外阴鳞状细胞癌中人乳头状瘤病毒感染与基质金属蛋白酶9和金属蛋白酶抑制剂1的关系

目的 探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)6/11、16/18在外阴鳞状细胞癌(简称外阴鳞癌)组织中的感染情况及与基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和金属蛋白酶抑制剂1(TIMP-1)蛋白表达的关系.方法 用原位杂交法检测HPV6/11、16/18在26例外阴鳞癌、21例外阴上皮内瘤病变(VIN)及10例外阴正常皮肤组织中的感染情况.同时用免疫组化法检测MMP-9、TIMP-1蛋白的表达.结果 HPV6/11、16/18在外阴鳞癌、VIN中的感染率分别为69.23%(18/26)和38.46%(10/26),42.86%(9/21)和28.57%(6/21),正常对照组没有感染.MMP-9、TIMP-1蛋白在外阴鳞癌、VIN、正常对照组中的阳性表达率分别为92.31%(24/26)和76.92%(20/26),90.48%(19/21)和80.95%(17/21),80.00%(8/10)和50.00%(5/10).HPV6/11的外阴鳞癌组、VIN组与正常对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),HPV16/18的外阴鳞癌组与正常对照组比较差异有显著性.外阴病变各组MMP-9、TIMP-1阳性表达率与正常对照组比较差异均有显著性.在外阴鳞癌中MMP-9蛋白表达较TIMP-1蛋白表达强(P<0.05).MMP-9在有HPV6/11和HPV16/18感染患者中的表达较无感染者强,而TIMP-1蛋白的表达差异无显著性.结论 在外阴鳞癌的发生发展中HPV的感染起一定作用,当MMP-9的表达强于TIMP-1表达时可能是外阴鳞癌侵袭的一个指标,HPV感染可能会进     

Detection of human papillomavirus in cutaneous extragenital Bowen's disease in immunocompetent patients

INTRODUCTION: A specific link between human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, and 33 and genital carcinomas and between HPV type 5 and cutaneous extragenital carcinomas in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis and renal transplant has been previously found. The aim of this prospective study was to detect HPV in cases of cutaneous extragenital Bowen's disease (BD) from non-immunosuppressed patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve cases of cutaneous extragenital BD or Bowen's carcinoma (BC), seen in the period 1994-1996 and confirmed by histologic examination, were included in the study. Tissue sections were studied by in situ hybridization with a mixture of HPV DNA probes and specific HPV DNA probes. In addition, study on fresh materiel from 1995 included: Southern blot hybridization with various usual HPV probes (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization using consensus HPV probes and probes specific for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 33. In positive samples with conventional PCR, in situ PCR with probes specific for HPV types 6/11 and 16 was performed on tissue sections. RESULTS: In situ hybridization was negative in all the cases. Southern blot hybridization was negative in our 9 studied cases. Three cases studied by consensus PCR were positive. PCR with specific HPV probes revealed positivity on two of these cases: HPV 6 in one, and HPV 16 in another. In situ PCR was positive with a mixed 6/11 HPV probe in the third positive consensus PCR case. DISCUSSION: Our study revealed the presence of HPV in 3 out of 12 cases of cutaneous extragenital BD and BC. HPV type 16, found in BC of skull, was the most usually found type in the literature. HPV types 6/11, detected in 2 cases, were rarely found in cutaneous extragenital BD and BC and these results are in favor of the oncogenic effect of these virus types. In our study, in situ hybridization and Southern blot hybridization were negative in all the cases; HPV was only found in 3 cases by conventional PCR and in 1 case by in situ PCR. The low range of detection of HPV in cutaneous extragenital BD may be due to the used methods, to difficulties related to sampling and/or to a low number of copies of the HPV genoma.     

Human papillomavirus type 16 in a homosexual man. Association with perianal carcinoma in situ and condyloma acuminatum.

BACKGROUND--The association of anal carcinoma with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 infection is well documented. Anal carcinoma is also frequently associated with a history of anogenital condylomata. More than 90% of anogenital condylomata contain HPV type 6 or 11. It is rare for a condylomatous lesion to contain HPV 16. We report the unusual case of a homosexual man, testing positively for human immunodeficiency virus, with carcinoma in situ evolving within perianal condylomata infected with HPV 16. OBSERVATIONS--Microscopic examination of tissue specimens from ulcerated verrucous lesions on the perianal mucosa revealed changes of classic condylomata acuminata with contiguous focal squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Testing for HPV DNA by in situ hybridization identified HPV 16 in both the condylomatous and carcinoma in situ areas. CONCLUSIONS--The association of HPV 16-infected condylomata and adjacent carcinoma in situ implies that cutaneous genital condylomata may progress to high-grade lesions. Given that homosexual men are at high risk for perianal carcinomas, HPV typing of perianal condylomata specimens may help identify immunocompromised patients who are at risk for the development of carcinomas.     

外阴鳞状细胞癌中人乳头瘤病毒感染与端粒酶和生存素的关系

目的:探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)6/11、16/18在外阴鳞状细胞癌(vulvarsquamouscellcarcinoma,VSCC)组织中的感染情况及其与人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)和凋亡抑制基因生存素(survivin)表达的关系。方法:采用PCR检测HPV6/11、16/18在31例VSCC及13名正常人皮肤组织中的感染情况,同时用原位杂交法检测hTERTmRNA的表达,免疫组化法检测生存素蛋白的表达。结果:①HPV6/11、16/18在VSCC患者的阳性率分别为25.81%和38.17%,正常对照者为阴性。VSCC患者与正常对照者HPV16/18阳性率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②VSCC患者hTERTmRNA、生存素蛋白表达的阳性率与正常对照者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且VSCC患者hTERTmRNA表达与生存素蛋白表达的阳性率呈明显的正相关(P<0.05)。③hTERTmRNA在HPV16/18阳性组中的表达明显强于HPV16/18阴性组,生存素蛋白在HPV16/18阳性组中的表达低于其在HPV16/18阴性组中的表达。结论:HPV感染及hTERT、生存素表达在VSCC发生发展中起一定作用;VSCC中hTERT与生存素的表达具有一定的相关性。     

外阴恶性肿瘤中P21~(WAF1/CIP1) P53及HPV6/11 HPV16/18的检测和意义

目的　探讨P2 1WAF1/CIP1,P5 3及HPV6/11,16/18与外阴恶性肿瘤的关系。方法　P2 1WAF1/CIP1,P5 3用免疫组化SP法检测 ;HPV6/11,16/18用原位杂交法 (ISH)检测。结果　P2 1WAF1/CIP1,P5 3在外阴恶性肿瘤组、外阴上皮内瘤变 (VIN)组、正常对照组中的阳性检测率分别为 40 .0 0 % (12 /3 0 )、63 .3 3 % (19/3 0 ) ,5 2 .3 8% (11/2 1) ,47.62 % (10 /2 1) ,0 (0 /10 )和 0 (0 /10 ) ;外阴病变各组P2 1WAF1/CIP1,P5 3与正常组比较差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;HPV6/11、16/18在外阴恶性肿瘤组、VIN组中的阳性检测率分别为 60 .0 0 % (18/3 0 )和 3 3 .3 3 % (10 /3 0 ) ,42 .86% (9/2 1)和 2 8.5 7% (6/2 1) ,正常对照组没有检测出 ;HPV 6/11阳性率外阴恶性肿瘤组、VIN组与正常组比较差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;外阴恶性肿瘤组HPV16/18阳性率与正常组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　P2 1WAF1/CIP1P5 3及HPV感染在外阴恶性肿瘤的发生发展中可能起一定的作用     

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in oral squamous cell carcinomas by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction

Summary A series of 156 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies from 40 patients with surgically-treated oral squamous cell carcinomas was analysed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by histopathological evaluation, in situ DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Epithelial changes suggesting a HPV lesion within, or adjacent to, the carcinoma lesions were found in 16 out of 40 patients (40%). Morphological signs of a flat HPV lesion were found in four cases (10%), those of inverted type in three cases (7.5%), and those of papillary type in nine cases (22.5%). HPV DNA was demonstrated in one of the lesions by in situ hybridization with biotin-labelled DNA cocktail probe containing HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. With the PCR technique, samples from 11 (27.5%) of the 40 patients proved to contain HPV DNA. Of these, HPV 6 was demonstrated in one case, HPV 16 in ten cases and HPV 18 in one case. HPV DNA was exclusively detected in the biopsies showing carcinoma tissue or its adjacent precancer lesions. No viral DNA was found in the biopsies derived from the tumour-free resection margins. These results provide further evidence to support the concept of HPV involvement in the aetiology of oral squamous cell carcinomas, most probably acting synergistically with other carcinogens.     

MDM2蛋白和MDM2 mRNA在尖锐湿疣中的表达

目的 研究尖锐湿疣中MDM2蛋白及MDM2 mRNA的表达情况,探讨MDM2在尖锐湿疣增殖及癌变中的作用。方法 分别采用免疫组化染色及原位杂交方法检测外阴尖锐湿疣和正常人皮肤组织中MDM2蛋白及mRNA的表达情况,同时用PCR法检测人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)型别。结果 32例外阴尖锐湿疣中MDM2蛋白阳性表达18例(56.25%),MDM2 mRNA阳性表达22例(68.75%)。MDM2蛋白与mRNA共同阳性表达14例。PCR检测示尖锐湿疣皮损中HPV6/11型28例(87.5%),HPV16/18型4例(12.5%)。在18例MDM2蛋白阳性表达的标本中,HPV6/11型15例,HPV16/18型3例。在22例MDM2 mRNA阳性表达的标本中,HPV6/11型18例,HPV16/18型4例。而正常人皮肤中MDM2蛋白及MDM2 mRNA均未见表达。结论 MDM2的异常表达可能与尖锐湿疣过度增殖及癌变有关。     

鲍温样丘疹病中hTERT蛋白表达与高危型HPV感染的相关性研究

目的研究hTERT蛋白在鲍温样丘疹病中的表达及与高危型HPV存在的相关性。方法通过原位杂交法研究HPV的存在和免疫组化法检测hTERT蛋白在鲍温样丘疹病中的表达,并探讨hTERT蛋白表达与高危型HPV存在的相关性。结果在26例鲍温样丘疹病标本中,18例(69.2%)为HPV16/18阳性,其中1例HPV16/18阳性标本也有HPV6/11阳性。3例(11.5%)为HPV31/33/35阳性,2例(7.7%)为未定型HPV阳性,21例有高危型HPV存在的标本是hTERT阳性,16例高危型HPV感染的标本呈现了强而弥漫性hTERT蛋白表达。hTERT蛋白表达与高危型HPV的存在显著相关。结论高危型HPV可能诱导了hTERT蛋白的高表达。     

The impact of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) virus-like particle vaccine in European women aged 16 to 24

Background  Quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV types 6/11/16/18) L1 VLP vaccine is highly effective in preventing HPV 6/11/16/18-related cervical and external genital disease. Herein, we evaluated the impact of the quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 L1 VLP vaccine on prevention of HPV-associated cervico-genital lesions in a broad population of sexually active European women.
Methods  Female subjects ( N = 9265) aged 16–24 with four or fewer lifetime sexual partners were enrolled and randomized to quadrivalent HPV vaccine or placebo. Subjects underwent cervicovaginal sampling for HPV DNA detection. Papanicolaou testing and anti-HPV 6/11/16/18 serology testing was also performed.
Results  Vaccine efficacy against lesions representing immediate cervical cancer precursors (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 or adenocarcinoma in situ ) related to HPV 6/11/16/18 in the per-protocol population was 100.0%[95% confidence interval (95% CI), 89.8–100.0]. Efficacy against external genital lesions (vulvar or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, condyloma, vulvar or vaginal cancer) related to vaccine HPV types in the per-protocol European population was 99.0% (95% CI, 94.4–100.0).
Conclusion  These data demonstrate that quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccination programs in 16- to 24-year-old European women can be beneficial.
NCT0009252, NCT00092534, NCT00092495     

Detection of human papillomavirus in verrucous carcinoma from HIV-seropositive patients

Anogenital squamous cell carcinoma has been noted with increased frequency in HIV-seropositive patients. Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma that tends to be locally invasive and non-metastasizing. Although human papilloma-virus (HPV) has been strongly implicated in other squamous neoplasms, it has been variably associated with verrucous carcinoma and has not been examined in these lesions in the HIV-positive population. The aim of this study was to examine the association of HPV with anal verrucous carcinoma in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV DNA in situ hybridization for HPV Types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from six cases of verrucous carcinoma and four cases of condyloma acuminatum in perianal specimens from HIV-seropositive patients. HPV DNA sequences were identified in five of six cases of verrucous carcinoma and in all cases of condyloma acuminatum. Of the five verrucous carcinomas that harbored detectable HPV DNA, four contained HPV 6/11 and two contained HPV 16/18. One contained both HPV 6/11 and HPV 16/18. All four cases of condyloma acuminatum were positive for HPV 6/11. One patient included in this series had three chronologically separate verrucous carcinomas. The initial lesion was negative for HPV DNA. Subsequent verrucous carcinomas were positive for HPV type 6/11 and type 16/18, respectively. The data presented support the concept that verrucous carcinoma in the HIV-seropositive population is associated with HPV, which may indeed play an important role in its pathogenesis.     

原位分子杂交检测尖锐湿疣病损中鼠双微体2基因的表达

目的：通过研究尖锐湿疣病损中鼠双微体(MDM)2基因的表达情况,探讨MDM2在尖锐湿疣过度增殖及潜在癌变中的作用。方法：采用原位分子杂交方法检测32例尖锐湿疣患者病损和10名正常人皮肤组织中MDM2 mRNA的表达情况．同时用PCR法检测人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)型别。结果：32例外阴尖锐湿疣患者病损中MDM2 mRNA阳性表达22例,占68．75％,其中,HPV6/11型18例,HPV16/18型4例。正常皮肤组织中未检测到MDM2基因表达。结论：MDM2基因的异常表达可能与尖锐湿疣过度增殖及潜在癌变有关,但其与HPV型别的关系尚须作进一步的研究。     

原位分子杂交检测尖锐湿疣组织中HPV DNA的研究

本文采用HPV DNA原位分子杂交法检测了30例尖锐湿疣组织标本，结果显示HPV6/11型阳性检出率为86.6%，HPV16/18型为16.6%，HPV31/33/35则为阴性，总的阳性检出率为90%。阳性结果作见于表皮浅层外，还见于棘细胞层中下部及基底细胞层内，作者认为原位分子杂交法是目前检测HPV感染及其分型的一种敏感、特异、快速且相对简便的方法，又能进行感染的组织学定位，同时这一方法还适应于对以往病例进行回顾性调查。     

Detection and sequences of human papillomavirus DNA in nongenital seborrhoeic keratosis of immunopotent individuals

BACKGROUND: The etiology of seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) is unknown. Its clinical and histopathological similarities to verrucae vulgaris and condyloma acuminatum prompted us to examine whether human papillomavirus (HPV) is present in SK lesions. In the present study, HPVs were frequently detected from genital lesions or hair follicle in immunocompromised host. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed 104 nongenital SK specimens diagnosed by clinical and histopathological examinations for HPV DNA in immunopotent individuals. METHOD: We analyzed SK specimens for HPV DNA using in situ hybridization (ISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot hybridization, and sequencing of viral DNA of PCR-amplified fragments. And we also examined virion, which is the capsid protein of HPV in ISH-positive specimens by immunochemical examination. We identified eight mucosal and two cutaneous type HPVs. RESULT: ISH revealed that 30 of 104 (28.8%) SK samples contained HPV DNA. All ISH-positive specimens were demonstrated virion in the nuclei of the epidermal keratinocytes. PCR analysis showed that 87 (83.7%) samples contained HPV-18, 81 (77.9%) HPV-6, and 73 (70.2%) contained both HPV-18 and -6. The incidence of HPV-1 (7.7%) and HPV-2 (14.4%) was relatively low. All 20 normal controls were negative for HPV DNA by ISH but seven were positive by PCR sequencing. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HPV, possibly coinfection with HPV-6 and -18 and unknown type(s) of HPV, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SK.     

Human papillomavirus types 16 and 39 in a vulval carcinoma occurring in a woman with Hailey-Hailey disease

A woman with Hailey-Hailey disease, suffering from carcinoma of the vulva, was examined by histology and for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. Our diagnosis by histological examination revealed the vulval carcinoma to be a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adjacent to lesions of Hailey-Hailey disease and severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ [vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) III]. The PCR with consensus primers for the L1 region (L1-PCR) successfully amplified HPV DNA using total DNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of L1-PCR products revealed HPV types 16 and 39. HPV 16-specific primers for the E6 region identified HPV 16 DNA. In situ hybridization analysis with biotinylated HPV 16 and 39 DNA probes revealed the presence of the HPV 39 genome in the nuclei of the tumour cells in the SCC. These results indicate that HPV 16 and 39 are associated with lesions in vulval carcinoma. Regarding the patient's susceptibility to infection in the case of Hailey-Hailey disease, there is a possibility that HPV was inoculated into the lesions of Hailey-Hailey disease and induced those of VIN III and SCC.     

聚合酶链反应及转印杂交对尖锐湿疣复发的病因学研究

用通用引物介导的聚合酶链反应及其产物斑点杂交技术，对１５例复发及相应的原发尖锐湿疣（ＣＡ）皮损中人乳头瘤病毒相关序列进行了检测和分型；同时还对３５例原发ＣＡ周围外观正常皮肤组织ＤＮＡ作了转印杂交分析。结果表明隐性感染是ＣＡ复发的非常重要原因，再感染也是ＣＡ复发不容忽视的原因。     

尖锐湿疣人乳头瘤病毒的基因分型

目的：检测尖锐湿疣中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的基因型别。方法：用通用引物进行聚合酶链反应,扩增尖锐湿疣中HPV DNA,用生物素标记的特异性基因分型探针,对聚合酶链反应扩增后的HPV DNA进行斑点杂交,结果：50例尖锐湿疣标本经PCR扩增后48例HPV DNA阳性,阳性标本中HPV6,11,16,18型的检出率分别为16．7％（8／48）,37．5％（18／48％）,14．6％（7／48）,4．2％（2／48）,多重型别检出率为22．9％（11／48）,结论 HPV11型感染是尖锐湿疣发病的首要原因。     

Langerhans cell density and high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection

BACKGROUND: Decreased numbers of Langerhans cells (LCs) in the cervix of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are believed to contribute to the progression of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related squamous intraepithelial lesions. However, this impairment of local immunity has not been well studied in the vulva. The objective of this study was to compare the S100+ LC density in high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. METHODS: HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with high-grade VIN, 48 (55%) and 40 (45%), respectively, were identified by retrospective chart review. Smoking status of patients was noted. The mean LC count per high-power field (HPF) was determined using S100 immunohistochemical staining. In situ hybridization was performed to detect HPV DNA types 16 and 18. RESULTS: Mean S100+ LC counts for HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients were 5.82 and 9.86 per HPF, respectively (p = 0.0026). LC counts in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients were compared between smoking and nonsmoking groups (HIV-positive p = 0.4812, HIV-negative p = 0.2821). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive patients with high-grade VIN had significantly lower LC counts compared with HIV-negative patients. This suggests that local vulvar immunity as evaluated by S100+ LCs is impaired in HIV-positive women, possibly contributing to the progression of HPV-related vulvar lesions.     

山东省潍坊市尖锐湿疣患儿乳头瘤病毒检测和型别分析

目的 检测山东省潍坊市尖锐湿疣患儿中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染情况及基因亚型。 方法 采用基因扩增技术及导流杂交分型技术,对24例患儿疣体的HPV进行检测分型。 结果 24例尖锐湿疣检出23例HPV阳性,阳性率95.8% ,20例单一型HPV感染占87.0%,混合感染型3例占13.0%;感染型别依次是HPV6（9/23）,HPV16（6/23）,HPV11（5/23）,HPV58（3/23）,HPV18（2/23）,HPV53（1/23）。 结论 该地区尖锐湿疣患儿HPV型别以6、16、11、58、18为主,患儿感染HPV型别与生活中密切接触者感染的型别相似。     

Papillated Bowen disease, a distinct variant

Bowen disease usually presents as an irregular, asymptomatic, scaly or crusted erythematous plaque that can occur anywhere on the skin. An unusual clinicopathologic variant is described which presents as a well-circumscribed, papillated, exophytic and endophytic, sometimes keratotic lesion. This papillated variant of Bowen disease exhibits keratinocytes with prominent perinuclear halos suggestive of koilocytic change associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Classic Bowen disease has been associated in previous studies with a variety of HPV types, especially types 16, 18, and 31. Twenty-six patients with papillated Bowen disease were evaluated. The patients included 15 males and 11 females, ranging in age from 33 to 87 years old. Fifty-four percent (14) of the lesions involved the head and neck, 8% (2) involved the trunk, and the remaining 38% (10) involved extremities (including 3 lesions from the hands). Lesions were examined using in situ hybridization with widely screening genomic probes for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, and 52. None of the specimens contained HPV DNA from the more common oncogenic HPV types. Given the striking histologic appearance of these lesions, however, this does not exclude HPV infection detectable by more sensitive screening methods such as polymerase chain reaction. Papillated Bowen disease is distinct from other variants, including the verrucous-hyperkeratotic type.