颈交感神经对中脑导水管周围灰质信号表达的影响

目的：通过电刺激大鼠上矢状窦区硬脑膜，观察颈上交感神经节（SCG）摘除术前、后中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元数日的变化，以探讨交感神经系统在血管源性头痛如偏头痛伤害性信息传递巾的作用。方法：以雄性SD大鼠行颈上交感神经节摘除术后再手术暴露其上矢状窦（SSS），电刺激SSS区硬脑膜，应用免疫组织化学染色技术，观察PAG区域NOS表达的变化。结果：NOS免疫反应阳性神经元主要分布在PAG的腹外侧区，双侧对称。SCG摘除组NOS阳性神经元数目较假手术组明显增加。结论：颈交感神经系统通过PAG对痛觉的中枢调整参与了血管源性头痛如偏头痛中伤害性感觉信息的产生、传导及调节过程。     

颈交感神经对血管源性头痛痛觉传导的影响

目的采用电刺激大鼠上矢状窦(SSS)区硬脑膜,观察颈上交感神经节(SCG)摘除术前后在延髓和上颈段三叉神经脊束核一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元数目的变化,以探讨交感神经系统在血管源性头痛(如偏头痛)涉及的伤害觉信息传递中的作用。方法以雄性SD大鼠(体重为220～250g)为实验对象,行颈上交感神经节摘除术后再手术暴露其SSS,然后电刺激SSS区硬脑膜,应用免疫组织化学染色技术,观察延髓和上颈段三叉神经脊束核NOS表达的变化。结果NOS免疫反应阳性神经元主要分布在三叉神经脊束核和上颈段脊髓的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ板层,双侧对称。假手术对照组、SCG摘除组每张切片的NOS阳性神经元数分别为150.2±10.3、223.0±11.6,SCG摘除组NOS阳性神经元数目较假手术对照组明显增加(P<0.05)。结论颈交感神经系统参与了头部血管源性疼痛(如偏头痛)中伤害性感觉信息导致的疼痛的产生、传导及调节过程。     

大鼠偏头痛模型中脑导水管周围灰质c-Fos表达及与5-羟色胺共存

目的　研究中脑导水管周围灰质 (PAG)在偏头痛中的作用。方法　应用大鼠上矢状窦旁硬脑膜刺激模型 ,免疫组化染色及双标染色观察PAG内c Fos表达及其与 5 羟色胺 (5 HT)的共存。结果　 5 HT阳性细胞分布主要集中在PAG腹外侧和腹中间区。阳性细胞数头侧至尾侧逐渐增多。c Fos阳性细胞在刺激组比非刺激组和对照组明显增多。双标染色显示 5 HT和c Fos阳性细胞均聚集在PAG腹外侧 ,双标细胞占 5 HT细胞数的 15 0 %± 2 8% ,占c Fos阳性细胞的 2 4 0 %±4 3%。结论　PAG神经元在偏头痛模型中兴奋 ,PAG内 5 HT阳性细胞部分兴奋 ,可能还存在其他类型神经元的兴奋。     

电刺激猫上矢状窦区硬脑膜对三叉神经二级神经元兴奋性的影响

目的通过电刺激清醒状态下猫上矢状窦区硬脑膜，制备反应可靠的偏头痛反复发作动物模型，探索偏头痛等血管源性头痛的发病机制。方法体重为2-4kg的短毛猫12只随机分为反复刺激组（n=4）、急性刺激组（n=4）、假手术对照组（n=4）三个组。反复刺激组每天刺激2h，共刺激8d；急性刺激组刺激1次，2h；假手术对照组不予刺激。之后应用免疫组化技术，行延髓和上颈髓冰冻切片c-fos染色。结果c-fos免疫反应阳性神经元主要位于延髓三叉神经脊束核尾侧部浅层和C1后角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ层。假手术对照组动物免疫反应阳性神经元较少，急性刺激组和反复刺激组免疫反应阳性神经元较假手术对照组显著增多（P〈0．05）．急性刺激组和反复刺激组免疫反应阳性神经元数无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论刺激上矢状窦区硬脑膜可激活在偏头痛痛觉中枢传递中起重要作用的三叉神经二级神经元。     

L-NAME减少三叉神经脊束核尾侧段和上颈髓后角c-fos和nNOS的表达

目的:进一步研究NO在偏头痛发病机制中的作用,探讨三叉神经血管反射的中枢机制。方法:应用电刺激猫上矢状窦区硬脑膜动物模型,冰冻组织连续切片后行免疫组化染色,分别观察了NOS抑制剂Nω-nitro-L-argi-nine methylester(L-NAME,100mg/kg)对下延髓、上颈髓c-fos蛋白和神经元型NOS(nNOS)表达的影响。结果:c-fos和nNOS阳性神经元主要位于延髓三叉神经脊束核尾侧段和C1后角的浅层(Ⅰ、Ⅱ层),其深层、孤束缝核和中央核、中央导水管两侧可见数个直径较大、轴突较长的nNOS阳性神经元;而nNOS阳性神经纤维遍布后角及中央导水管两侧,并似向前角和后角浅层方向投射,其中后角浅层着色明显比其它部位深。电刺激后可见较长的纤维呈串珠样改变。刺激组动物的c-fos及nNOS阳性神经元数均比假手术对照组明显增加(P<0.01),L-NAME组比刺激组明显减少(P<0.01),而刺激组动物的c-fos及nNOS阳性神经元数与生理盐水组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:刺激猫上矢状窦区硬脑膜可激活三叉神经脑干中枢神经元,L-NAME可能通过抑制NO的生成阻断此部位神经元的激活,从而终止偏头痛发作。     

刺激大鼠上矢状窦区硬脑膜对中脑导水管周围灰质核因子-κB蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨核因子(NF)-κB蛋白在偏头痛痛觉信息的传递中的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠,手术暴露其上矢状窦区(superior sagittal sinus,SSS)后电刺激该区硬脑膜,应用免疫组织化学染色技术观察中脑导水管(PAG)周围灰质NF-κB蛋白表达的变化.结果 空白组、假手术组、刺激组每张切片PAG区的NF-κB蛋白阳性神经元数分别为111.7±15.7、112.9±10.7、508.7±30.8,刺激组较其他组差异有统计学意义(t=-41.52,t=-36.21,均P＜0.05).结论 在PAG区出现NF-κB细胞的激活,表明NF-κB蛋白在偏头痛的发生及发展过程中起到了一定作用.     

电刺激三叉神经节对蝶腭神经节内一氧化碳合酶和血管活性肠肽阳性神经元的影响

目的：观察实验性偏头痛大鼠副交感神经蝶腭神经节内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）和血管活性肠肽（VIP）阳性神经元的变化。方法：12只雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组（均n=6）。实验组为电刺激三叉神经节建立的偏头痛大鼠模型。对照组仅作手术而不刺激三叉神经节。用组织化学的方法观察蝶腭神经节内NOS阳性神经元的变化,用免疫荧光法观察蝶腭神经节内V1P阳性神经元的变化。结果：实验组和对照组大鼠的蝶腭神经节内均有NOS和VIP阳性神经元,但实验组NOS和VIP阳性神经元均较对照组显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：电刺激三叉神经节可以通过三叉-副交感神经反射系统,显著升高蝶腭神经节中NOS和VIP神经元的数目。偏头痛发病过程中脑膜及颅内大血管的剧烈扩张很可能与蝶腭神经节中NOS和VIP神经元增加有关。     

L-NAME对大鼠局灶性脑缺血灌注损伤Fos蛋白表达的影响

目的观察一氧化氮含量的变化对缺血再灌注损伤后Fos蛋白表达的影响。方法采用线拴法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,利用NADPH组化和Fos蛋白免疫组化双标技术研究NOS抑制剂L－NAME对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤脑皮层Fos蛋白表达的影响。结果缺血60min再灌注3h后损伤侧脑组织皮质一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元较正常增多并深染,Fos蛋白表达增加,L－NAME（3mg／kg）治疗组脑皮质神经元Fos蛋白的表达量较对照组减少,L－NAME（10mg/kg）治疗组脑皮质神经元Fos蛋白的表达量较对照组明显减少,同时也可见给予L－NAME后脑组织皮质内NOS阳性神经元无论在数量上还是在细胞着色、胞体突起均明显减少。结论c－fos基因表达也可能部分参与了NO的致神经细胞损伤过程。     

福尔马林皮下注入引起大鼠脊髓背角表层神经元Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶Cβ亚型的共同表达:免疫细胞化学双标法研究

目的:研究慢性伤害性模型大鼠脊髓背角表层神经元中Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶C β亚型的表达间的关系.方法:用免疫细胞化学双标技术,观察了大鼠一侧后脚掌注射福尔马林1 h后,脊髓腰段背角神经元中Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶C β亚型(PKCβ)的表达及二者的共存情况.结果:1)注射侧背角表层中有大量Fos蛋白样免疫组化染色阳性神经元出现,且其中一半以上同时有PKCβ样免疫反应的增强,而背角表层中有PKCβ样免疫反应增强的神经元中,只有1/5同时有Fos蛋白样阳性反应出现;2)在注射侧背角Ⅴ～Ⅶ层中也有少量Fos蛋白样阳性反应神经元出现,但它们都不出现PKCβ-LI反应的增强.结论:背角表层中的双标免疫阳性神经元可能与慢性伤害性输入引起的脊髓过敏状态的形成有关.     

电刺激三叉神经节诱导偏头痛大鼠脑膜非特异炎症

目的 电刺激三叉神经节建立偏头痛大鼠模型,观察偏头痛大鼠硬脑膜的非特异炎症及5-HTIB/1D受体、降钙素基因相关肽物质(CGRP)在硬脑膜上的分布.方法 采用体重250～300克的雄性SD大鼠,单侧电刺激大鼠三叉神经节建立偏头痛大鼠模型,取大鼠硬脑膜,(1)行HE染色观察非特异炎症;(2)行免疫荧光法检测硬脑膜上5-HT1B/1D受体和CGRP的表达.结果 偏头痛大鼠模型成功建立得到两方面证实:(1)刺激侧大鼠咀嚼肌收缩,口鼻分泌物增多;(2)硬脑膜HE染色显示刺激侧出现炎症反应.初步完成5-HT1B/1D受体及CGRP在硬脑膜上的定位.结论 电刺激三叉神经节可诱导偏头痛大鼠脑膜非特异炎症,5-HT1B/1D受体和CGRP可能在偏头痛疼痛的产生和维持中起着重要的作用.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.