母亲孕期被动吸烟和补充叶酸与其子女孤独症行为的交互作用

目的 探讨母亲孕期被动吸烟和补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为的交互作用。方法 以2014年深圳市龙华新区新入园的小班（3岁）儿童为研究对象,由家长填写问卷,询问儿童年龄、性别、早产、低出生体重、父母学历、父母生育年龄、家庭收入等,用孤独症行为量表评估儿童孤独症行为,按筛检界值31分和诊断界值62分将儿童分为正常组（<31分）、亚临床组（31～61分）和疑似临床组（≥62分）。控制混杂因素后,采用多分类logistic回归模型,分析孕期母亲被动吸烟和补充叶酸对儿童孤独症行为的主效应和交互作用。结果 孕期母亲被动吸烟与儿童孤独症行为呈正相关（亚临床组：OR=1.48,P<0.05;疑似临床组：OR=2.85,P<0.05）,孕期母亲补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为的关联无统计学意义（亚临床组：OR=1.04,P>0.05;疑似临床组：OR=0.75,P>0.05）。分层分析显示,孕期母亲未被动吸烟的儿童中,孕期母亲补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为呈负关联（疑似临床组：OR=0.30,P<0.05）;孕期母亲补充叶酸的儿童中,孕期母亲被动吸烟与儿童孤独症行为显著正关联（亚临床组：OR=1.52,P<0.05;疑似临床组：OR=4.45,P<0.05）。进一步交互作用分析显示,孕期母亲被动吸烟和补充叶酸对儿童孤独症行为疑似临床组的交互作用明显（OR=5.30,P<0.05）。结论 孕期母亲被动吸烟和补充叶酸与儿童孤独症行为关联,且存在交互作用。     

Early Folic Acid Supplement Initiation and Risk of Adverse Early Childhood Respiratory Health: A Population-based Study

Objectives Folate plays a vital role in biologic functions yet women often do not meet the recommended dietary intake in pregnancy. It has been suggested that high folic acid intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of respiratory diseases in offspring. However, findings from observational studies in human populations are inconclusive. Methods In this population-based study, we collected self-reported folic acid and prenatal vitamin supplement use during pregnancy 3–6 months postpartum from mothers in Los Angeles whose children were born in 2003. Supplement initiation was based on whichever supplement, either folic acid or prenatal supplements, the women initiated first. In a 2006 follow-up survey, approximately 50% of women were re-contacted to gather information on the child’s respiratory health, including symptoms and diagnoses, at approximately 3.5 years of age. Results Overall, timing of folic acid supplement initiation was not associated with wheeze or lower respiratory tract infection, even after accounting for preterm births and censoring at follow-up. However, children born to mothers with a history of atopy (hay fever, eczema or asthma) who initiate folic acid supplements in late pregnancy, compared to first trimester initiators, have 1.67 (95% CI 1.12, 2.49) times the risk of wheeze in the first 3 years of life and 1.88 (95% CI 1.05, 3.34) times the risk of wheeze in the past year. No association was found among children of non-atopic mothers. Conclusions These findings suggest that early folic acid or prenatal supplementation among atopic women may be important to prevent wheeze among offspring.     

Social and ethnic differences in folic acid use preconception and during early pregnancy in the UK: effect on maternal folate status

Background:  The role of folate supplementation in preventing neural tube defects is well known; however, preconception supplement use continues to be low, especially amongst the socially disadvantaged. The present study explored periconception folic acid supplement use in a socially deprived, ethnically diverse population.
Methods:  Pregnant women ( n  = 402) in the first trimester of pregnancy were recruited in East London. Using a researcher led questionnaire, details were obtained regarding social class, ethnicity and folic acid use. Red cell folate levels were determined for 367 participants during the first trimester.
Results:  Although 76% of participants reported using folic acid supplements during the first trimester, only 12% started preconception and a further 17% started before neural tube closure. Mothers from higher social groups or with higher levels of education were more likely to use folic acid and started taking it earlier. Ethnic differences were also seen in preconception usage (Africans, 5%; West Indians, 8%; Asians, 12%; Caucasians, 19%; P  = 0.038). Participants who took folic acid supplements had significantly higher mean (SD) red cell folate concentrations than those who took none [936 (*\1.6) and 579 (*\1.6) nmol L⁻¹, respectively; P  < 0.001].
Conclusions:  Folic acid supplement use preconception and prior to neural tube closure continues to be low, exhibiting both social and ethnic disparities.     

出生缺陷高发区与低发区孕早期妇女叶酸知信行现况比较

目的了解出生缺陷高发区与低发区孕早期妇女叶酸知信行状况.方法采用横断面调查与对比研究，对出生缺陷高发与低发4个地区共1554名孕早期妇女的叶酸知识的了解情况、服用叶酸增补剂的态度及叶酸增补剂服用情况进行了问卷调查。结果出生缺陷高发区孕早期妇女听说过叶酸的比例(农村22．7％、城市60．7％)、知道叶酸预防神经管畸形作用的比例(农村18．1％、城市51．5％)，低于出生缺陷低发区妇女(农村85．1％、城市85．6％；农村、城市76．1％)；对于叶酸增补剂最佳服用时期，高发区农村孕早期妇女知晓率为16．3％、城市为35．9％，低于出生缺陷低发区(农村68．2％、城市68．8％)；出生缺陷高发区妇女认为有必要服用叶酸增补剂的比例(农村20．4％、城市50．7％)远低于出生缺陷低发区(农村76．1％、城市79．7％)；出生缺陷高发区城市与农村妇女叶酸增补剂服用率仅为8．5％和31．1％，低于出生缺陷低发区(农村63．4％、城市67．5％)。结论出生缺陷高发区孕早期妇女叶酸知识缺乏，叶酸增补剂服用率低。应通过健康教育和宣传，提高出生缺陷高发区育龄妇女对叶酸的认识和增补率。     

Pregnancy Intentions and Folic Acid Supplementation Exemplars: Findings from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study

One Healthy People 2010 objective is that 80% of women in the United States start a pregnancy with optimal levels of folic acid. This often requires women to use folic acid supplements preconceptionally to get adequate levels. Efforts to achieve the objective have resulted in a suboptimal floor effect at less than 50% of women. We advance a framework based on exemplification theory, identifying supplementation as an additive action in which two role models exemplify folic acid supplementation among women of reproductive age able to become pregnant (n = 1,258). The women were participants in Phase I of the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study (CePAWHS). One exemplar identified represents the positive habits aligned with supplementers considering a pregnancy sometime in their future, while the other resides in the exemplification of positive habits aligned with supplementers not considering a pregnancy sometime in their future but still able to become pregnant. Among women not considering a future pregnancy, daily green salad consumption, weekly fish consumption, having had a health care visit in the past year, and having had any ob/gyn visit in the past 2 years resulted in increased odds of folic acid supplement use in a multivariable model. In the same model, an increase in age resulted in increased odds of folic acid supplement use. Among women considering a future pregnancy, not smoking cigarettes, having higher levels of psychosocial stress, and having higher levels of interaction social support resulted in increased odds of folic acid supplement use in a multivariable model. In the same model, those who have had a health care visit in the past year, as well as those who have received pregnancy planning counseling, were also more likely to use a folic acid supplement. Implications for strategic communication are considered.     

Pregnancy planning: a determinant of folic acid supplements use for the primary prevention of neural tube defects

OBJECTIVE: Daily consumption of supplements containing 400 micrograms of folic acid in the periconception period may reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) by as much as 70%. However, despite explicit recommendations, folic acid consumption among women likely to become pregnant remains low. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate women's knowledge and beliefs with regard to folic acid; to estimate the frequency of vitamin supplement consumption; and to identify its determinants during the periconception period. METHODS: In 1999-2000, a questionnaire was completed by 1,240 pregnant women in 10 Quebec hospitals. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the respondents were aware of the preventive role of folic acid but only 25% had taken the recommended dose of supplements during the periconception period. Supplement consumption is associated with the pregnancy planning intensity score (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02-1.11), knowledge score (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.07-1.16) and belief in the usefulness of supplements (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-2.39). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that further efforts are needed to inform the population and promote the optimal use of folic acid supplements.     

Patterns and predictors of folic acid supplement use among pregnant women: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Patterns and predictors of maternal folic acid supplement use have not been examined in large prospective studies of pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: We examined the patterns and predictors of maternal folic acid supplement use from 2 mo before pregnancy through the eighth month of pregnancy. DESIGN: Data from 22 500 women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study with deliveries recorded in 2000-2003 were analyzed. RESULTS: Folic acid supplement use increased from 11.8% at 2 mo before pregnancy to 46.9% at gestational month 3, but decreased to 26.0% at gestational month 8. Of 16 116 women (71.6%) who had taken folic acid supplements at some time before or during pregnancy, 72.4% had started use after becoming pregnant. Ten percent of the women had used supplements regularly from 1 mo before pregnancy throughout the first trimester. These women more frequently reported higher maternal and paternal education, planned pregnancies, infertility treatments, or chronic diseases. They were also more likely to be older, married, and nonsmokers and to have higher income and lower parity. CONCLUSIONS: Most women started folic acid supplementation too late with respect to the prevention of neural tube defects. More effective intervention programs to improve periconceptional intakes of folic acid are needed and should consider both demographic and socioeconomic factors.     

广州市孕中期妇女营养素补充剂使用情况

目的 探究广州市孕中期妇女营养素补充剂使用率及使用量情况并进行评估。方法 2017年3月―2018年11月在广州市某医院纳入常规产检的孕20～28周孕妇,采用经信效度检验的问卷面对面收集孕妇过去1个月的营养素补充剂及食物摄入情况,根据相应成分表分别计算各营养素摄入量,其中营养素总摄入量等于补充剂来源摄入量加食物来源摄入量。结果 1 035名孕妇中,孕中期营养素补充剂使用率为80.2%;大部分孕妇使用复合类补充剂;各营养素中钙(76.2%)和叶酸(51.6%)补充率最高。除铜外,其余营养素食物摄入量均存在一定比例的孕妇未达到平均需要量(estimated average requirement, EAR)、推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intake, RNI)或适宜摄入量(adequate intake, AI),特别是维生素B6、叶酸和钙;进一步纳入营养素补充剂摄入量分析发现使用组营养素总摄入量达到EAR、RNI/AI的比例均有所提高,且使用组总摄入情况优于未使用组(如使用组孕妇钙总摄入量达到RNI的比例为61.4%,而未使用组仅为8.8%)。结论 广州市孕中期...     

Strategies to increase folate/folic acid intake in women: an overview

Summary   Supplementation with folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) and may also be associated with other health benefits in relation to cancer and vascular disease. There is strong support around the world for public health policies that encourage increased folic acid intake by women of childbearing age, especially daily intake of supplemental folic acid, to reduce the incidence of NTDs. Campaigns promoting the use of folic acid supplements are useful but many women remain unaware and many pregnancies are unplanned. They have therefore had a limited impact in the primary target group, namely women around the time of conception and in the early weeks of pregnancy. Studies suggest that only about 30% of women aged 18–45 years use folic acid periconceptionally, and among younger, less educated and poorer women, use is even less. It is estimated that the majority of women who take folic acid don't start until they know they are pregnant, and so miss the critical window (first 12 weeks) for the prevention of NTDs. It is therefore important that routes other than supplementation are considered. A European Union-funded programme of work, 'Folate: from food to functionality and optimal health' (FolateFuncHealth, QLRT1-1999-00576 & QLRT-2001-2740), has contributed to this work and the findings were presented at a conference in Warsaw in 2004.     

Folic acid and multivitamin supplement use and risk of placental abruption: a population-based registry study

The authors investigated a possible association of supplemental folic acid and multivitamin use with placental abruption by using data on 280,127 singleton deliveries recorded in 1999-2004 in the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Odds ratios, adjusted for maternal age, marital status, parity, smoking, pregestational diabetes, and chronic hypertension, were estimated with generalized estimating equations for logistic regression models. Use of folic acid and/or multivitamin supplements before or any time during pregnancy was reported for 36.4% of the abruptions (0.38% of deliveries) and 44.4% of the nonabruptions. Compared with no use, any supplement use was associated with a 26% risk reduction of placental abruption (adjusted odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.65, 0.84). Women who had taken folic acid alone had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.68, 0.98) for abruption, whereas multivitamin users had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.57, 0.91), relative to supplement nonusers. The strongest risk reduction was found for those who had taken both folic acid and multivitamin supplements (adjusted odds ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.83). These data suggest that folic acid and other vitamin supplementation during pregnancy may be associated with reduced risk of placental abruption.     

Folic acid supplements modify the adverse effects of maternal smoking on fetal growth and neonatal complications

Maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to increased risks of neonatal complications. The use of folic acid supplements might reduce the adverse effects of smoking. We examined whether folic acid supplement use modifies the associations of maternal smoking with first trimester plasma homocysteine concentrations, fetal growth characteristics, and risks of neonatal complications. The associations were studied in 6294 mothers participating in a prospective population-based cohort study in The Netherlands. Main outcomes measurements were first trimester plasma homocysteine concentrations, fetal growth characteristics, and neonatal complications, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and small-size-for-gestational-age. Continued maternal smoking was associated with higher first trimester plasma homocysteine concentrations [difference 0.52 μmol/L (95% range = 0.20, 2.14)], lower third trimester fetal weight (difference -44 g (95% CI = -57, -31)], and birth weight [difference -148 g (95% CI = -179, -118)]. There were significant interactions between maternal smoking and folic acid supplements on all outcome measures (all P-interaction < 0.040). Among mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy, those who did not use folic acid supplements had the highest risk of delivering a child with low birth weight [OR = 3.45 (95% CI = 1.25, 9.54)] compared to those who did use periconceptional folic acid supplements. No significant effects were observed for the risks of preterm birth and small-size-for-gestational-age at birth. Our results suggest that some adverse effects of maternal smoking on fetal growth and neonatal outcomes might be reduced by the use of folic acid supplements. The observed interaction seems to be mainly driven by smoking in the first trimester only.     

Changes in knowledge and attitudes of folate, and use of dietary supplements among women of reproductive age in Norway 1998-2000

AIMS: From March 1998, Norwegian nutrition authorities have recommended that women consume a folic acid supplement before and early in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects. The authors wished to establish Norwegian data on knowledge of, use of, and attitudes to folic acid supplement and dietary supplements before and after implementing national information campaigns on folate and pregnancy. METHODS: Telephone surveys were carried out in late 1998 and in late 2000 among, respectively, 1,146 and 1,218 Norwegian women of reproductive age. RESULTS: Overall, 50% of the women in 1998 and 60% of the women in 2000 had heard about folate, 33% and 46% knew about its role in pregnancy, and 9.5% and 21% knew that it may prevent a congenital malformation. Only 4.0% and 8.5% of the women, respectively, knew that the critical period for folic acid supplement to reduce the risk of neural tube defect is before and early in pregnancy. Knowledge and increase in knowledge between the two surveys were highest among women close to pregnancy (woman planning pregnancy, pregnant women, or women who had given birth within the last 12 months), and among women with high education. Among the 54 women in 1998 and the 55 women in 2000 whose last birth was within the previous year, use of a folic acid supplement before or early in the last pregnancy was reported by 10% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5-21%) and by 47% (95% CI 35-60%), respectively. Among women close to pregnancy, 76% in 1998 and 87% in 2000 stated that they would use a folic acid supplement in a future pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge and use of folate among Norwegian women increased from 1998 to 2000. Future information strategies on folate and pregnancy should in particular aim at increasing women's knowledge on the critical period for folic acid supplementation, as well as reducing socio-demographic differences in use and knowledge of folate.     

The relationship between pregnancy intention and preconception health behaviors

ObjectiveTo describe smoking, heavy drinking, and folic acid supplementation in preconception women and determine if the likelihood of healthy preconception behaviors differs by whether and when women intend future pregnancy.MethodsAnalysis was based on 35,351 nonpregnant women who participated in the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System who were of reproductive age (18–44 years), sexually active, and capable of future pregnancy. The association between future pregnancy intention and preconception behaviors was determined adjusting for diabetes, weight category, age group, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, and children living in household.ResultsEighty percent of women were non-smokers, 94.3% were non-heavy drinkers, and 42.6% were daily folic acid users. In adjusted analysis, only the odds of folic acid supplementation remained higher in women intending pregnancy in the next 12 months (adjusted odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.04) compared with women not intending future pregnancy. Women intending pregnancy later or ambivalent about future pregnancy were no more likely to be engaging in healthy preconception behaviors than women not intending future pregnancy.ConclusionWomen intending pregnancy within 12 months were more likely to use folic acid, but pregnancy intention was not associated with preconception smoking or heavy drinking.     

Dietary Intakes of Folate,Vitamin D and Iodine during the First Trimester of Pregnancy and the Association between Supplement Use and Demographic Characteristics amongst White Caucasian Women Living with Obesity in the UK

Folate, vitamin D and iodine are key micronutrients in pregnancy, with deficiency associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes. For folate and vitamin D especially, deficiency is more common amongst women with obesity and recommended intakes and guidance on supplementation varies worldwide. The present study aims to investigate dietary and supplementary intakes of these micronutrients amongst a population of pregnant women with obesity in the United Kingdom, alongside key maternal demographic characteristics. Expectant women (n = 75) with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m² at first antenatal appointment were recruited at 12 weeks gestation. Participants were asked about their supplement use preconception and during trimester one in a baseline questionnaire which also asked about demographic characteristics. Women also completed a four day diet diary from which dietary and supplemental intakes of micronutrients intakes were estimated. Folic acid was taken by 96% of women at any point in trimester 1, whilst only 26% of women took the higher 5 mg dose recommended for women with obesity in the UK. For vitamin D and iodine, 56% and 44% of women met the UK RNI, respectively. Maternal age was positively associated with taking supplements of any kind and the 5 mg folic acid supplement, whilst parity was inversely associated with both outcomes. This study strengthens the rationale for further work to be done raising awareness of the need for women with obesity to supplement both with a higher dose of folic acid and vitamin D and to be aware of the role of iodine during pregnancy.     

Effect of time of initiation and dose of prenatal iron and folic acid supplementation on iron and folate nutriture of Korean women during pregnancy

BACKGROUND: In Korea, it is customary to prescribe iron and folic acid supplements to pregnant women after the 20th wk of gestation; however, little evidence exists to support this practice. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the effects of time of initiation and dose of prenatal iron and folic acid supplementation on the iron and folate nutriture of Korean women during pregnancy. DESIGN: A total of 131 pregnant women were placed into 1 of 5 experimental groups, either the control group or 1 of 4 supplemented groups. The supplemented groups varied by time of initiation, which was either during the first trimester or at week 20 of gestation, and by dose of iron and folic acid supplements provided, which consisted of either 30 mg Fe plus 175 microg folic acid or 60 mg Fe plus 350 microg folic acid. All supplemented groups continued supplementation until delivery. RESULTS: Improvements in iron and folate nutriture were highly dependent on when the supplement program was initiated, but both supplement doses were equally effective. In contrast, the influence of folic acid supplementation on maternal folate status was not as pronounced as was the influence of iron supplementation on iron status. CONCLUSION: In pregnant Korean women, initiating iron and folic acid supplementation earlier during pregnancy may prevent the deterioration of iron and folate nutriture more than does increasing supplement doses in later stages of pregnancy.     

Adequacy of prenatal care as a major determinant of folic acid, iron, and vitamin intake during pregnancy

This study aimed to quantify the association between adequacy of prenatal care and prevalence of folic acid, iron, and multivitamin intake during pregnancy. Data were obtained on socio-demographics, prenatal care, pregnancy complications, and use of vitamin/mineral supplements for 836 women, using a postpartum interview. Associations with the use of vitamin/mineral supplements were quantified with risk ratios (RR), computed by generalized binomial regression. A high proportion of women reported the use of folic acid (81.9%), iron (55.4%), and multivitamins (76.2%) as supplements during pregnancy. Use of supplements was independently associated with adequacy of prenatal care (adequate vs. inadequate: folic acid, RR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.58-3.29; iron, RR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.57-2.52, multivitamins, RR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.54-2.51). Higher schooling was also associated with increased use of folic acid (RR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.18-1.70), but not multivitamins (RR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.77-0.98). Use of folic acid was less prevalent in single women (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.48-0.95) and during unplanned pregnancies (RR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.71-0.92). Adequacy of prenatal care is a major determinant of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.     

Food Supplement Use Differs from the Recommendations in Pregnant Women: A Multinational Survey

The aim was to investigate, among pregnant women, (1) the use of food supplements and (2) the awareness of food supplement recommendations and beliefs about food supplement use in four European countries: Finland, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The participants (n = 1804) completed an online questionnaire with predefined statements. Daily intakes of vitamins and minerals were calculated using uploaded pictures or weblinks of the supplement packages. Country differences were assessed. Most participants (91%) used at least one food supplement during pregnancy. A prenatal multivitamin was the most commonly used supplement type (84% of the users), and 75% of the participants thought consumption of multivitamin is recommended. Of the participants, 81% knew that folic acid is recommended during pregnancy while 58% knew the recommendation for vitamin D. In 19% of the supplement users, the daily safe upper intake limit of at least one nutrient was exceeded. Nevertheless, most participants agreed that they knew which supplements (91%) and doses of supplements (87%) needed to be used during pregnancy. To conclude, the majority of the participants used food supplements, but lower proportions knew and adhered to the recommended intakes. Between-country differences were observed in the use and knowledge of and beliefs regarding supplements. The results suggest a need for assessment and monitoring of supplement use in antenatal care to ensure appropriate use.     

Which mothers take folic acid and folate containing foods?

This study documented the prevalence (proportion) of mothers taking folic as supplements or as fortified foods and explored the factors that determined whether folic acid was taken. A cross sectional analysis of the baseline data of mothers who participated in the Perth Infant Feeding Study was performed. A total of 587 mothers who delivered at the two hospitals in the study completed baseline questionnaires. The factors associated with the decision to take folic acid supplements or fortified foods were investigated using multivariate logistic regression. Main outcome measures were the percentage of mothers taking folic acid or folic acid fortified foods. A total of 455 (78%) mothers stated that they took folic acid supplements before or during the first three months of their pregnancy. Of the 132 who did not take folate supplements only 35 (6% of all participating mothers) claimed to have taken folate fortified food or beverages. In the highest income group, 87% of mothers took folic acid supplements compared to 64% in the poorest group. The significant factors independently associated with not taking folic acid supplements or fortified food were " years of education " (OR ' 10 years or less' 0.45 (0.23-0.88)), " family income " (OR < $ 25000 0.40(0.20-0.80)), and for taking folic acid "the timing of the pregnancy. "(OR'actively trying'2.01 (0.1.04-0.3.87)). There was a significant proportion of mothers who did not take folic acid periconceptually. The mothers who were not taking folic were less educated, from lower socio-economic groups and were not actively trying to fall pregnant at the time they became pregnant. The results suggest that in order to reach all Australian mothers, mandatory fortification of foods with folic acid should be required.     

妊娠期营养素补充剂的使用对妊娠期妇女贫血状况影响的队列研究

目的 探讨中国妊娠期妇女营养素补充剂的使用情况和妊娠合并贫血的关系.方法 采用自行设计的妊娠期营养素补充剂使用情况调查问卷,对"中国孕产妇队列研究?协和"项目中的孕妇进行调查,随访收集研究对象营养素补充剂的使用情况和妊娠合并贫血的诊断情况,采用Logistic线性回归分析模型对数据进行关联性分析.结果 共纳入研究对象3...     

Periconceptional folate intake by supplement and food reduces the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate

BACKGROUND: Inadequate maternal vitamin intake during pregnancy has been suggested as a risk factor for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP). The independent role of folate has not been clarified. METHODS: To investigate the association between maternal folate intake by supplement and food and the risk of CLP offspring, a case-control study was conducted in the Netherlands (1998-2000) among 174 mothers of a child with nonsyndromic CLP and 203 mothers of a child without congenital malformations. RESULTS: Daily use of a folic acid supplement by mothers starting from 4 weeks before until 8 weeks after conception gave a 47% CLP risk reduction compared to mothers who did not use these supplements [odds ratio (OR): 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33, 0.85]. Ninety-three percent of the users took a supplement containing folic acid only. Dietary folate intake reduced CLP risk independently in a dose-response manner. The largest risk reductions were found on those mothers who had a diet of more than 200 microg folate per day in combination with a folic acid supplement (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that periconceptional maternal folic acid supplement use was beneficial to reduce the risk for CLP. An additional effect of food folate was shown.