小鼠皮质神经元类缺血/再灌注后氟桂利嗪对胞质内游离钙离子和神经元凋亡的实验研究

目的研究类缺血/再灌注后不同时间点神经元胞质内游离钙离子及神经元凋亡比例变化,探讨类缺血/再灌注后神经元的凋亡与神经内钙离子的关系及氟桂利嗪的治疗意义.方法利用Ca2 指示剂Flu-3/AM作为细胞内钙离子的荧光探针负载培养的神经元,共聚焦技术检测细胞内荧光强度的变化,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)观察神经元类缺血再灌注后不同时间点神经元凋亡情况.结果与类缺血/再灌注组相比,氟桂利嗪对类缺血/再灌注后神经元胞质内游离钙离子浓度增高和神经元凋亡有显著抑制作用(P＜0.05);再灌注3 h两组无显著差异.结论氟桂利嗪可明显抑制类缺血/再灌注后神经元胞质内钙离子的升高,减少神经元凋亡比例.     

沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注诱导线粒体通透性转换和氟桂嗪的影响

目的　进一步探讨盐酸氟桂嗪对缺血再灌注后神经细胞保护作用的机制。方法　制作沙土鼠全脑缺血 /再灌注模型 ,随机分为脑缺血组、氟桂嗪预处理组和对照组 ,分别于术后 1h、6h、1d分离前脑线粒体 ,用分光光度法检测线粒体通透性转换以及线粒体游离Ca2 + 的含量。结果　 (1)前脑线粒体游离Ca2 +浓度在缺血再灌注后 1h、6h、1d均高于氟桂嗪预处理和对照组 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 ) ,以缺血再灌注后 6h最明显 (P <0 .0 1) ;(2 )缺血再灌注后 1h、6h、1d前脑线粒体通透性转换开放程度较对照组和氟桂嗪预处理组均高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;(3)氟桂嗪预处理组以缺血再灌注后 6h前脑线粒体通透性转换开放程度降低最为显著(P <0 .0 1)。结论　氟桂嗪抑制急性脑缺血再灌注诱导的线粒体通透性转换     

疏血通对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对NO、NOS含量的影响

目的　探讨疏血通对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　 4 8只成年雄性沙土鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组和治疗组 ,阻断双侧颈总动脉 7分钟后血液复流 ,制成沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。每组随机取 8只沙土鼠于再灌注后 2 4小时处死 ,分离出海马区及额顶部脑组织 ,作脑组织匀浆。测定脑组织匀浆中的NO、NOS含量 ,同时对再灌注后 12小时、3天、7天海马区的病理学改变进行观察。然后比较假手术组、缺血再灌注组和治疗组上述指标的变化。结果　缺血再灌注后 12小时治疗组较缺血再灌注组海马CA1区神经元变性、坏死程度明显减轻 ,随再灌注时间的推移两组变性、坏死及形态不规则的神经元均逐渐增多 ;超微结构显示治疗组细胞器、细胞核及细胞内膜系统的损伤性改变较缺血再灌注组明显减轻。治疗组NO、NOS含量则明显低于缺血再灌注组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而缺血再灌注组NO、NOS含量明显高于假手术组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组与假手术组NO、NOS含量差别无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　疏血通可能通过抑制NO合成来对脑缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用。     

氟桂利嗪对杏仁核点燃鼠海马Bax mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察氟桂利嗪对杏仁核点燃鼠癎性发作及海马促凋亡基因Bax mRNA表达的影响。方法:建立杏仁核点燃模型,予不同剂量氟桂利嗪灌喂点燃鼠。原位杂交法检测鼠脑海马Bax mRNA表达,图像分析软件测量阳性细胞平均吸光度。结果:正常大鼠海马存在少量Bax mRNA表达阳性细胞,点燃鼠海马各区Bax mRNA表达阳性细胞数及平均吸光度增加,氟桂利嗪处理后平均吸光度下降与剂量有关。结论:氟桂利嗪具有抗癫癎效应和拮抗点燃鼠海马Bax mRNA表达的作用。     

MLK3介导的腺病毒表达谷氨酸受体羧基肽段对大鼠缺血性脑损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注后腺病毒表达谷氨酸受体羧基肽段对海马CA_1区神经元的保护和MLK3表达的影响.方法 将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注对照组、表达病毒处理组、非表达病毒处理组及溶剂组.采用焦油紫染色、免疫印迹检测大鼠缺血再灌注后海马神经元损伤和脑组织MLK3表达的情况.结果 表达病毒处理组与缺血再灌注对照组、空载病毒处理组及溶剂组相比,海马CA_1区神经元损伤明显减轻,脑组织MLK3表达明显降低(P<0.05).结论 腺病毒表达谷氨酸受体羧基肽段可能通过降低脑组织中MLK3的表达对海马CA_1区神经元起保护作用.     

全脑缺血-再灌注对海马CA1区GAD65表达的影响及意义

目的探讨全脑缺血-再灌注对成年大鼠海马CA1区GAD65表达的影响及意义。方法成年雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为3组:假手术组(SH)、缺血-再灌注3d组(IR-3)及缺血-再灌注7d组(IR-7),每组8只。采用四动脉阻断法制作全脑缺血-再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学方法检测海马CA1区谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD)同工酶GAD65的表达变化。结果与假手术组相比,IR-3组GAD65的表达明显增多,IR-7组恢复正常。结论GABA能中间神经元对缺血相对耐受;全脑缺血-再灌注3dGAD65的表达增多可能是一种代偿性的机制,以减轻脑缺血后的高兴奋性。     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护研究

目的观察亚低温对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马CAI区神经元凋亡的影响,探讨亚低温对缺血再灌注脑损伤的保护作用。方法SD大鼠30只随机分为对照组（n=10）,常温缺血组（n=10）,亚低温组（n=10）,采用改良的Pulsinelli-Brierley4血管法建立全脑缺血再灌注动物模型,缺血30min后再灌注72h,尼氏体染色观察海马区存活锥体细胞数,TUNEL法检测缺血后海马CAI区神经元凋亡情况,电镜下观察神经细胞形态学改变。结果与对照组比较,常温缺血组的海马CAI区存活的锥体细胞数目减少（P〈0.01）;与常温缺血组比较,亚低温组海马CAI存活的锥体细胞数目明显增多（P〈0.01）。对照组、亚低温组的海马CAI区神经元凋亡数目和凋亡指数明显低于常温缺血组。在电镜下观察亚低温能明显减轻缺血后脑组织病理形态学的损害程度。结论亚低温可以抑制脑缺血再灌注后的神经细胞凋亡,对神经细胞有保护作用。     

缺血后处理对脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的研究缺血后处理(IP)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的学习和记忆能力的影响,探讨各组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区β淀粉样蛋白前体(APP)表达。方法将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组、对照组和缺血后处理组(IP组),每组16只大鼠。术后用Morris水迷宫方法测定大鼠认知记忆能力变化。3组大鼠脑组织切片行HE染色和APP染色,并行统计学分析。结果 Morris水迷宫试验显示,对照组大鼠训练第1~4天逃避潜伏期长于IP组(P 0. 01);跨越原平台次数IP组明显多于对照组(P 0. 05)。HE染色结果显示,对照组大鼠海马CA1区神经元细胞脱失明显,而IP可减轻这种形态学改变。免疫组化结果显示,在脑缺血再灌注144 h后对照组中APP表达明显高于假手术组(P 0. 01); IP组海马CA1区APP表达较对照组减少(P 0. 05)。结论缺血后处理可通过抑制APP的表达改善缺血再灌注后大鼠的记忆减退。     

大蒜素对全脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的观察大蒜素对全脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响,进一步探讨大蒜素的脑保护机制。方法雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为5组:假手术组(Sham组);缺血再灌注组(IR组);缺血再灌注+大蒜素10 mg/kg(All-10 mg)、20 mg/kg(All-20 mg)、30 mg/kg(All-30 mg)组,夹闭两侧颈总动脉8 min再灌注24 h建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型,取海马组织硫堇染色观察海马组织学改变及存活神经元密度;免疫组织化学染色测定海马CA1区Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果与Sham组相比,IR组海马CA1区神经元密度明显降低,Bax蛋白表达明显增加(均P0.05);与IR组相比,大蒜素处理各组海马CA1区神经元密度明显增多,Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增加,Bax蛋白表达明显减少,其中以All-20 mg组变化最显著(均P0.05)。结论大蒜素可以通过影响凋亡相关蛋白的表达而抑制细胞凋亡,从而发挥脑保护作用。     

MAP2在沙土鼠短暂性前脑缺血损伤中表达的变化

目的：研究短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤时微管相关蛋白（MAP2）表达的动态变化及意义。方法：采用沙土鼠一过性前脑缺血再灌模型，以免疫组织化学染色法，观察缺血5min再灌注0h,3h,24h,48h,72h,7d海马区MAP2表达的动态变化以及观察相应时间点海马区神经元病理组织学变化。结果：在正常的沙土鼠脑内，神经元呈MAP2染色阳性反应，在缺血5min再灌注后，海马区出现了MAP2染色减弱或消失区，随再灌注时间的延长，染色减弱或消失区扩大，但主要限经马区，相应神经元的病理组织学变化也随再灌注时间的延长而加重。结论：MAP2免疫组织化学法可显示神经元形态及脑缺血超早期病变；短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤在脑内并不是均一地发生，而是存在着选择性易损伤区，海马CA1区发生了广泛的迟发性神经元死亡，MAP2的分解破坏或合成障碍，可能参与了脑缺血再灌注的损伤机制。     

Altered expression of the glutamate transporter EAAC1 in neurons and immature oligodendrocytes after transient forebrain ischemia.

Glutamate uptake is reduced during ischemia because of perturbations of ionic gradients across neuronal and glial membranes. Using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses, the authors examined the expression of the glutamate transporters EAAC1, GLAST, and GLT-1 in the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex 8 hours and 1 to 28 days after transient forebrain ischemia. Densitometric analysis of immunoblots of CA1 homogenates showed a moderate increase in EAAC1 protein levels early after the insult. Consistently, it was observed that EAAC1 immunostaining in CA1 pyramidal neurons was more intense after 8 hours and 1 day of reperfusion and reduced at later postischemia stages. A similar transient increase of EAAC1 immunolabeling was detected in layer V pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. In addition, the authors observed that EAAC1 also was located in oligodendroglial progenitor cells in subcortical white matter. The number of EAAC1-labeled cells in this region was increased after 3 and 28 days of reperfusion. Finally, changes in GLAST and GLT-1 expression were not observed in the CA1 region after ischemia using immunohistochemical study or immunoblotting. Enhanced expression of EAAC1 may be an adaptive response to increased levels of extracellular glutamate during ischemia.     

脑缺血再灌流大鼠脑胶质源性神经营养因子基因表达的变化

探讨脑缺血再灌流不同时程及不同程度缺血对海马及皮层胶质源性神经营养因子（ｇｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｌｉｎｅ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒ, ＧＤＮＦ）基因表达的影响,以及Ｎ甲基Ｄ天冬氨酸（Ｎｍ ｅｔｈｙｌＤｓａｐａｒｔａｔｅ, ＮＭＤＡ）受体拮抗剂,钙离子通道阻断剂是否能调节缺血病态下ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。参照Ｓｍ ｉｔｈ 等方法建立大鼠前脑缺血再灌流动物模型。用ＤＩＧＯｌｉｇｏｎｕｃｌｅｏｔｉｄｅ ３′ｅｎｄ ｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ Ｋｉｔ,标记５１ ｍ ｅｒ的ＧＤＮＦ寡核苷酸探针在含有海马结构的冰冻组织切片上进行原位杂交检测ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。１０ ｍ ｉｎ 缺血再灌流２ ｈ,齿状回ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达上调。再灌流６ ｈ,ＣＡ１,ＣＡ３ 和皮层ＰＡＲ区ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达亦见增多,２４ ｈ 达高峰。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ 可使ＧＤＮＦ的基因表达在海马结构及皮层ＰＡＲ区明显低于相应的缺血再灌流组,统计学差异显著（Ｐ＜ ００５）。脑缺血再灌流时ＧＤＮＦ基因表达增加,对缺血神经元可能起保护作用。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ可阻断缺血后ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达增加,提示ＮＭＤＡ谷氨酸受体很可能参与介导了缺     

硫酸镁对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织Bcl-2表达的影响及神经保护作用

目的探讨硫酸镁对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达的影响及脑保护作用。方法将32只大鼠随机分为缺血组(n=15)、硫酸镁组(n=15)和正常对照组(n=2)。采用改良的Pulsinelli法建立脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型;制模后分别给予缺血组和硫酸镁组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水(1.5 ml/d)及硫酸镁(90 mg/kg.d)。缺血再灌注第1、3、7 d分别观察各组大鼠海马CA1区病理学改变和Bcl-2的表达水平。结果正常对照组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞数量多,排列整齐。缺血再灌注1 d时,缺血组及硫酸镁组大鼠海马CA1区神经元均未见明显死亡;3 d时,缺血组海马CA1区神经元可见少量死亡,残存神经细胞呈较严重缺血性改变,硫酸镁组海马CA1区神经元无明显死亡;7 d时,缺血组海马CA1区神经元大部分死亡,伴有小胶质细胞增生,硫酸镁组仅见部分神经元死亡。与缺血组相比,硫酸镁组神经元受损程度较轻,坏死区较小。硫酸镁组缺血再灌注各时间点大鼠Bcl-2阳性细胞较缺血组均明显增加(均P<0.05)。结论硫酸镁能上调脑组织Bcl-2的表达,对缺血再灌注大鼠的脑组织有明显的保护作用。     

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 alters in pyramidal cells and expresses in astrocytes of the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after ischemia

Alterations of immunoreactivity and protein contents of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger 1 (NCX1) were observed in the gerbil hippocampus proper after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia. NCX1 immunoreactivity was significantly changed in the hippocampal CA1 region, but not in the CA2/3 region after ischemia/reperfusion. In the sham-operated group, NCX1 immunoreactivity was mainly detected in CA1 pyramidal cells. However, 30 min after ischemia/reperfusion, NCX1 immunoreactivity was significantly decreased and then increased at 1 day after ischemia. At this time, NCX1 immunoreactivity in CA1 pyramidal cells was similar to that of the sham-operated group. At 3 days after ischemia, NCX1 immunoreactivity was significantly reduced in the CA1 region compared to that of the sham-operated group and NCX1 immunoreactivity was significantly increased again 4 days after ischemia. Thereafter, NCX1 immunoreactivity was decreased time-dependently in ischemia groups. Between 15 min and 6 h post-ischemia, NCX1 immunoreactivity was expressed in astrocytes in the strata oriens and radiatum of the CA1 region. From 3 days post-ischemia, NCX1 immunoreactivity was expressed in astrocytes in the strata oriens and radiatum. Ischemia-induced changes in NCX1 protein contents in the hippocampus proper concurred with immunohistochemical data post-ischemia. Our results suggest that changes in NCX1 in CA1 pyramidal cells and astrocytes after ischemia are associated with intracellular Na(+) concentrations and that NCX1 may induce an intracellular calcium overload, which may be related to neuronal death.     

Changes in immunoreactivity of HSP60 and its neuroprotective effects in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient ischemia

Heat shock proteins act as molecular chaperones and are involved in protein folding, refolding, transport, and translocation. In the present study, we observed changes in heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) immunoreactivity and protein level in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia and its neuroprotective effect against ischemic damage. HSP60 immunoreactivity in the CA1 region began to increase in the stratum pyramidale at 30 min after ischemia/reperfusion, and peaked 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion. Thereafter, HSP60 immunoreactivity was decreased in the CA1 region with time. Seven days after ischemia/reperfusion, HSP60 immunoreactivity was increased again in the CA1 region: at this time point after ischemia/reperfusion, HSP60 immunoreactivity was expressed in glial cells in the ischemic CA1 region. HSP60 immunoreactive glial cells were astrocytes containing glial fibrillar acidic protein. In contrast, change in HSP60 immunoreactivity in the ischemic CA2/3 region was not significant compared with that in the ischemic CA1 region. In Western blot study, HSP60 protein level in the CA1 region was increased after ischemia/reperfusion and highest 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion. Animals treated with recombinant adenoviruses expressing Hsp60 (Ad-Hsp60) showed the neuroprotection of CA1 pyramidal neurons from ischemic damage. These results suggest that HSP60 may be associated with delayed neuronal death of CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient ischemia, and the induction of HSP60 protects the neurons from ischemic damage.     

Temporal changes in extracellular acetylcholine and CA1 pyramidal cells in gerbil hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia

Temporal changes in cholinergic functions following transient cerebral ischemia (10 min) were studied in the hippocampus of awake unrestrained gerbils using in vivo microdialysis. These data were compared with the results for temporal change in the area of each CA1 cell soma, measured with a microcomputer imaging device. KCl-induced release of acetylcholine (ACh) tended to be lower within 1 day after recirculation, and was significantly lower on the 4th, 7th and 14th days. Atropine-induced release of ACh gradually decreased over the test period. In histological estimation, no differences were observed within the 1st day, but a significant decrease of the area of CA1 cell soma was observed from the 4th to 14th days. Moreover, ischemia over 2 min decreased KCl- and atropine-induced ACh release on the 14th day without significant changes of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell. From these results, it is clear that ischemia produced dysfunction of hippocampal cholinergic neurons, and that dysfunction of the hippocampal cholinergic system following transient ischemia precedes pyramidal cell damage in the hippocampal CA1 subfield.     

Different dynamic patterns of extracellular glutamate release in rat hippocampus after permanent or 30‐min transient cerebral ischemia and histological correlation

The extent and severity of neuronal damage is different in ischemia with reperfusion compared to ischemia and no reperfusion. To investigate the role of glutamate in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury, in vivo microdialysis was performed to examine the dynamic profile of glutamate in the hippocampus in a transient (30 min) or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in Wistar rats. The extracellular concentration of glutamate in the cornu ammonis (CA)1 sector of the ipsilateral hippocampus showed a significant but transient elevation of glutamate for both groups immediately following ischemic insult. The initial high peak in glutamate levels in the transient MCAo group was followed by two secondary elevations in glutamate at 50 min and 90 min after initialization of reperfusion. The histopathological outcome was also different in the two groups. The observation that glutamate releases occurred in the early reperfusion phase provided an evidence of additional excitotoxicity of glutamate and thereby a therapeutic base for extended use of glutamate antagonist in the ischemia–reperfusion injury.