Percutaneous endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms: Clinical evaluation and literature results

Abstract

In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of percutaneous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (p-EVAR). Anatomically selected patients treated with a single 10Fr Perclose Prostar XL vascular closure device (VCD) were examined. Primary success rate and common femoral artery (CFA) open conversion (OC) requirement per sheath size used were recorded. A literature review on p-EVAR results was also performed. One-hundred patients were enrolled. Successful p-EVAR was achieved in 183 of the 196 CFA access sites (93.4%), and was specifically 85.9% and 98.3% for sheaths ≥20Fr and ≤18Fr respectively. There were 13 periprocedural complications (bleeding = 10, arterial dissection and thrombosis = 1, pseudoaneurysm = 2) all leading to OC. Use of ≥20Fr sheaths had significantly higher OC rate (P < .05). Reconstruction was achieved with primary repair (N = 11) and patch angioplasty (N = 2). Mean hospital stay was 1.8 days. The literature review (vascular closure of 2921 CFA access sites) revealed an overall technical success rate of 92.3%. Device related- were more common than patient related-OCs (P < .05). p-EVAR procedures are safe and feasible. Sheath size is a significant predictor of OC rate and more OCs might be expected with very large (≥20Fr) sheath sizes.     

Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Indications and results

Abstract

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is an attractive alternative to open surgical approach in treating abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). In Nuerenberg in our 14–year experience of 1502 cases (ending December 2007) we used 13 different endografts. The median follow-up was 41 months (1.0–98) and the AAA had a mean diameter of 52.4 mm. Five-hundred and nineteen cases were done using Powerlink grafts. The 30 day mortality was 1.7%. The total reintervention rate was 5.3%, while no distal migration, conversion or post EVAR rupture occurred. At the Army's Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest, between July 2008 and December 2009, 15 patients underwent EVAR for AAA. We used the following types of endografts: one Anaconda, three Medtronic Talent, seven Endologix Powerlink and four EVITA Jotec. The mean hospitalization time was three days. Follow-up was done by CT-scan at one, three, six, and 12 months. No endoleaks or infection were seen in the short and medium term follow-up. EVAR is an appropriate treatment for selected patients, especially those at high risk for open surgical repair. The future of EVAR as the potential gold standard for aortic aneurysm therapy rests upon the vision and creativity of both surgeons and technology innovators to realize the potential of endovascular interventions.     

Popliteal artery aneurysms: rationale, technique, and results of endovascular treatment

Endovascular repair of popliteal artery aneurysms has been used with increasing frequency in recent years. Advocates of the procedure claim a lower rate of complications, early return to work, no change in the quality of life, and long-term patency rates that are as favorable as those following open surgical repair. Unfortunately, data of only 1 prospective randomized study are available, and a recent meta-analysis showed a higher rate of early graft thromboses and more early reinterventions after endograft repair of popliteal artery aneurysms. Open, elective surgical repair with the vein graft has patency rates more than 90% in contemporary series. Current evidence only supports the use of stent grafts in those with high surgical risks and in the elderly.     

Emergency endovascular treatment of popliteal aneurysms

Popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA), despite being rare, is the most common peripheral aneurysm. It can present as acute thrombosis and occlusion of the aneurysmal segment, and distal embolization, causing either chronic or acute limb ischemia. It has traditionally been treated with open surgical reconstruction. Endovascular repair of PAAs has recently been applied electively with a favourable early and mid-term outcome; however there is a lack of reports on the endovascular treatment of PAAs presenting with acute complications. This report describes the treatment of a thrombosed PAA in a 58 year old male using an endovascular stent-graft and also provides a systematic review of the literature on the emergency endovascular treatment of PAAs.     

腹主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术围手术期护理

总结了8例腹主动脉瘤(AAA)腔内隔绝术(EVE)的围手术期护理,主要内容是:术前做好入院指导及心理护理,调整心理状态以适应手术,防止腹主动脉瘤破裂;术中注意观察患者尿量及双下肢皮肤温度、足背动脉的搏动情况;术后做好体位护理及呼吸道护理,各种管道的护理观察,做好并发症的观察及护理.结果8例移植物全部成功置入,术后出现腹膜后出血1例,黑便1例,发热3例,经及时治疗与护理病情恢复良好,无1例出现肾功能衰竭及下肢血栓形成.患者均在术后2周内康复出院.认为尽管腹主动瘤腔内治疗系微创手术,但其本身亦有一定的并发症,加强围手术期护理,预防并及时处理并发症是提高手术成功率,保障患者痊愈的重要环节.     

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: endovascular treatment

Background This report describes our preliminary experience in endovascular management of 25 ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs).Methods In the past 3 years we treated 46 patients who had rAAA, and 25 (54.3%) were treated with an endovascular approach. Patients’ mean age was 76 ± 9 years. The diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomographic angiography in 23 patients (92%). Mean aneurysm diameter was 73 ± 17 mm. We used an infrarenal bifurcated device in 17 patients (68%), a suprarenal bifurcated in four patients (16%), and an aortomonoiliac graft in four patients (16%). Overall, nine patients (36%) required intensive care. Every patient underwent radiologic follow-up according to the Eurostar register, with concomitant evaluation of the D-dimer level (cut-off <200 μg/L) as a biological marker for endoleaks.Results The primary technical success rate was 100%. Overall in-hospital mortality rate was 20%. Mean hospitalization was 7 days (range, 3–30), and mean follow-up was 7 months. One occlusion (4%) of the iliac limb and two type II endoleaks (8%) occurred. The mean D-dimer level in type I endoleak was 1045 μg/L (range, 459–2021).Conclusions In our experience, endovascular management of rAAA is feasible and safe and produces better results than conventional surgery, provided the morphology is suitable and the procedure is carried out by an experienced endovascular team.     

Results and challenges for the endovascular repair of aortic arch aneurysms

Endovascular aortic arch reconstruction provides an attractive alternative to treat aortic arch disease in high-risk patients who would otherwise be unsuitable for open repair. Success with multibranched stent grafts in the thoracoabdominal aorta along with recent advances in design such as the precurved inner nitinol cannula have simplified the endovascular reconstruction of aortic arch aneurysms with multibranched stent grafts. These devices allow for greater flexibility in conforming to difficult anatomy and preserving important side branches. During the first surgical stage, a left carotid -subclavian bypass or left subclavian artery transposition is performed. The second stage is the endovascular procedure. The device is inserted through a transfemoral approach, and crossing of the aortic valve with the device is necessary. The stent graft is deployed during brief periods of rapid pacing. Bridging from the branches to the innominate and left common carotid arteries requires a suitable covered stent. In the case of a large-diameter innominate artery, a custom-made bridging limb has to be used to ensure that adequate length and size are available. Direct flow to the innominate and left common carotid arteries do not cease for any significant time during the procedure. Initial experience with mean follow up more than 6 months is encouraging. The method is not suitable for patients with extensive atheromatous involvement of the aortic arch. Careful preoperative planning (preoperative imaging, device construction, and access issues), high endovascular skills, and appropriate imaging equipment are imperative for a successful result. Long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these new devices.     

Long-term follow-up results of the SMART coil in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms

BackgroundThe Penumbra SMART coil is a novel device that becomes progressively softer from its distal to proximal end to maximize coil packing and prevent microcatheter prolapse or coil migration. Here, we report a large series of patients detailing the long-term experience of a single institution using the SMART coil among patients with intracranial aneurysms (IAs).MethodsProspective data of 105 consecutive patients with 106 IAs treated using SMART coils was collected between March 2015 and July 2018. Clinical and angiographic data were analyzed.ResultsForty-nine patients (46.7%) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 16 (14.2%) had recurrent aneurysms. Two patients had minor intraprocedural ruptures and remained neurologically stable. One patient had a thromboembolic complication with progressive neurologic decline. There was only one case microcatheter prolapse related to placement of a stent before coiling. An initial post-treatment modified Raymond-Roy Occlusion Classification (mRROC) I or II closure was achieved in 56 (52.8%) aneurysms. The average time to last follow-up was 8.4 months at which 70 (81.4%) aneurysms had mRROC I or II occlusion and a major recurrence was seen in 5 (5.8%) patients. Thirteen (12.3%) aneurysms required re-treatment of which one aneurysm was clipped.ConclusionsThe Penumbra SMART coil is safe and effective for the endovascular treatment of appropriately selected IAs. Additional studies at multiple centers comparing safety and efficacy profile over long-term periods to other mainstream coils are necessary.     

Mortality rates following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

PURPOSE: To present the perioperative and late mortality following endovascular repair (EVR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 221 patients undergoing AAA EVR over a 4-year period (median 5-month follow-up). Patients were classified preoperatively as high risk with at least 1 of these features: serum creatinine > 150 micromol/L, ischemic heart disease or poor left ventricular function, respiratory function < 50% of predicted normal, ruptured or symptomatic AAA, contraindication to or failed open repair, and age > 80 years. RESULTS: One hundred forty (63.3%) patients were classified as high risk, the most common criterion being cardiac disease (n = 96, 68.6%). There were 25 (11.3%) deaths in the 30-day perioperative period, 22 (15.7%) in the high-risk group compared to 3 (3.7%) in the acceptable-risk group (p = 0.02). The most common causes of perioperative death were multisystem organ failure and myocardial infarction. A further 21 (9.5%) late deaths occurred, 16 (11.4%) in the high-risk group and 5 (6.2%) in the acceptable-risk group (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of patients at acceptable risk undergoing EVR compares with the best published series for conventional open AAA repair. The perioperative and late mortality in the high-risk patients are substantially higher.     

Large infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysms: endovascular vs. open repair--single centre experience

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become an established alternative to open repair (OR). We present a consecutive series of 486 elective patients with large infra-renal aortic abdominal aneurysm, comparing OR with EVAR. Prospective data collected during an 8-year period from January 1997 to October 2005 was reviewed. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS data editor with chi(2) tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests. There were 486 patients with 329 OR (293 males, 36 females) with median age of 72 years with median diameter 6.3 cm and 157 EVAR (148 males, 9 females) with median age 75 years with median diameter 6.1 cm. Mortality was 13 (4%) for OR and 5 (3.2%) for EVAR (three of whom were in the UK EVAR 2 trial). Blood loss was significantly less for EVAR 500 ml vs. 1500 ml for OR. Sixty-five (19.8%) patients with OR had significantly more peri-operative complications compared with 14 (8.9%) with EVAR. The length of stay in hospital was significantly less for EVAR. This non-randomised study shows that although EVAR does not have a statistically significantly lower mortality, it does have statistically significantly lower complication rates compared with OR. EVAR can be achieved with good primary success, but long-term follow-up is essential to assess durability.     

Standardized off-the-shelf components for multibranched endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms

Endovascular techniques have been slow to assume a primary role in the management of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) because of the high cost of multiple components, regulatory challenges, manufacturing delays, and the complexity of multibranched stent graft insertion. Standardized off-the-shelf stent grafts have the potential to lower all these barriers to the widespread application of multibranched endovascular technology. Despite the desire for a single design to accommodate all variations of thoracoabdominal aneurysms, different approaches are likely required for patients with extensive aneurysmal disease compared with disease that is more localized to the infradiaphragmatic region or that which does not extend below the renals. This article summarizes the basic concepts and stent graft designs for repair of TAAA using off-the-shelf fenestrated and branched endografts.     

Endoluminal treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms

BACKGROUND: We report our preliminary results with endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). METHODS: Between October 1998 and June 2000, 64 patients (62 male, two female; mean age = 70 years) underwent endovascular repair of AAA. Different types of prostheses were used, both bifurcated (n = 58) and straight (n = 6). We performed duplex sonography and spiral computed tomographic angiography (CTA) at discharge and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 20 months. RESULTS: All procedures were successful, except for three immediate and one late surgical conversions (6.2%). One patient died 14 days after immediate surgical conversion. At discharge, CTA showed 13 endoleaks: three resolved spontaneously, six persisted during follow-up, and four (one angioplasty and three embolizations) were treated successfully. Stenosis of an iliac branch occurred in one patient after 3 months and was successfully treated by angioplasty. Late endoleaks were detected by imaging follow-up in four cases, three at 1 year and one at 6 months, requiring deployment of distal extender cuffs (n = 2), a proximal cuff (n = 1), and lumbar embolization (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experience supports the efficacy of endovascular repair in selected patients, but strict and accurate follow-up is required.     

Percutaneous and surgical treatment of aortic stenosis

Aortic stenosis due to calcific degeneration is the most common valvular disorder among the elderly. With the growing elderly population, the prevalence of this disease will continue to increase. Based on converging lines of evidence linking calcific aortic stenosis with atherosclerosis, there has been interest in drug therapy to slow the progression of aortic stenosis. Unfortunately, recently completed prospective trials have been disappointing. Mechanical measures remain the principal form of therapy. Among percutaneous techniques, aortic valvuloplasty provides only transient and modest benefit at a significant risk of stroke and vascular injury. However, aortic valvuloplasty can play a useful role in stabilizing patients who require additional attention prior to definitive surgery. Building on this foundation, a bold new technique of percutaneously implanting a balloon-mounted valve has been developed. Although promising, there have been relatively few patients treated in this fashion (at a single center) and with only limited follow-up. Surgical treatment, specifically valve replacement, is still the definitive treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis. Surgeons and patients must choose between a variety of models of both tissue and mechanical valves and a variety of surgical approaches. Recent trends include the use of tissue valves in increasingly younger patients and continued interest in alternatives to full median sternotomy in approaching the valve.     

腔内隔绝术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的临床应用

目的探讨腔内隔绝术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的疗效和安全性。方法2000年5月～2004年10月,采用腔内隔绝术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤7例,其中4例胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤、1例胸主动脉假性动脉瘤、2例肾下型腹主动脉瘤,术后随访采用彩超和增强CT检查。结果7例病人共成功置入10个支架。随访2～28个月,所有支架位置、形态正常。4例胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤的内膜破裂口封闭,胸降主动脉和腹主动脉真腔扩大,假腔内血栓形成。1例胸主动脉假性动脉瘤和2例肾下型腹主动脉瘤的瘤体缩小。2例术后出现微小内漏,分别在2个月、6个月后内漏自行封闭,1例术后出现髂外动脉夹层经PTA和Wallstent治疗。结论腔内隔绝术能有效治疗胸腹主动脉瘤,具有创伤小、疗效确切和并发症少等优点。     

生物医学新材料为颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗带来的前景与优势

学术背景:血管内介入治疗动脉瘤使患者死亡率明显降低,且依从性好,但仍存在动脉瘤再通、对于宽颈及较大和巨大动脉瘤不能有效和持续栓塞的问题,近年来开展的脑血管内组织工程为弥补上述不足提供了新思路。目的:介绍颅内动脉瘤血管内介入治疗材料的研究进展及其使用方法。检索策略:由第一、二作者应用计算机检索Pubmed数据库1992-01/2007-02相关文献,检索词为"intracranial aneurysm endovascular treatment"限定语言种类为"English";同时检索维普中文期刊数据库、万方数据库1995-01/2007-02相关文献,检索词为"颅内动脉瘤血管内介入治疗",限定语言种类为中文;同时手工翻阅相关书籍。纳入标准:文章内容与颅内动脉瘤血管内介入治疗新材料的特点及进展有关。排除标准:较陈旧的文献和重复研究。文献评价:共收集到65篇相关文献,29篇文献符合标准,其中3篇为综述和述评类文献,其余26篇为基础研究。29篇中9篇介绍新材料的生物学特性,20篇是关于新材料在颅内动脉瘤血管内介入治疗领域中的应用。资料综合:重点介绍了新型颅内血管支架Neuroform支架、3-D微弹簧圈、Tispan技术、Matrix微弹簧圈、非黏附性液体栓塞材料ONYX、TRUFILL DCS可脱性弹簧圈系统、可膨胀性水凝胶-铂金弹簧圈HES等新材料的发展和改进过程,各种新材料的特性和优缺点,以及新材料在颅内动脉瘤血管内介入治疗领域中的应用情况和发展趋势。结论:脑血管疾病血管内治疗所用组织工程弹簧圈和组织工程支架,有的处在动物实验或临床前期研究阶段,有的已应用到临床,并取得了良好的效果。组织工程弹簧圈将逐步取代铂金弹簧圈,以实现动脉瘤良好的长期填塞效果。