Consequences of persistent pain after lung cancer surgery: a nationwide questionnaire study

Background: Post‐thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS) and its social consequences have been inconsistently investigated as most studies were either small sized, focused on a limited number of risk factors or included heterogeneous surgical procedures. The current objectives were to obtain detailed information on the consequences of PTPS after thoracotomy and video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) from homogenous unselected nationwide data, and to suggest mechanisms for the development of PTPS. Methods: Data from 1327 patients were collected using a prospective national database and combined with a detailed questionnaire. Results: The response rate was 81.5%, resulting in 546 patients without prior thoracic surgery for the final analysis. Follow‐up was 22 months (range 12–36). PTPS occurred in 33% thoracotomy patients and 25% VATS patients. Clinically relevant pain was present in 11–18% of the patients and severe pain in 4–12% depending on the level of physical activity. In PTPS patients, 64% also had pain from other locations on the body. Perceived sensory changes in the thoracic area were present in 63% of PTPS patients vs. 25% in pain‐free patients (P<0.001). When comparing VATS with thoracotomy, no consistent differences in the prevalence, distribution of pain, sensory changes or effect of pain on daily activities were observed although clinically relevant and severe pain was reduced after VATS. Conclusions: This nationwide study corroborates that PTPS is a clinically relevant problem influencing daily activities a long time after thoracotomy and VATS. Nerve injury and increased pain responsiveness may explain the majority of symptoms, the prevalence and distribution of pain including perceived sensory sensations.     

基于患者健康参与模型的肺癌手术患者运动康复方案构建和初步应用

目的 探讨基于患者健康参与模型的运动方案对肺癌微创手术患者康复的影响.方法 按住院时间将拟进行肺癌微创手术的42例患者分为对照组22例和干预组20例,对照组实施常规护理,干预组构建与实施基于患者健康参与模型的运动康复方案.结果 两组均未发生运动康复相关不良反应和并发症.干预组胸腔引流管留置时间、住院时间显著短于对照组,...     

Primary lung cancer surgery after curative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer patients

The safety and perioperative problems of primary lung cancer surgery after curative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for thoracic esophageal cancer (EC) are controversial. We retrospectively evaluated six patients who had received curative CRT for EC from 2003 to 2009, in whom the lung nodule was identified as a primary lung cancer and who subsequently underwent pulmonary resection. The treatment for EC consisted of chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with concurrent curative thoracic radiotherapy (60 Gy). The median age at the surgery was 75 years (range 69-80 years). The median time from radiation to pulmonary resection was 26 months (range 7-70 months). All patients had a predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1))% of >40% before lung surgery. The surgical difficulty involves mediastinal lymph node dissection following tissue fibrotic changes after thoracic radiation. Postoperative complications occurred in two patients, and included arrhythmia and empyema. The patient who developed empyema had a massive pericardial effusion after CRT and underwent pericardial fenestration at the time of pulmonary resection. There was no operative mortality. Lung cancer surgery after curative CRT for EC is feasible in carefully evaluated and selected patients.     

Outcomes after lung transplantation for patients with occupational lung diseases

Occupational lung diseases (OLD) including silicosis, asbestosis, and pneumoconiosis progress to end stage lung disease requiring lung transplantation (LT). Prognosis and treatment of OLDs are poorly understood and a paucity of data exists regarding LT outcomes. Additionally, transplant operative complexity for patients with OLD is high. A single center retrospective review of all single and bilateral LT recipients between May 2005 and Oct 2016 was performed. Patients were grouped by OLD, and nearest neighbor matching was performed at a ratio of 1:3 cases to controls. Thirty cases were matched to 88 controls. Seventeen patients (57%) with OLD required intraoperative support with either extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass (P = 0.02), and 5 (17%) required delayed chest closure (P = 0.05) which was more frequent than matched controls. In addition, operative time was significantly longer in patients with OLD (P = 0.03). Despite these factors, there were no significant differences in immediate post‐operative outcomes including mechanical ventilator support, post‐operative ECMO, and tracheostomy. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction and long‐term survival were also similar between cases and controls. OLDs should not preclude LT. The operation should be performed at experienced centers.     

Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation in patients undergoing lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The impact of short-term preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer is evaluated. METHODS: A prospective observational study was designed. Inclusion criteria consisted of an indication to lung resection because of a clinical stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer and a chronic obstructive disease on preoperative pulmonary function test. In such conditions, maximal oxygen consumption by a cardio-pulmonary exercise test was evaluated; when this resulted as being < or =15 ml/kg/min a pulmonary rehabilitation programme lasting 4 weeks was considered. Twelve patients fulfilled inclusion criteria, completed the preoperative rehabilitation programme and underwent a new functional evaluation prior to surgery. The postoperative record of these patients was collected. RESULTS: On completion of pulmonary rehabilitation, the resting pulmonary function test and diffuse lung capacity of patients was unchanged, whereas the exercise performance was found to have significantly improved; the mean increase in maximal oxygen consumption proved to be at 2.8 ml/kg/min (p<0.01). Eleven patients underwent lobectomy; no postoperative mortality was noted and mean hospital stay was 17 days. Postoperative pulmonary complication was recorded in 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation could improve the exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are candidates for lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer.     

Studies on increased sputum after bronchoplastic surgery for lung cancer in correlation with hemodynamics and extravascular lung water

In surgical treatment for lung cancer, large amount of intrabronchial sputum and secretion was occasionally encountered in patients, especially underwent bronchoplastic surgery. It has been discussed as causes which was affected from transection of pulmonary branches of vagal nerve and bronchial arteries. So we have measured pre- and postoperative hemodynamics and extravascular lung water (EVLW) at the bedside, as to investigate the correlation with formyl sputum and increase of right ventricular afterload which was presumed by lung resection and bronchoplasty. Respiratory complication was classified by the incidence of forced bronchial toilet in acute phase. Seven patients were investigated. Three of seven showed white sputum which was difficult to excrete. EVLW was 9.91 +/- 2.12 ml/kg in average before operation and then showed a tendency to increase within 102 +/- 29% of percent exchange (delta %) between pre- and postoperation. As to comparison of delta % of EVLW in acute period, the patients underwent bronchoplastic surgery showed a tendency to increase rather than the patients underwent lobectomy. According to former studies, we found the uniform correlation R = 0.7075 between observed EVLW and predicted postoperative EVLW estimated by prediction of residual functioning lung volume before operation. And also, the patients showing postoperative EVLW more than predicted EVLW before operation had a tendency to increase amount of sputum. Furthermore, concerning hemodynamic changes, pulmonary arterial resistance index (PARI) elevated to 196 +/- 165% (83-515%) in average associated with increased right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI) as a result of compensatory changes for increased right cardiac afterload.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Preoperative chemotherapy increases cytokine production after lung cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Many phase II trials have shown that preoperative chemotherapy for lung cancer is feasible but associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the effect of preoperative chemotherapy on surgical stress and postoperative complications associated with surgical intervention. We evaluated the effect of preoperative chemotherapy on perioperative inflammatory cytokine production as a surgical stress marker. METHODS: The study group comprised 38 patients undergoing anatomical lung resection and mediastinal nodal dissection for clinical stage IB/II non-small cell lung cancer during the period October 2001-December 2003. Nineteen patients received a single cycle of cisplatin (80 mg/m(2)) and docetaxel (60 mg/m(2)) chemotherapy prior to surgery (neoadjuvant group), and 19 patients underwent surgery without any previous chemotherapy (control group). White blood cell and neutrophil counts and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) were determined before surgery and on postoperative days 1 and 3. Postoperative complications were reviewed. Differences were assessed by repeated analysis of variance. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of IL-6 and GCSF rose significantly on postoperative days 1 and 3 in the neoadjuvant group in comparison to concentrations in the control group, but white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and CRP did not differ between the groups. No major complication occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: A single cycle of cisplatin and docetaxel chemotherapy followed by surgery can exacerbate overproduction of inflammatory cytokines during the perioperative period in lung cancer patients.     

帕瑞昔布钠对肺癌根治术老年病人术后炎性反应的影响

目的 评价帕瑞昔布钠对肺癌根治术老年病人术后炎性反应的影响.方法 择期胸腔镜下行肺癌根治术病人41例,性别不限,年龄65～ 78岁,体重52 ～ 81 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为2组:对照组(C组,n=20)和帕瑞昔布钠组(P组,n=21).麻醉诱导后气管插管,机械通气,麻醉维持:静脉输注瑞芬太尼和异丙酚,吸入七氟醚,间断静脉注射维库溴铵,维持脑电双频指数值40～ 50.P组分别于麻醉前30 min、术后12、24和36 h时肌肉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg,C组分别给予等容量生理盐水.2组术后采用病人自控静脉镇痛,镇痛药物为吗啡,维持静息时VAS评分≤3分,记录吗啡用量及术后12、24、48 h时Ramsay镇静评分.分别于术前、术毕、术后12、24和48 h时采集中心静脉血样,测定血浆TNF-α和IL-8的浓度,于上述时点采集桡动脉血样,测定PaO2,计算肺泡-动脉氧分压差及氧合指数,记录术后2 d内肺部并发症的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,P组吗啡用量、Ramsay镇静评分、血浆TNF-α、IL-8浓度、肺泡-动脉氧分压差和术后肺部并发症发生率降低,氧合指数升高(P＜0.05).结论 帕瑞昔布钠可降低肺癌根治术老年病人术后炎性反应,从而改善术后呼吸功能和减少肺部并发症发生.     

Smoking affects prognosis after lung cancer surgery

Purpose To study the effects of smoking on the postoperative outcome of lung cancer surgery. Methods The subjects were 571 patients who underwent surgery for primary lung cancer. The patients were divided into the following groups according to their smoking history: a nonsmoker group (n = 218), a former smoker group (n = 140), and a current smoker group (n = 213). Results The 5-year survival rates were 56.2%, 40.9%, and 34.0% in the nonsmoker, former smoker, and current smoker groups, respectively. These differences were significant. According to a multivariable analysis, smoking was a significant factor affecting the postoperative prognosis of patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. In analyzing the causes of death, there were more deaths caused by other diseases such as multiple organ cancer, respiratory disorder, cardiovascular disease, and surgery-related events in the former smoker and current smoker groups than in the nonsmoker group. Conclusions Smoking was significantly predictive of a poor prognosis after lung cancer surgery.     

基于干预图的颈椎前路术后患者康复干预方案构建

目的 构建颈椎前路术后患者康复干预方案,为临床康复干预提供依据。方法 基于干预图与行为改变轮理论,在循证及对11例患者半结构访谈基础上,构建颈椎前路术后患者康复干预方案。结果 构建的干预方案包括动机、能力、机会3个层面,教育、说服、激励、强制、培训、环境重建等要素,以及12项具体措施。结论 构建的颈椎前路术后患者康复干预方案具有可靠性和实用性,可作为临床康复干预的依据。     

术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 观察术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 择期行肺癌根治术病人30例,年龄30～64岁,随机分为2组(n=15):术后静脉镇痛组(Ⅰ组)和术后硬膜外镇痛组(E组),术后分别行病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)和病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)72 h.E组麻醉诱导前于T4,5间隙行硬膜外置管.Ⅰ组药物成分为:芬太尼20 μg/ml、咪达唑仑0.1 mg/ml和托烷司琼0.04mg/ml,背景输注速率2 ml/h,PEA剂量1 ml,锁定时间20min;E组硬膜外注射0.25%布比卡因5 ml后行PCEA,药物成分为:0.125%布比卡因、芬太尼2.4μg/ml和咪达唑仑0.05 mg/ml.术后记录VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分和不良反应的发生情况.分别于麻醉诱导前、术后2 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d时测定皮质醇浓度、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)及细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK细胞)水平.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,E组VAS评分及恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),Ramsay镇静评分和皮质醇浓度降低,CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞和CIK细胞水平升高(P＜0.05),CD8+、CD4+/CD8+差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术后硬膜外镇痛可改善肺癌根治术病人细胞免疫功能,其效果优于术后静脉镇痛.     

Preoperative and postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation in lung cancer patients

The benefits derived from comprehensive PR, when applied to patients who have lung cancer, should have significant impact on both survival and health status. Because PR is known to improve exercise capacity, it is reasonable to expect that this treatment modality may provide more patients with a potential cure. In addition, improvement in symptoms and quality of life can prove critically important when long-term survival is not an outcome that can be impacted on. Studies thus far support the value of this treatment modality in the global approach to patients who have lung cancer. Future well-designed clinical trials will need to corroborate these findings. We look forward to improving lung cancer outcomes with the widespread use of pulmonary rehabilitation.     

加速康复外科技术对肝肿瘤患者术后恢复的影响

Objective To investigate the effects of fast-track surgery on postoperative rehabilitation of patients with liver cancer. Methods Forty-one patients with liver cancer who had been admitted to Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from 9 to 30 in July 2008 were randomly divided into fast-track surgery group (n =20) and routine treatment group (n =21) according to the random number table. Patients in fast-track surgery group were preoperatively educated in order to lessen their anxiety. Bowel preparation was not applied before operation, and they were orally administered with 1000 ml of enteral nutrition emulsion (1300 kcal), then they were fasted for 4 hours before operation. Urethral catheter and gastric tube were removed after operation. They were orally administered with 1000 ml of enteral nutrition emulsion on postoperative day 2, and were encouraged to partake in off-bed activity shortly after the operation. The off-bed time, anus exhaust time, postoperative complica-tions, hospitalization time, expense, nutritional and metabolic indexes on postoperative day 1, 3 and 5, hepatic and renal function, immune and stress indexes between the 2 groups were compared by t test and chi-square test. Results There were significant differences in off-bed time, anus exhaust time, patients' weight, expense, total bilirubin level on postoperative day 1, 3 and 5, and level of serum TNF-α on postoperative day 3 between the 2 groups (t =7.065, 5.483, 3.754, 2.291,2.289, 3.218, 3.192, 2.434, 2.089, P <0.05). Conclusions Fast-track surgery can accelerate the postoperative rehabilitation of patients with liver cancer.