尿蛋白电泳在肾脏疾病诊断中的临床应用

目的采用尿蛋白电泳技术,判断肾脏疾病的受损部位及病变程度。方法对本院134例肾内科住院患者晨尿进行十二烷基硫酸钠-琼脂糖凝胶(SDS-AGE)进行非浓缩尿蛋白电泳分析。结果生理性蛋白尿3例,肾小球型蛋白尿108例,肾小管型9例,混合型蛋白尿14例。其中有31例做过肾脏活检,肾小球轻微病变15例,IgA肾病4例,局灶性肾小球硬化8例,系膜细胞增生伴肾小管灶性萎缩3例,系膜细胞增生性肾小球肾炎1例,电泳结果与肾活检结果基本相符。结论 SDS-AGE电泳技术简单快捷无损伤,对于判断肾脏损伤的部位与程度,类型及程度有较高的临床应用意义。     

青少年型IgA肾病的临床与病理探讨

目的通过对28例青少年型IgA肾病的临床与病理回顾性分析，观察IgA肾病的临床病理特点及其内在联系。方法经皮肾穿刺活检获得年龄在以18岁以下的IgA肾病患者的病理结果，并将I临床表现及病理结果进行分类分型，同时获取IgA肾病的病理资料。结果青少年型IgA肾病的临床表现以无症状血尿或尿液检查异常最常见，有16例（57．1％），其次为肾病综合征8例（28．6％）；病理类型以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最常见，有15例（53．6％），其次为局灶节段增生性肾小球肾炎9例（32．1％）；临床表现为无症状性血尿或尿液检查异常和肾病综合征常见的病理类型为局灶增乍性肾小球肾炎及系膜增生性肾小球肾炎。病理特点以轻度系膜增生为主，慢性化表现少见。结论青少年型IgA肾病病理特点以轻度系膜增生常见，慢性化表现少见，病理类型以轻度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎常见，临床表现以无症状血尿或尿液检查异常常见。但仍有少部分患者出现肾血管纤维素样坏死及慢性化改变。提示预后不好，建议积极肾活检。     

结核病合并IgA肾病临床病理分析

目的:探讨结核病合并IgA肾病的临床和病理特点。方法:回顾性分析山西医科大学第二医院2002年—2006年期间确诊结核病合并经肾活检证实的IgA肾病患者4例,分析其临床和病理特点。结果:男2例,女2例,年龄14~42岁。2例表现为结核性胸膜炎,2例表现为肺结核。结核病发生10d~50d后出现肾损害。4例均表现为慢性肾炎综合征,均有镜下血尿,3例有发作性肉眼血尿;尿蛋白平均0.65g/24h;4例血压及肾功能均正常。肾组织免疫荧光检查发现4例均有明显的系膜区IgA沉积。光镜表现均不严重,轻度系膜增生性肾炎3例,中度系膜增生性肾炎1例;均无新月体形成;肾小管-间质及肾小血管无明显病变。1例患者仅经抗结核治疗后血尿和蛋白尿消失,另3例加用糖皮质激素或(和)免疫抑制剂治疗后尿检完全正常。4例随访期间均无结核病及肾损害复发。结论:结核病可以合并IgA肾病,IgA肾病可能由结核菌感染或抗结核药物引起。     

血尿、蛋白尿与儿童肾小管间质病变

目的本研究就有关血尿、蛋白尿患儿的肾小球及肾小管的病变情况进行分析。方法血尿患者和血尿伴蛋白尿的患者共75例。将他们的肾组织病理中的肾小管病变进行评分并分级。血尿伴蛋白尿患儿根据尿蛋白定量分成3组。并将肾小管病变程度与蛋白尿严重程度进行比较。结果①血尿伴蛋白尿患儿的肾小球及肾小管间质病变明显,与单纯血尿患儿相比有明显差异。②蛋白尿程度增加,肾小管间质病理损害明显,组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论肾小球疾病中伴有蛋白尿患儿的肾小球及肾小管间质病变比较严重,肾小管间质病变与蛋白尿的程度相关。     

肾活检124例临床分析

目的 对经皮肾活检的临床意义及并发症进行探讨.方法 在静脉肾盂造影电视荧屏定位下,以Tru-Cut针行肾活检术,标本分送光镜、免疫荧光和电镜检查.观察并发症的发生情况.结果 肾活检后明确诊断120例,穿刺成功率97%.以肾病综合征为临床表现的病理类型主要为微小病变和局灶节段硬化;以肾炎综合征为临床表现的主要病理类型为系膜增生和IgA肾病;无症状血尿多见于系膜增生和IgA肾病.肾活检的主要并发症为肉眼血尿、肾周血肿和镜下血尿.结论 肾活检对明确诊断、指导治疗有重要意义,但仍需注意出血并发症的发生.     

629例肾小球疾病病理类型及流行病学分析

目的探讨629例已接受肾活检的患者肾小球疾病病理类型及流行病学特点。方法对驻马店地区629例肾活检病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果肾小球疾病患者行肾活检时的年龄11-81岁,平均年龄（40.2±14.7）岁。病因分布：原发性肾小球疾病530例（84.3%）,继发性肾小球疾病94例（14.9%）,小管间质性疾病5例（0.8%）。病理类型分布：原发性肾小球疾病中男性多见,以膜性肾病为主,共218例（41.1%）;肾小球轻微病变122例（23.0%）;Ig A肾病84例（15.8%）;系膜增生性肾小球肾炎45例（8.5%）。继发性肾小球疾病中以狼疮性肾炎为主,共46例（48.9%）,并以女性多见;紫癜性肾炎12例（12.8%）;糖尿病肾病9例（9.6%）。结论驻马店地区的肾脏疾病患者中以原发性肾小球疾病为最常见,其中又以膜性肾病占多数,其次为微小病变肾小球肾炎和Ig A肾病,而在继发性肾小球疾病中,狼疮性肾炎占主要地位,青年女性多发。肾小管间质性肾病及遗传性肾病较少见。     

过敏性紫癜肾炎临床病理与免疫指标的关系

目的通过对49例经肾活检证实为紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿临床、病理特点及免疫指标的分析,探讨临床表现及病理类型与免疫指标的关系。方法对HSPN患儿进行临床病程及病理分级。采用配对方法对病程、年龄相同肾活检患儿与过敏性紫癜尿检正常的患儿免疫球蛋白指标进行比较;对肾活检结果不同患儿免疫球蛋白指标进行比较。结果肾小球病理改变为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型,病理分级以Ⅱb所占比例最大（53.06%,26/49）,Ⅲb级次之（28.57%,14/49）;临床表现以血尿伴蛋白尿者居多,共37例（75.51%,37/49）,其中达肾病水平蛋白尿19例（38.77%,19/49）;肾脏病理结果中,以弥漫性系膜增生为主（93.88%,46/49）,在血尿伴肾病水平蛋白尿中,63.12%伴有新月体形成和肾小球局灶节段硬化,在肾小管及间质损伤的6例中,临床上均有血尿;不同肾活检结果之间免疫球蛋白比较无差异;肾活检患儿与过敏性紫癜尿检正常的患儿免疫球蛋白指标比较仅病程〈1个月的肾活检组血清免疫球蛋白低于IgG尿检正常对照组（P〈0.0345）。结论儿童HSPN肾脏损害的严重程度与免疫球蛋白改变关系不大。     

2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害25例临床病理特点分析

目的 分析25例合并肾脏损害的2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetic mellitus,T2DM)患者的临床病理特点,提出对T2DM合并肾脏损害患者进行肾活检的推荐指征.方法 回顾性分析25例T2DM并肾脏损害接受肾穿刺活检患者的临床资料和病理检查特点.结果 糖尿病肾病11例(44％);非糖尿病肾病14例(56％),其中IgA肾病6例(42.8％),系膜增生性肾炎3例,轻微病变2例,膜性肾病1例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化1例,膜增生性肾小球肾炎1例.结论 T2DM合并肾脏病变可以是非糖尿病性肾损害(non-diabetic renal diseases,NDRD),其中以IgA肾病最多见,临床上肾脏病变距糖尿病发病时间较短,尿检有较明显的肾性血尿,眼底检查无糖尿病视网膜病变的患者应注意是否存在NDRD.     

MCP-1在IgA肾病中的临床意义

目的 探讨单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)在IgA肾病中的变化及其临床意义.方法 用ELISA法检测38例lgA肾病患者和20名健康对照者MCP-l,并比较其差异;测定IgA肾病患者血及尿β2微球蛋白(β2MG)、24-h尿蛋白定量、血清肌酐(SCr);检查肾脏病理损伤,评价MCP-1与肾脏病理损伤的相关性,及在不同病理类型之间的差异.结果 与对照组相比,IgA肾病患者尿MCP-1显著升高(120.90 pg/ml vs.46.82 pg/ml),而血MCP-1差异无统计学意义.IgA肾病中,尿MCD-1与肾小管间质病变程度、24-h尿蛋白、尿β2MG呈正相关,尿MCP-1水平在轻微病变患者中明显低于局灶节段增生型、系膜增生型、硬化型患者.结论 尿MCP-1可作为评价IgA肾病患者肾小管间质功能的一项无刨伤性指标.     

伴有高血压的IgA肾病临床表现、病理特点及高血压发生的影响因素分析

目的 探讨伴有高血压的IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床表现、病理特点及影响高血压发生的相关因素.方法 选取2013年1月-2015年12月收治的经肾穿刺活检术确诊为IgAN的82例.根据血压状况分为高血压组(A组)33例和非高血压组(B组)49例.分析两组一般情况、临床表现和病理资料,比较两组临床指标和病理特点.结果 A组贫血、高尿酸血症、肾功能不全发生率高于B组(P＜0.05),而水肿、血尿的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组24 h尿蛋白定量高于B组,病理损害重于B组(P＜0.05).A组病理类型以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎为主,占60.61％.A组肾小球硬化和血管病变发生率高于B组,肾间质病变程度较B组重,新月体形成率低于B组(P＜0.05).24 h尿蛋白定量、高尿酸血症、系膜增生、肾小球硬化、肾间质病变、动脉内膜增厚及透明变性与IgAN高血压的发生呈正相关,而新月体形成与其呈负相关(P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,24 h尿蛋白定量为IgAN高血压发生的独立危险因素.结论 伴高血压的IgA肾病患者贫血、高尿酸血症、肾功能不全发生率高,24 h尿蛋白定量高,病理损害重.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.