Intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) molecular fingerprinting markers for authenticating populations of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo

Intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) molecular fingerprinting markers have been employed to authenticate eight populations of Dendrobium officinale using 10 primers selected from 76 ISSR primers. A total of 127 DNA fragments were amplified, of which 115 were polymorphic (90.5% of all bands). Sixteen specific authentication markers have been found. To enhance the efficiency of authentication, ISSR fingerprinting codes have been constructed using six polymorphic bands for authenticating D. officinale populations. Eight wild populations of D. officinale have been authenticated accurately using ISSR.     

铁皮石斛野生居群遗传多样性的RAPD分析与鉴别

目的采用RAPD分子标记技术，对铁皮石斛8个野生居群的遗传多样性、亲缘关系以及分子鉴别等进行研究。方法筛选随机引物进行RAPD分析，通过UPGMA聚类，研究铁皮石斛各居群间的遗传关系，构建居群亲缘关系的分子系统树；利用特异性条带对铁皮石斛野生居群进行指纹分析鉴别。结果共筛选出10个有效引物，在8个野生居群材料的RAPD扩增中共得到439个位点，平均每个引物扩增出43.9个位点，每个居群扩增出54.9个位点；在所获得的104条可重现谱带中，9条是单态的，95条是多态的，多态性程度达91.35%，遗传距离在0.590～0.727之间，平均为0.686。结论铁皮石斛居群间遗传差异明显，具有较丰富的遗传多样性；RAPD可以作为铁皮石斛野生居群遗传多态性、居群亲缘关系和分子鉴别研究的有效手段；引物S412可以有效鉴别铁皮石斛的8个野生居群。     

枫斗类石斛rDNA ITS区的全序列数据库及其序列分析鉴别

目的建立枫斗类石斛的rDNA ITS区碱基全序列数据库,利用该数据库对枫斗类石斛待检种进行准确鉴别。方法对枫斗类石斛的rDNA ITS区进行了PCR扩增、测序,运用CLUSTRAL,MEGA等软件以及枫斗类石斛rDNA ITS区全序列数据库对待检种rDNA ITS区进行序列分析鉴别。结果建立了21种枫斗类石斛的rDNA ITS区全序列数据库, 枫斗类石斛在该区的种间差异显著而稳定,转换和颠换总数为11～122,变异位点数为341,信息位点数为195。与外类群植物云南石仙桃间的差异较大,转换和颠换总数为131～161。枫斗类石斛居群间的差异较小,转换和颠换总数为0～6。结论利用枫斗类石斛的全序列数据库及遗传分析软件,通过对待检种rDNA ITS区进行序列测定,可以成功鉴别属于数据库中枫斗类石斛的待检种。     

Molecular identification of "Chuanxiong" by nucleotide sequence and multiplex single base extension analysis on chloroplast trnK gene

Chloroplast trnK gene sequences of Cnidium officinale and Ligusticum chuanxiong were determined to establish an effective method for identifying Japanese Senkyu and Chinese Chuanxiong, the two which have the same drug name in Chinese characters, similar external feature, but different botanical origins. Three sites of nucleotide differences were found between these 2 species at positions 767,924 and 964 from upstream in trnK gene sequence, allowing molecular identification of the two plants and crude drugs. Further, three kinds of specific primers of 14 mer, 23 mer and 30 mer long were designed to detect these 3 sites of marker nucleotides. By using multiplex single base extension (MSBE) analysis with the 3 specific primers, C. officinale and L. chuanxiong could be distinguished clearly by the electrophoretograms, where 3 peaks with different color of ddTMP, ddCMP and ddTMP were observed in case of C. officinale and those of ddGMP, ddAMP and ddGMP in L. chuanxiong. Moreover, trnK gene sequence of "Dongxiong," a kind of Chuanxiong cultivated in Northeast China, suggested that its botanical origin was C. officinale.     

紫苏属药用植物的rDNA ITS区SNP分子标记与位点特异性PCR鉴别

目的分析单种属——紫苏属各变种间rDNA ITS区的序列以及存在的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)现象，设计出位点特异性PCR引物，用于紫苏属各变种间的分子标记鉴别。方法对紫苏属各变种多个体的rDNA ITS区全序列进行了准确测定，运用Clustral X 1.8，MEGA 3.0进行排序并进行SNP分析，从而设计出鉴别各变种的等位基因位点特异性PCR鉴别引物。结果紫苏属各变种(紫苏、白苏、鸡冠苏和耳齿紫苏等)的rDNA ITS区全序列共有615～618 bp的长度，ITS1为233～235 bp，5.8S为179 bp，ITS2为203～204 bp，GC含量为61.5%～61.9%。从rDNA ITS区碱基变异的整体情况来看，紫苏属各变种间不仅在非编码的转录间隔区ITS1和ITS2内存在非编码区单核苷酸多态性(ncSNP)，而且在保守的5.8S编码区内也存在3个位点的单核苷酸多态性，即编码区SNP(cSNP)，所有的SNP均只具2等位多态性。5.8S区cSNP的出现与产生该变异的变种出现的显著形态差异关联。本文还利用这些SNP位点设计出了鉴别紫苏属各变种的位点特异性PCR引物，无需测序即可对紫苏属的原植物及“苏子”、“苏叶”等药材进行有效准确的分子鉴别。结论紫苏属药用植物rDNA ITS区存在的SNP可用作紫苏属各变种鉴别的分子标记。     

Allele-specific primers for diagnostic PCR authentication of Dendrobium officinale

Based on rDNA ITS sequences of D. officinale and the other 37 species of Dendrobium, a pair of allele-specific diagnostic primers, TP-JB01S and TP-JB01X, were designed to authenticate D. officinale from the other species. Before the diagnostic PCR, the primer pair, P1 and P2, for amplifying the whole ITS region was used to validate template DNA and to obtain the appropriate template DNA for the diagnostic PCR. Diagnostic PCRs were performed using the diagnostic primers with the total DNAs of the original plants as a template. When the annealing temperature was raised to 66 degrees C, only the template DNA of D. officinale could be amplified whereas the diagnostic PCRs of the other Dendrobium species were all negative. The diagnostic PCRs have been repeated many times and have played an important role in authenticating the stems of D. officinale in China. Compared with the authentication method by sequencing DNA fragments, the allele-specific diagnostic PCR is not only simpler and time-saving but also practical and effective.     

Species identification of Chinese medicinal plant Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson by suppression subtraction hybridization

Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, has been extensively used in preparations of herbal medicine, health products and personal hygiene products. However, the clinical safety and efficiency of F. multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson is impaired because of the existence of various adulterants. In this study, genomic DNA (gDNA) suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) was used to authenticate F. multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson from its adulterants. First, differential gDNA fragments between F. multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson and its most closely related species F. multiflora var. ciliinervis (Nakai) Yonek. & H. Ohashi by SSH were identified. The differential fragments were then hybridized with arrays constructed from multiple whole genomes of several species (adulterants and/or closely related plants) to screen for the unique gDNA fragments representing F. multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson. The unique gDNA fragments could be used to design species-specific primers for the identification of F. multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson. Using SSH, we obtained four differential gDNA fragments, and four pairs of primers were designed. The designed primers could differentiate F. multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson from its adulterants and/or closely related species via PCR. The results confirmed that the SSH is an efficient method for screening and designing species-specific primers.     

铁皮石斛野生居群基于RAMP标记的遗传多样性评价

本文运用RAMP标记16对引物组合,对铁皮石斛9个野生居群的112个样本进行了检测,共得到123条扩增带,其中86条(占69.92%)具有多态性,每对引物组合可扩增出3～8条多态性带,平均5条,表明铁皮石斛不同居群间存在较丰富的遗传多样性;铁皮石斛居群间遗传相似系数的变化范围为0.250～0.813,平均值为0.550。利用RAMP扩增条带数据进行聚类分析,可将9个铁皮石斛野生居群划分为3个类群,聚类结果表现出较好的地域相关性,显示RAMP标记可以有效地评价铁皮石斛野生居群的遗传多样性及遗传结构。     

Apparent low frequency of sequence variability within the proximal promoter region of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 gene in established cell lines from Japanese individuals

The members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A subfamily play an important role in the metabolism of more than 50% of the drugs metabolized by CYPs. Among the CYP3A members, CYP3A5 is known to exhibit polymorphic expression within the human liver. We hypothesized that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5'-regulatory region of the CYP3A5 gene might be the cause of CYP3A5 polymorphic expression. Due to the existence of "CYP3AP1," a highly homologous sequence to the CYP3A5 gene, it was necessary to make specific primers to the CYP3A5 gene. In the present study, we designed a series of oligonucleotide primers for sequencing the proximal promoter region of the CYP3A5 gene in order to search for the putative regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism. We examined 86 established cell lines derived from Japanese individuals as a representation of the Japanese population. However, no SNP was detected in the promoter region of the CYP3A5 gene isolated from the cell lines used, suggesting other causal factors for the observed polymorphism of CYP3A5-dependent drug metabolism.     

Authentication of an animal crude drug, Zaocys, by diagnostic PCR

A pair of diagnostic primers for distinguishing the Chinese crude drug Zaocys (Zaocys dhumandes) from its substitutes was designed based on the sequence data of the original animal of the drug and substitutes. Total DNAs were extracted from genuine crude drug and 5 of its substitutes, as well as from 12 species of original animal of the snake crude drug. Diagnostic PCRs were performed using the primers with these total DNAs as a template, annealing at 60-65 degrees C. Positive amplifications were obtained from all DNA templates of Zaocys, whereas negative amplifications were obtained from that of others. The results indicate that Zaocys samples could be definitely distinguished from its substitutes by diagnostic PCR, and no incorrect discrimination was found under the same reaction conditions. The advantages of the method in the authentication of crude drugs are also discussed in the present paper.     

金钱白花蛇及其伪品的Cyt b基因片段序列分析和PCR鉴别研究

对金钱白花蛇及其伪、混品药材和原动物的Cyt b基因片段的序列分析发现,该基因片段在金钱白花蛇及其伪品间的差异远远大于金钱白花蛇种内个体间的差异,是理想的用于鉴别金钱白花蛇及其伪混品的分子遗传标记。在对Cyt b基因片段序列分析的基础上,设计了金钱白花蛇PCR鉴别的一对高度特异性引物BuL-1和BuH-1。结果表明,该对引物在对金钱白花蛇的PCR鉴别中,用60℃～65℃的复性温度,可以100%检出金钱白花蛇,误检率和漏检率为0,并能在混合的药材粉末中检测出被检样品中是否含有金钱白花蛇组份。本研究还表明PCR鉴别将有可能成为中成药复方组分鉴别的一种新手段。     

Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng species by RAPD analysis and PCR-RFLP

In order to develop convenient and reproducible methods for the identification of ginseng drugs at a DNA level, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses were applied within Panax species. To authenticate Panax ginseng among ginseng populations, RAPD analysis was carried out using a 20 mer-random primer. The similarity coefficients among the DNA of ginseng plants analyzed were low, ranging from 0.197 to 0.491. In addition, by using PCR-RFLP analysis, very different fingerprints were obtained within Korean ginseng plants. These results suggest that these methods are able to authenticate the concerned Panax species. Broader application of this approach to authenticate other morphologically similar medicinal materials is rationalized.     

Authentication of oviductus ranae and its original animals using molecular marker

Two pairs of diagnostic primers, IHm01-L/IHm01-H and IHm02-L/IHm02-H, for distinguishing the Chinese crude drug Oviductus Ranae from its substitutes were designed based on sequences of Cyt b gene fragment of the original animals of the drug and substitutes. Total DNAs were extracted from crude drugs purchased from five drugstores in different regions, as well as from original animals of the drug, Rana chensinensis, and seven species of related ranid species. Diagnostic polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed using the two pairs of primers with the total DNAs of the original animals as a template. The result showed that a 240 bp DNA segment was clearly amplified from all templates of Rana chensinensis using primers IHmO1-L and IHm01-H, whereas no DNA band appeared from other templates. While using primers IHm02-L and IHm02-H, we got a clear 140 bp DNA band from all the templates of R. huanrenensis and 3 oviducts of the same species, no PCR product was observed from the other samples. A set of PCR reactions was employed to identify crude drugs from the five drugstores using the two pairs of primers together with HsmL1 and HsmH1 reported in our previous study. The results show that only 20% of the Oviductus Ranae currently sold in markets are qualified products and the rest are not.     

Effect of hot water extract of a glycyrrhizin-deficient strain of Glycyrrhiza uralensis on contact hypersensitivity in mice

To evaluate the medicinal properties of a glycyrrhizin (GL)-deficient strain of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, we investigated the anti-allergic effect of the hot water extract obtained from its roots on contact hypersensitivity in mice, and compared it with that of the hot water extract of a commercial crude drug, Glycyrrhiza Radix. The hot water root extract of the GL-deficient strain contained glucoglycyrrhizin (GGL) and rhaoglucoglycyrrhizin (RGL) instead of GL, and it showed anti-allergic activity against contact hypersensitivity in a fashion similar to that of the crude drug extract. We further confirmed the presence of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL, in mice serum after oral administration of the hot water root extract of a GL-deficient strain. We demonstrated that GGL underwent hydrolysis by intestinal microflora of mice to form GA. These results suggest that a GL-deficient strain of G. uralensis is a useful medicinal resource since the glycosides of GA work in a fashion similar to that of GL when orally administered.     

Authentication of medicinal herbs using PCR-amplified ITS2 with specific primers

Different parts of medicinal herbs have long been used as traditional Chinese drugs for treating many diseases, whereas materials of similar morphology and chemical fingerprints are often misidentified. Analyses of sequence variations in the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) have become a valid method for authentication of medicinal herbs at the intergenic and interspecific levels. DNA extracted from processed materials is usually severely degraded or contaminated by microorganisms, thus generates no or unexpected PCR products. The goal of this study is to apply the ITS fragments selectively amplified with two designed primer sets for efficient and precise authentication of medicinal herbs. The designed primers led to an accurate PCR product of the specific region in ITS2, which was confirmed with DNA extracted from 55 processed medicinal herbs belonging to 48 families. Moreover, the selectively amplified ITS2 authenticated five sets of easily confusable Chinese herbal materials. The designed primers were proven to be suitable for a broad application in the authentication of herbal materials.     

鹿类中药材的位点特异性PCR鉴定研究

目的　建立一种简便、准确的鹿类中药材鹿茸、鹿鞭、鹿筋、鹿胎的DNA分子标记鉴定方法。方法　在对鹿类中药材的正品原动物梅花鹿、马鹿及其混伪品原动物的Cyt b 基因全序列分析的基础上,设计了一对专用于鉴定正品鹿类药材的位点特异性鉴别引物ILu01-L和ILu01-H。结果　在6 4℃的复性温度下,用鉴别引物对原动物样品进行鉴别PCR ,仅正品能得到约365bp阳性扩增带;对鹿茸、鹿鞭及鹿筋正、伪品药材进行PCR鉴定,结果表明:3批鹿茸仅一批为正品,2批鹿鞭皆为伪品,鹿筋正、伪品药材PCR鉴定与形态鉴定结果一致。随机选取2枚鹿茸及一个原动物做Cyt b 基因片段序列分析,其结果与PCR鉴定完全一致。结论　对市售鹿类商品药材需加强质量监督和管理。所设计的鉴别引物对梅花鹿、马鹿有高度特异性,可应用于以其为原动物的鹿类中药材的鉴定。     

Enzymatic fingerprints of polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale and their application in identification of Dendrobium species

Enzymatic fingerprinting of polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale was studied and applied to authenticate Dendrobium species. Results showed that Dendrobium officinale species from Anhui province, Fujian province, Yunnan province, Guangdong province and Guangxi province of China, could be identified by polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE). However, the fingerprints of Dendrobium officinale from Jiangxi province, Hu'nan province and Wenzhou, Yandangshan and Fuyang in Zhejiang province were very similar. As far as the fingerprints of different Dendrobium species were concerned, the differences between Dendrobium officinale, Dendrobium huoshanense, Dendrobium moniliforme, Dendrobium devonianum, Dendrobium aphyllum, Dendrobium wilsonii and Dendrobium crystallinum were obvious. Moreover, the genetic relationships between different samples were analyzed by using principal component analysis and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis. Results suggested that polysaccharide fingerprint analysis by PACE has the potential to become a valuable new method for the identification and control of quality of herbal medicines in future.     

鹿鞭线粒体DNA指纹鉴定

目的探讨鹿鞭及牛鞭线粒体细胞色素b基因部分序列片段特征,建立中药材鹿鞭敏感、特异的DNA分子标记学鉴定方法。方法碱变性法提取新鲜鹿鞭及牛鞭,采用引物设计软件PrimerPremier5.0对鹿鞭及牛鞭的细胞色素b基因序列分析,用于鉴定正品鹿鞭的特异性引物,经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,对鹿鞭进行DNA指纹鉴定。结果对鹿鞭进行mtDNA鉴定图谱显示,真品鹿鞭有306bp条带,伪品没有。结论用此方法对鹿鞭进行鉴定,可准确辨别正品与伪品。重现性、稳定性好,简便准确而可行。鹿鞭mtDNA具有特异性指纹特征,所得鹿鞭DNA指纹特征图谱可用于鹿鞭的鉴定。     

Discrimination of the Thai rejuvenating herbs Pueraria candollei (White Kwao Khruea), Butea superba (Red Kwao Khruea), and Mucuna collettii (Black Kwao Khruea) using PCR-RFLP

The tuberous roots of Pueraria candollei (White Kwao Khruea), Butea superba (Red Kwao Khruea) and Mucuna collettii (Black Kwao Khruea), which belong to the family Leguminosae, are used as rejuvenating herbs in traditional Thai medicine. Although all of these species have an indication for rejuvenation, each differs in its medicinal properties. Two varieties of P. candollei, var. mirifica and var. candollei, affect females, whereas B. superba and M. collettii exhibit effects on males. However, the identification of these roots according to the name “Kwao Khruea” is confusing due to the similarity in their features. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was utilised to identify plant origin. The partial matK gene was amplified and subjected to restriction enzyme digestion with DdeI and TaqI. The restriction fragments generated differed in number and size. To test the reliability of the method, an admixture of the different Kwao Khruea species containing equal amounts of DNA was tested. The results showed combined restriction patterns, and each species could be detected in the background of the others. The method was also used to authenticate eight different crude drugs sold as various types of Kwao Khruea in Thai markets. The results showed that the misidentification of commercial drugs remains a problem in crude drug markets. The PCR-RFLP analysis developed here provides a simple and accurate discrimination of these rejuvenating “Kwao Khruea” species.     

白及的质量问题及真伪鉴别方法

目的：在调研和检验的基础上分析我国当前中药白及的市场质量问题,研究白及的真伪鉴别方法,为监管工作提供建议。方法：文献整理及产区、市场调研和检验数据相结合,分析白及质量问题及其产生的原因,同时提出解决方案。结果：同属植物或相似种掺伪为白及主要质量问题,2017年全国中药材及饮片专项抽验白及不合格率为9%。白及伪品种类复杂,单一检测技术难以鉴别,而组合特征技术可以有效区分白及正伪品。结论：虽然白及伪品种类繁多,但是其质量问题尚可。提升白及药材及饮片质量,应加强源头治理,从规范生产入手。