俯卧位脊柱手术对呼吸的影响

俯卧位脊柱手术对呼吸的影响陈天恩，刘永发施行脊柱手术，采用俯卧位局麻辅用安定镇痛药及轻比重腰麻时，呼吸气体有何变化，是否出现缺氧和二氧化碳蓄积，是临床麻醉中所关注的问题。本文对２０例俯卧位脊柱手术进行了临床观察，现报告如下。资料和方法选择ＡＳＡⅠ级病...     

三阶梯俯卧位对早产儿心率呼吸及血氧饱和度的影响

目的评价头部抬高15°俯卧位和三阶梯俯卧位对早产儿心率、呼吸频率及血氧饱和度(SpO2)的影响。方法将132例早产儿随机分为三阶梯组(65例)和头部抬高组(67例)。三阶梯组接受三阶梯俯卧位,头部抬高组接受头部抬高15°俯卧位,均干预1周。记录俯卧位干预前及俯卧位即刻、5min、10min、15min、30min、60min、120min 8个时间点早产儿心率、呼吸频率及SpO2。结果俯卧位不同时间点两组心率、呼吸频率及SpO2比较,干预主效应均P0.01,两组心率的时间效应P0.01;两组皮肤压红发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论三阶梯俯卧位有助于稳定早产儿心率、呼吸频率和SpO2,可维持早产儿更好的生理状态。     

短时俯卧位机械通气对急性肺损伤病人呼吸功能及血液动力学的影响

目的观察短时闯俯卧位机械通气对急性肺损伤病人功能残气量(FRC)、气体交换功能及血液动力学的影响。方法选择机械通气治疗的急性肺损伤病人8例,分别于仰卧位和俯卧位后30min行动脉血气分析,随即采用密闭式氦稀释法测定FRC,持续监测动态胸肺顺应性(Cst)以及血液动力学变化。结果与仰卧位相比,俯卧位后30min病人FRC从(1.4±0.4)L上升至(1.5±0.3)L(P<0.05),动脉血氧分压(PaO2)从(120±28)mmHg增加至(140±24)mmHg(P<0.01),同时肺泡动脉氧分压差减小,氧合指数上升(P<0.05),Csr差异无统计学意义。平均动脉压、中心静脉压、心率等血液动力学指标差异无统计学意义。PaO2与FRC间的相关系数r=0.709(P<0.05)。结论短时间俯卧位可以增加急性肺损伤病人FRC,改善氧合状况,且对血液动力学无明显影响。     

俯卧位通气下急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的变化

目的探讨俯卧位通气下急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者氧合的变化及其机制。方法23例早期ARDS患者(病程<72 h),在镇静、肌松下持续俯卧位通气2 h。呼吸机参数设定为潮气量6-8 ml/kg,吸气时间1.0-1.2 s,吸气流速40 L/min,呼吸频率12-20次/min。吸入氧浓度0.4- 1.0,呼气末正压6-18 cm H2O。观察俯卧位前即刻、俯卧位0.5、2 h及恢复仰卧位2 h的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸系统静态顺应性(Cst)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)。肺动脉楔压(PAWP)、心脏指数(CI)、气道峰压(PIP)及气道阻力(Paw)。俯卧位后PaO2/FiO2比俯卧位前上升超过20%作为氧合改善的判断标准。结果与俯卧位前比较,87%患者俯卧位0.5、2 h、恢复仰卧位2 h时PaO2/FiO2和PaO2升高(P<0.01);Cst HR、MAP、CVP、MPAP、PAWP、CI、Raw、PaCO2、PIP差异无统计学意义;87%氧合改善的患者在俯卧位0.5、2 h时Cst差异无统计学意义, 恢复仰卧位2 h时Cst升高(P<0.05)。结论俯卧位通气可改善早期ARDS患者的氧合,且恢复仰卧位后氧合改善持续存在。     

俯卧位托手板的制作与应用

材料与制作：备长120cm、宽40cm、厚0．5cm木板1块，长45cm、宽30cm、厚5cm泡沫垫2块，并用一次性枕套套好备用，另用棉布缝制1根长180cm、宽45cm的束臂带。     

滴定个体化呼气末正压对全麻俯卧位脊柱手术老年患者呼吸功能的影响

目的 探讨滴定个体化呼气末正压(PEEP)对全麻俯卧位脊柱手术老年患者术中呼吸和循环的影响.方法 选择择期全麻下行俯卧位脊柱手术老年患者80例,男39例,女41例,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级.根据术中是否滴定获取个体化PEEP将患者随机分为两组:滴定组和对照组,每组40例.滴定组从0 cmH2 O开始递增至20 cm...     

腰肋悬空位和俯卧位经皮肾镜碎石术对患者血流动力学影响的比较

目的探讨腰肋悬空位和俯卧位经皮肾镜碎石术对患者血流动力学的影响。方法 2010年1月～2011年1月我院100例经皮肾镜碎石术,随机分为腰肋悬空位和俯卧位两组,每组50例,分别记录两种手术体位患者的术前、改变体位后、术中30min、术毕各时间段患者血压、心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度的数据;统计并比较两种不同体位上述相关数据的差异。结果俯卧位组在改变体位后,其血压（收缩压/舒张压）相比术前血压基础值都呈明显下降趋势,而心率则无明显变化;腰肋悬空位组在改变体位后,其血压（收缩压/舒张压）相比术前血压基础值都呈下降趋势,而心率则无明显变化;在血流动力学方面,两组术中、术后相比术前在血压方面都有所下降,两组组内比较均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而两组间在血流动力学方面比较,俯卧位与腰肋悬空位组间比较,俯卧位对血压的影响相比仰卧位更明显（P〈0.05）。而两组在血氧饱和度、呼吸频率方面改变体位后与基础值相比两组均无明显变化,两组间和组内比较无统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论腰肋悬空位经皮肾镜碎石术对血流动力学影响较俯卧位小,因此该术式对年老体衰、高危肥胖、身体畸形体位搬动不便和有慢性心肺疾患的患者尤为适用,是一种安全、有效、便利的治疗肾结石的微创方式。     

俯卧位对循环功能影响的观察及护理对策

临床上施行脊柱手术常需将病人安置在俯卧位以适应手术需要。麻醉作用下 ,病人俯卧位时胸腹部受自身体重机械性压迫 ,对呼吸循环功能影响较大。现从护理的角度观察这类手术病人的血压、心率变化 ,提出讨论及相应护理措施 ,以供参考。1　临床资料及方法1.1　一般资料　本组 36例 ,男 2 4例 ,女 12例 ,年龄 30～ 6 3岁。其中腰椎段 32例 ,胸椎段 4例。1.2　监测项目及方法　用全自动无创血压监测仪测定麻醉后摆俯卧位前、后的动脉收缩压、心率 ,数据以 X± S表示 ,采用自身前后对照及 t值检验。1.3　结果　麻醉后俯卧位前血压 16 .86± 2 .…     

Prone position in mechanically ventilated patients with reduced intracranial compliance

BACKGROUND: Prone position has been used for several years to treat acute lung insufficiency, but in previous studies patients with unstable intracranial pressure (ICP) are mostly excluded. The aim of this study was to investigate if prone position is a safe and useful treatment in patients with reduced intracranial compliance. METHODS: A consecutive, prospective pilot study of 11 patients admitted to the neuro intensive care unit (NICU) due to traumatic brain injury or intracerebral haemorrhage. ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO(2)), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)) and respiratory system compliance were measured before, three times during and two times after the patients were placed in the prone position. RESULTS: No significant changes were demonstrated in ICP, CPP or MABP. PaO(2) and SaO(2) were significantly increased in the prone position. HR was significantly increased in the prone position and after 10 min in the supine post-prone position and the respiratory system compliance was increased after 1 h in the supine post-prone position. CONCLUSION: Turning NICU patients from the supine to the prone position did not influence ICP, CPP or MABP, but significantly improved patient PaO(2), SaO(2) and respiratory system compliance.     

Oxygenation and cerebral perfusion pressure improved in the prone position

BACKGROUND: Treatment of patients in the prone position is a well-established method to improve oxygenation in general intensive care unit (ICU) practice. This method is rarely used in a neurosurgical ICU, considering the risk of intracranial hypertension. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of prone position on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and systemic oxygenation in patients with reduced intracranial compliance. We hypothesize that the beneficial effects of prone position can outweigh the hazardous effects on the intracranial pressure. METHODS: Eight patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were studied in the supine and prone posture. Hemodynamics, arterial oxygenation, respiratory mechanics, ICP and CPP were continuously measured. RESULTS: A significant improvement in PaO(2) was observed in the prone position, from 12.6 +/- 1.4 kPa to 15.7 +/- 3.2 kPa (P= 0.02). Both intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure increased in the prone position, from 12 +/- 6 to 15 +/- 4 mmHg (P= 0.03) and from 78 +/- 8 to 88 +/- 8 mmHg (P= 0.005), respectively. Arterial pressure increased to a greater extent than ICP, resulting in improved CPP, from 66 +/- 7 to 73 +/- 8 mmHg (P= 0.03) in the prone position. CONCLUSIONS: The prone position can be used to improve the oxygenation as well as CPP in patients with traumatic brain injury or SAH. However, this method results in raised ICP, and should be used cautiously in patients with reduced intracranial compliance.     

Improved oxygenation using the prone position in patients with ARDS

Background: The prone position is known to increase oxygen uptake in patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Methods: In this clinical study from 1995–96, 14 ARDS patients with severe respiratory failure were treated for at least 1 h in the prone position. Responders, defined as having more than 10% increase in PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio from baseline after 1 h, were treated at least 6 h in the prone position.
Results: 11 patients responded during the first period of the prone position (primary responders). Two of the 3 non-responders were turned prone a second time with increase in the PaO₂FiO₂ ratio (secondary responders). Mean PaO₂FiO₂ ratio (mean±SEM) in the supine position was 11.7±0.8 kPa, increasing to 16.6±1.8 kPa and 18.0±1.4 kPa after 1 and 6 h respectively ( P =0.009). Mean time spent in the prone position was 69 h (range 3–256 h), and mean ventilatory time was 17 d (3–52 d). The mortality in this subgroup of our patients with ARDS was 42%, compared to 58% in 19 patients not turned prone in the same period.
Conclusions: The prone position together with PEEP appears to improve ventilation-perfusion matching. The prone position is simple, effective and readily available and could be used early in most patients with ARDS.     

Anaesthesia in the prone position

Prone positioning of patients during anaesthesia is required to provide operative access for a wide variety of surgical procedures. It is associated with predictable changes in physiology but also with a number of complications, and safe use of the prone position requires an understanding of both issues. We have reviewed the development of the prone position and its variants and the physiological changes which occur on prone positioning. The complications associated with this position and the published techniques for various practical procedures in this position will be discussed. The aim of this review is to identify the risks associated with prone positioning and how these risks may be anticipated and minimized.     

严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征孕妇俯卧位通气的护理进展

俯卧位通气是一种改善严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的体位治疗方式。对于发生严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征的孕妇,俯卧位通气在一定程度上可以缓解肺部区域塌陷,降低妊娠子宫的压力,改善患者氧合。本文对已有的严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征孕妇俯卧位通气成功案例进行综述,以期从临床差异、作用机制、临床应用、病情观察和应用效果对严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征孕妇俯卧位通气的护理进行总结,为临床干预提供参考。     

俯卧位手术患儿体位管理的最佳证据应用

目的寻找并应用俯卧位手术患儿体位管理的最佳证据,降低俯卧位手术体位并发症的发生。方法 2019年5～12月,通过检索相关最佳证据,制定了23条审查指标。制定相应的循证实践方案,运用JBI临床证据实践系统,将最佳证据整合至护理实践中,最后再实施干预后的审查。手术室共完成2轮质量审查。结果与基线审查相比较,护士对体位安置知识、压疮防护知识,12条审查指标执行率显著提高,患儿的皮肤损伤发生率显著降低(均P0.01)。结论俯卧位手术体位管理的最佳证据应用,可提高护士对体位安置知识及压疮防护知识的认知,降低俯卧位手术患儿的皮肤损伤发生率。     

俯卧位下地心引力及机械性干涉对脊柱手术呼吸功能影响的临床研究

作者测定了５５例脊柱手术患者术前仰卧位、俯卧位，麻醉后俯卧位和术毕仰卧位的呼吸频率（ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ，ｆ）、潮气量（ｔｉｄａｌｖｏｌｕｍｅ，ＶＴ）、每分通气量（ｍｉｎｕｔｅｖｏｌｕｍｅ，ＭＶ）、血氧饱和度（ｐｕｌｓｅｏｘｙｇｅｎｓａｔｕｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＳｐＯ２）和呼气终末ＣＯ２分压（ｅｎｄｔｉｄａｌＰＣＯ２，ＰｅｔＣＯ２）。结果发现，麻醉后俯卧位的ＶＴ、ＭＶ、ＳｐＯ２明显低于术前仰卧位（Ｐ值＜０．０５）；ｆ、ＰｅｔＣＯ２明显高于术前仰卧位（Ｐ值＜０．０５）。若改为先将患者置于手术体位，再麻醉，其呼吸功能则比较平稳（Ｐ值＞０．０５）。作者认为，俯卧位对呼吸功能的影响主要来自地心引力（重力）和机械干涉两方面因素。并提出：（１）此类手术应先将患者置于手术体位，再麻醉；（２）安置俯卧位时，应取髂前上棘、耻骨结节部和锁骨区为身体的负重点；（３）麻醉平面应控制在Ｔ６；（４）术中应常规吸氧；（５）慎用麻醉辅助药。