authentic compounds the three major metabolites were shown to be 2-methylmercaptoaniline (I), 2-methylsulphinylaniline (II) and 2-methylsulphonylaniline (III). On the basis of the mass spectrometric evidence the remaining two metabolites were postulated to be 2-methylsulphinylphenylhydroxylamine (IV) and 2-methylsulphonylphenylhydroxylamine (V). 3. I, II and III were present in conjugated and unconjugated forms; IV and V were identified only after hydrolysis with sulphatase.     

Discussion of S.G. Donald et al. and R. Davidson

Summary This paper discusses aspects of the papers by S.G. Donald et al. and R. Davidson, which were presented at The Econometrics Journal sponsored special session on the econometrics of inequality measurement, held at the Royal Economics Society Meeting in Surrey in 2010.