食管癌调强放疗中摆位误差对剂量学的影响

目的通过电子射野影像装置(EPID)测量食管癌患者在调强放疗过程中的摆位误差,分析摆位误差对靶区和正常组织受量的影响,验证目前计划靶体积(PTV)外放范围的合理性。方法 36例食管癌患者用EPID测量其摆位误差,每位患者接受摆位验证4~6次(1次/周)。在医科达(CMS-XIO)治疗计划系统上模拟实际摆位误差,比较实际治疗过程中大体肿瘤体积(GTV)、临床靶区体积(CTV)和周围正常组织的受照剂量。结果 36例食管癌患者前后、左右、头脚方向摆位误差分别为(2.43±1.80)、(2.56±1.87)和(3.53±2.82)mm。摆位误差使食管癌患者GTV的95%体积接受的剂量(D95)与原治疗计划相比降低了50 c Gy,CTV的D95降低了78.21 c Gy。原计划(P1)和摆位误差计划(P2)的全肺接受20 Gy照射体积占全肺体积的百分比(V20)分别为24.34%和23.52%(P<0.05);心脏平均剂量分别为2 067.23 c Gy和2 021.33 c Gy(P<0.05);P1中无一例脊髓受量超过4 500 c Gy,而P2中12例脊髓最大剂量超过4 500 c Gy,其中1例最大剂量为5 602.70 c Gy。结论摆位误差使GTV、CTV的受照剂量降低,部分患者脊髓最大剂量超过耐受量,双肺、心脏受照剂量有所下降。     

非小细胞肺癌不同调强放疗方案的剂量学对比研究

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌调强放疗计划设计的合理方案。方法 对11例非小细胞肺癌患者分别制定2种放疗计划:PTV60计划的PTV为(GTV+6～8mm)+呼吸动度+摆位误差,对PTV获得60Gy处方剂量进行归一;PTV70计划的PTV为GTV+呼吸动度+摆位误差,对PTV获得70Gy处方剂量进行归一。通过剂量体积直方图分析2种治疗计划的靶区剂量分布和危及器官受量,并进行剂量学的对比研究。结果 PTV70计划接受60Gy剂量的靶区体积明显高于PTV60计划,两组在靶区剂量均匀性方面相似。PTV70计划的肺V₂₀较PTV60计划平均下降(1.69±0.42)%,两组相比差异有统计学意义(t=0.047,P=0.002);肺V₅平均下降(1.29±1.09)%,两组相比差异无统计学意义。结论 在非小细胞肺癌调强放疗设计中,PTV70计划优于PTV60计划。     

中上段食管癌图像引导放疗中摆位误差及靶区外放边界的确定

目的 应用锥形束CT（CBCT）测量食管癌调强放疗的摆位误差,从而确定靶区外放距离;分析不同的靶区外放距离对肺和脊髓正常组织的影响。方法 选择2012年12月至2013年12月的12例中上段食管癌患者,根据每周1次CBCT所得的60组测量数据确定患者左右、头脚以及前后方向的摆位误差,根据实际测量的摆位误差结果以及靶区运动大小得出靶区外放距离,针对临床靶区CTV外放5 mm得到的计划靶区PTV以及根据实际测量摆位误差外放得到的计划靶区PTV分别制定调强治疗计划,在保证计划靶区PTV覆盖率相同（V₉₅≥95%）的情况下对两种计划的危及器官受量进行比较和统计学分析,评价参数包括双肺的V₅、V₂₀、V₃₀、平均剂量D_mean以及脊髓受量D_{1 cm³}。结果 食管癌调强放疗在左右、头脚以及前后3个方向的摆位误差分别是（2.02±1.74）、（2.02±1.93）、（2.03±1.89）mm。上段食管癌由临床靶区（CTV）到计划靶区（PTV）的外放距离为左右4.7 mm、头脚8.5 mm、前后5.6 mm;中段食管癌为左右5.0 mm、头脚11.0 mm、前后6.2 mm。两种计划比较,双肺的V-5、V₂₀、V₃₀、平均剂量D_mean和脊髓受量D_1cm³的差异有统计学意义（t=-8.23、－5.55、－4.66、－6.87、－4.67,P<0.05）。结论 根据CBCT测量结果确定摆位误差以及文献报道结果得出食管癌靶区外放边界,对于临床治疗有一定的参考意义。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗对海马结构的剂量影响分析

目的 分析鼻咽癌调强放疗中海马结构的受照剂量及相关影响因素.方法 回顾性分析59例鼻咽癌的调强放疗计划,比较不同临床分期鼻咽癌的海马结构受照剂量及特点.结果 59例鼻咽癌患者的海马结构受照剂量受T分期影响明显,Dmax11.1 ～78.2 Gy,Dmean3.2 ～44.6 Gy,T1 ～T4期海马结构受照剂量(Dmax和Dmean)差异均有统计学意义,Dmax(F=24.2,P＜0.05)、Dmean(P=16.3,P＜0.05).其中T3、T4期病例平均受照剂量和体积明显高于T1、T2期,Dmax、Dmean分别为(58.6±14.8)Gy、(20.9±19.3) Gy和(40.8±9.4) Gy、(12.5±5.1) Gy.结论 鼻咽癌调强放疗中,海马结构可能受到较大剂量的照射,肿瘤T分期是重要的影响因素,特别在T3-4期病例放疗中值得关注.     

胸中段食管癌适形调强放疗和三维适形放疗方案的应用探讨

目的比较胸中段食管癌适形调强放疗(IMRT)和三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)两种不同技术中计划靶区(PTV)及正常组织的受量。方法对52例ⅡB-Ⅳ期胸中段食管癌患者用同一放疗计划系统分别设计IMRT和3D-CRT根治性放疗计划,应用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两种方法中计划靶区和正常组织受量并且计算计划靶区适形指数(CI)和剂量不均匀指数(HI)。结果 IMRT方法的PTV适形度优于3D-CRT;脊髓剂量的最大值低于3D-CRT,但无统计学差异;心脏接受V25和V40的体积百分比低于3D-CRT;IMRT显著降低了肺部V10和V20的有效体积,但其肺部的V5大于3D-CRT。结论在可接受的放射性损伤的基础上,IMRT技术较3D-CRT能够提高行根治性放疗的ⅡB-Ⅳ期胸中段食管癌患者靶区剂量,靶区适形度高,但可使肺组织受到更大容积的低剂量照射。     

中下段食管癌调强放疗布野方案剂量学比较

目的 分析中下段食管癌放疗中5野调强计划与7野调强计划的差异,寻找布野最佳方案.方法 分别为接受调强放射治疗的12例中下段食管癌患者设计5野调强计划与7野调强计划,计划设计中要求95％的计划靶体积达到处方剂量.在每个病例中,分别比较两种计划的剂量体积直方图统计数据、剂量均匀指数、剂量适形指数.结果 两种方案中,7野调强计划的靶区剂量适形度较好(t=2.681,P＜0.05);两种方案的剂量均匀指数、脊髓受照剂量、心脏受照剂量之间的差异无统计学意义;5野调强计划的双肺V5、V10、V15较低(t=-7.938、-12.055和4.859,P均＜0.05).结论 在中下段食管癌放疗中,与7野调强计划相比,5野调强计划可以减少肺部的低剂量受照体积,同时提供可以接受的计划靶体积适形度,有助于减少肺部辐射损伤的发生概率,改善患者生存质量,值得在临床工作中推广应用.     

乳腺癌术后胸壁大体积复发二野和六野调强放疗剂量学比较

目的 比较乳腺癌术后胸壁大体积复发2野和6野调强放疗的计划差异.方法 对8例乳腺切除术后胸壁大体积复发病例,Pinnacle计划系统上分别对PTV进行2野调强和6野调强放疗计划设计,PTV处方剂量为50 Gy/25次(GTV后续计划补量至66～70 Gy),比较2种计划95％处方剂量PTV适形指数(CI)、均匀性指数(HI)及心脏、同侧肺剂量.结果 6野IMRT计划的CI和HI均优于2野IMRT计划,6野和2野的CI分别为(0.66±0.08)和(0.53±0.10)(t=7.99,P＜0.05),HI分别为(1.36±0.08)和(2.19±0.78)(t=9.04,P＜0.05).2个计划中肺V5、V10、V20、V35和心脏Dmax、V35、Dmean值比较差异无统计学意义.结论 乳腺癌切除术后胸壁大体积复发患者行放疗,6野静态逆向调强放疗计划靶区覆盖优于2野,而心肺受量方面无明显差异.     

不同照射野调强放疗在胸中下段食管癌中对正常组织受量的影响

目的比较三种不同放疗布野方式在胸中下段食管癌患者中的剂量分布情况,为临床调强放疗计划的选择提供参考。方法选择30例胸中下段食管癌患者进行CT定位,并由主治医师画出各自靶区,然后设计GTV和PTV,并设计三组布野方案(A组:0°、72°、144°、216°、288°;B组:0°、57°、144°、216°、303°;C组:0°、42°、144°、216°、318°),分别模拟三维适型调强计划,给予相同的单次剂量、治疗次数及优化条件,最后以95%PTV体积获得60 Gy处方剂量进行归一,利用等剂量曲线以及剂量体积直方图对以上三组计划进行下列参数的两两比较:心脏受量为20 Gy、30 Gy、40 Gy、50 Gy时的体积值;左右侧肺分别受量为5 Gy、10 Gy、20 Gy、25 Gy、30 Gy、35 Gy、40 Gy时的体积值;脊髓最大点受量。结果 C组与A、B组相比,患者肺低剂量受照射体积(V5、V10)明显减小(P≤0.003),C组V20较A组有提高,高剂量受照射体积V25、V30及V35较A、B两组有一定的提高(P<0.05),但均在临床可评价的安全范围内;脊髓最高点及心脏受量比较提示:C组脊髓最大点受量较A组增加,C组心脏V20较其他两组有增加(P<0.05),但也均在临床可评价的安全范围内。结论三维适型调强计划中,在5野均分的基础上适当减小两前斜野与零度野之间的夹角(C组),可以在基本不增加心脏和脊髓受量的同时有效地减少肺低剂量区受照射体积,但有提高肺高剂量区受照射体积的风险。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗和常规放疗早期反应的对照观察

目的观察鼻咽癌病人调强放疗和常规放疗的早期治疗结果和早期并发症情况。方法78例Ⅰ～Ⅲ期鼻咽癌病人分为调强放疗组(38例)和常规放疗组(40例)。常规放疗采用面颈联合野+锁骨上野及耳前野+后颈电子线野,靶区剂量2Gy/(次·天);调强放疗先设定7～9个适形野,再设定80～100个调强子野照射,靶区剂量2.2Gy/(次·天)。研究调强放疗和常规面颈联合野放疗病人的腮腺、脊髓、临床靶区和计划靶区的平均受照体积,观察放疗期间病人的皮肤反应、口干(腮腺)反应和口腔黏膜反应。结果所有病人放疗后鼻咽及周围病灶明显消退。腮腺、脊髓、临床靶区和计划靶区的受照体积调强放疗组分别为(30±4.8)%、(56±6.7)%、(95±8.6)%、(92±8.1)%,常规放疗组分别为(98±9.4)%、(56±10.7)%、(100±9.7)%、(99±9.5)%,调强放疗组腮腺受照体积明显低于常规放疗组。调强放疗组的皮肤反应多为Ⅰ级,口干(腮腺)反应多为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,口腔黏膜反应为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级。而常规放疗组的皮肤反应及口干(腮腺)反应多为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,口腔黏膜反应为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。其中口干(腮腺)反应、皮肤反应、口腔黏膜反应Ⅱ、Ⅲ级者调强放疗组明显少于常规放疗组。另外,调强放疗组的放疗时间为45.0±4.4天,少于常规放疗组的51.0±5.3天。但调强放疗组放疗后鼻咽腔炎症反应较重。结论使用调强技术可明显减轻鼻咽癌病人放疗的口干和皮肤反应等早期放疗反应,并能缩短放疗时间。     

多叶准直器叶片位置误差对鼻咽癌调强放疗剂量的影响

目的 分析多叶准直器(MLC)叶片位置误差对鼻咽癌调强放射治疗靶区和危及器官剂量的影响.方法 选取10例已行鼻咽癌调强放疗患者计划,通过修改MLC文件,在计划文件中引入MLC叶片的位置误差,模拟调强计划执行过程中可能出现的叶片不到位情况,比较不同模拟计划与原计划的剂量学差异.结果 2 mm范围内的叶片随机误差及叶片偏移误差的剂量学影响差异无统计学意义(JP＞0.05),计划靶区(PGTV、PTV1及PTV2)D95％最大改变量为(-0.92±0.51)％、(1.00±0.24)％和(0.62±0.17)％,脊髓及脑干D0.1cc最大改变量为(1.90±2.80)％和(-1.78±1.42)％,左右腮腺Dmean最大改变量为(1.36±1.23)％和(-2.25±2.04)％.与原计划相比,当叶片外扩达2 mm时,PGTV、PTV1及PTV2的D95％和D5％受量显著增加(t=8.97、10.97、9.74、7.30、6.04、3.04,P＜0.05);脊髓及脑干D0.1cc显著增加(t=6.16、9.22,P＜0.05);左右腮腺Dmean显著增加(t=7.12、4.25,P＜0.05).结论 鼻咽癌调强放疗时,直线加速器MLC叶片在一定范围内的随机误差及叶片整体偏向一侧的位置误差对剂量分布的影响并不显著,叶片外扩及内收的位置误差对剂量分布的影响不可忽略,应加强对MLC系统位置误差的质量控制以提高放疗精度.     

Dosimetric comparison of TomoDirect,helical tomotherapy,VMAT, and ff-IMRT for upper thoracic esophageal carcinoma

BackgroundThe new TomoDirect (TD) modality offers a nonrotational option with discrete beam angles. We aim to compare dosimetric parameters of TD, helical tomotherapy (HT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (ff-IMRT) for upper thoracic esophageal carcinoma (EC).MethodsTwenty patients with cT2-4N0-1M0 upper thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were enrolled. Four plans were generated using the same dose objectives for each patient: TD, HT, VMAT with a single arc, and ff-IMRT with 5 fields (5F). The prescribed doses were used to deliver 50.4 Gy/28F to the planning target volume (PTV50.4) and then provided a 9 Gy/5F boost to PTV59.4. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) statistics, dose uniformity, and dose homogeneity were analyzed to compare treatment plans.ResultsFor PTV59.4, the D₂, D₉₈, D_mean, and V_100% values in HT were significantly lower than other plans (all p < 0.05), and those in TD were significantly lower than VMAT and ff-IMRT (all p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the D₂ and D_mean values between VMAT and ff-IMRT techniques (p > 0.05). The homogeneity index (HI) differed significantly for the 4 techniques of TD, HT, VMAT, and ff-IMRT (0.03 ± 0.01, 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.06 ± 0.02, and 0.05 ± 0.01, respectively; p < 0.001). The HI for TD was similar to HT (p = 0.166), and had statistically significant improvement compared to VMAT (p < 0.001) and ff-IMRT (p = 0.003). In comparison with the 4 conformity indices (CIs), there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). For PTV50.4, the D₂ and D_mean values in HT were significantly lower than other plans (all p < 0.05), and those in TD were significantly lower than VMAT and ff-IMRT (all p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the D₂ and D_mean values between VMAT and ff-IMRT techniques (p > 0.05). No D₉₈ and V_100% parameters differed significantly among the 4 treatment types (p > 0.05). HT plans were provided for statistically significant improvement in HI (0.03 ± 0.01) compared to TD plans (0.05 ± 0.01, p = 0.003), VMAT (0.08 ± 0.03, p < 0.001), ff-IMRT (0.08 ± 0.01, p < 0.001). The HI revealed that TD was superior to VMAT and ff-IMRT (p < 0.05). The CI differed significantly for the 4 techniques of TD, HT, VMAT, and ff-IMRT (0.59 ± 0.10, 0.69 ± 0.11, 0.64 ± 0.09, and 0.64 ± 0.11, respectively; p = 0.035). The best CI was yielded by HT. We found no significant difference for the V₅, V₁₀, V₁₅, V₃₀, and the mean lung dose (MLD) among the 4 techniques (all p > 0.05). However, the V₂₀ differed significantly among TD, HT, VMAT, and ff-IMRT (21.50 ± 7.20%, 19.50 ± 5.55%, 17.65 ± 5.45%, and 16.35 ± 5.70%, respectively; p = 0.047). Average V₂₀ for the lungs was significantly improved by the TD plans compared to VMAT (p = 0.047), and ff-IMRT (p = 0.008). The V₅ value of the lung in TD was 49.30 ± 13.01%, lower than other plans, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). The D₁ of the spinal cord showed no significant difference among the 4 techniques (p = 0.056).ConclusionsAll techniques are able to provide a homogeneous and highly conformal dose distribution. The TD technique is a good option for treating upper thoracic EC involvement. It could achieve optimal low dose to the lungs and spinal cord with acceptable PTV coverage. HT is a good option as it could achieve quality dose conformality and uniformity, while TD generated superior conformality.     

乳腺癌保乳术后正向与逆向调强放疗计划的比较

目的 比较乳腺癌调强放疗计划的正向和逆向2种设计模式的区别。方法 针对6例左侧乳腺癌保乳术后的患者应用Pinnacle³7.4f计划系统,分别设计正向和逆向调强放疗计划,在射野方向相同、保证处方剂量线包绕95%靶区体积的前提下,比较2种计划的剂量体积直方图参数和加速器总跳数。结果 2种调强计划相比,正向及逆向调强计划的计划靶区体积适形度指数值分别为0.67±0.06和0.66±0.06(t=2.423,P>0.05),均匀性指数值分别为(28.2±6.0)%和(26.1±6.8)%(t=2.164,P>0.05);左肺V₂₀分别为(18.7±3.3)%和(17.0±2.8)%(t=5.087,P<0.05),V₃₀分别为(15.5±3.0)%和(14.0±2.6)%(t=7.272,P<0.05);心脏V₃₀分别为(4.1±3.1)%和(3.5±2.5)%(t=1.916,P>0.05);机器跳数分别为(262±5)MU和(308±14)MU(t=7.515,P<0.05)。结论 与正向调强放疗计划相比,乳腺癌逆向调强计划中靶区适形度和均匀性无差别,左肺受量降低,心脏受量无差别;但机器跳数显著增加,增加了机器的磨损和治疗实施时间。     

An in silico comparative dosimetric study of postmastectomy locoregional irradiation using intensity-modulated vs 3-dimensional conventional radiotherapy

An in silico dosimetric evaluation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) vs 3-dimensional conventional radiation therapy (3D-CRT) treatment plans in postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) to the chest wall and regional lymphatics was conducted. Twenty-five consecutive patients with breast cancer referred for locoregional PMRT, stages T_2-4 with N_1-3, were planned to receive 50?Gy in 25 fractions with IMRT. Additionally, a 3D-CRT plan was generated using identical contours for the clinical target volumes (CTV), planning target volumes (PTV), and organs at risk (OAR). Treatment plans were assessed using dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters of D₉₈, D₉₅, D₅₀, D₂, and homogeneity index for individual CTVs and PTVs. OARs evaluated were ipsilateral and contralateral lungs, heart, spinal cord, and opposite breast. Most DVH parameters pertaining to CTVs and PTVs significantly favored IMRT. V₂₀ for ipsilateral and contralateral lungs, D₃₃ of heart and maximum dose to spinal cord favored IMRT (all p?<?0.001). The mean dose to the opposite breast was significantly lesser with 3D-CRT (5.8?±?1.8?Gy vs 2.0?±?1.0?Gy, p?<?0.001). Thus, except for the mean dose to the opposite breast, the compliance to DVH constraints applied to PTV and OARs were significantly better with IMRT. At a median follow-up of 76 months (7-91), none had locoregional failure or pulmonary or cardiac morbidity. For PMRT, requiring comprehensive irradiation to both chest wall and regional lymphatics, IMRT offers superior dosimetric advantages over 3D-CRT. This was also corroborated by long-term outcomes in these patients treated with IMRT.     

移动滑轨在椎体瘤调强放疗计划中的动态剂量扰动

目的 研究Qfix kVue治疗床移动滑轨在椎体瘤调强放射治疗(IMRT)计划中的动态剂量扰动。方法 移除EDGE直线加速器碳基绝缘滑轨,进行CT扫描并上传至治疗计划系统,重建床板和滑轨模型。依据均质模体和非均质患者CT,分别制作6和10 MV光子IMRT计划(180°、200°、220°、160°、140°),处方剂量为3 Gy/次,共10次,采用AcruosXB计算剂量。分别制作无滑轨和双侧滑轨对称移动(4~19 cm,步长1 cm)的优化计划。在优化计划中添加、移除滑轨结构,创建验证计划。对比分析验证计划和优化计划的差异,包括靶区平均剂量(D_mean)、均匀性指数(HI)、适形度指数(CI)和脊髓最大剂量(D_max)。结果 有无滑轨患者靶区HI均变差,其最大差值为2%。6 MV有滑轨时患者靶区D_mean减少(2.07±0.99)%,靶区CI值增加(4.91±3.12)%,脊髓D_max减少(1.83±1.37)%。无滑轨时患者靶区D_mean增加(2.02±0.96)%,靶区CI减少(3.07±1.31)%,脊髓D_max增加(2.03±1.44)%。移除和添加滑轨组间,靶区D_mean、CI和脊髓D_max差值差异有统计学意义(F=27.55、361.32、13.05,P<0.05)。靶区D_mean和脊髓D_max随滑轨位置变化呈倾斜的"W"减少。在滑轨＜10 cm范围内,差值出现极大值。当滑轨向外侧移动时,差值逐渐减小为0,6 MV计划中靶区D_mean和脊髓D_max变化值＞10 MV。结论 Qfix kVue治疗床滑轨位置变化对椎体瘤IMRT计划扰动不可忽略,计划制作时应予以考虑,治疗时滑轨应与计划位置保持一致。     

Dosimetric comparison of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for early-stage glottic cancers with and without the air cavity in the planning target volume

For early-stage glottic cancers, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been shown to have comparable local control to 3D-conformal radiotherapy with the advantage of decreased dose to the carotid arteries. The planning target volume (PTV) for early glottic cancers typically includes the entire larynx, plus a 3 to 5 mm uniform margin. The air cavity within the larynx creates a challenge for the inverse optimization process as the software attempts to “build up” dose within the air. This unnecessary attempt at dose build-up in air can lead to hot spots within the rest of the PTV and surrounding soft tissue. We hypothesized that removal of the air from the PTV would decrease hot spots and allow for a more homogeneous plan while still maintaining adequate coverage of the PTV.We analyzed 20 consecutive patients with early-stage glottic cancer, T1-2N0, who received IMRT at our institution from April 2015 to December 2016. Each patient received 63 to 65.25 Gy in 2.25 Gy per fraction. Two plans were created for each case: one in which the PTV included the laryngeal air cavity and one in which the air cavity was subtracted from the PTV to create a new PTV-air structure. Dosimetric variables were collected for PTV-air structure from both IMRT plans, including V100%, D98% D2%, and D0.2%. Dosimetric variables for spinal cord and the carotid arteries were also recorded. Homogeneity index (HI) defined as D98/D2 was calculated. Two-sided t-tests were used to compare dosimetric variables.The median PTV volume was 69.9 cc (standard deviation [SD] ± 28.7 cc) and the median air cavity volume removed was 11.0 cc (SD ± 3.4 cc). A 2-sided t-test revealed a statistically significant decrease in max dose (112.7% vs 108.8%, p value = 0.0002) and improvement of HI (0.93 vs 0.91, p value = 0.0023) for the PTV air in the IMRT plan optimized for PTV air, which had air excluded, compared to the IMRT plan optimized for PTV with air included. There was no significant worsening of PTV-air coverage or significant increase in doses to the organs at risk (OARs).The removal of the air cavity from the PTV for early-stage glottic cancers does not compromise PTV coverage or sparing of OARs and can result in a more homogeneous IMRT plan. A more homogeneous plan has the potential to reduce treatment morbidity, although further study is warranted to investigate the clinical impact of air cavity removal from the PTV.     

静态调强计划中多叶准直器叶片到位误差的检测及其对剂量分布的影响

目的 设计一种检测静态调强计划实施过程中多叶准直器(MLC)叶片到位精度的方法,并分析叶片误差对靶区和正常器官受量的影响。方法 选取20例已通过剂量验证的静态肺癌调强计划,按子野数目从小到大排序,将前10例和后10例计划分别编入简单计划组和复杂计划组,将计划传送给瓦里安600CD加速器执行,借助PV aS500电子射野影像装置(EPID)拍摄图像,通过梯度算法获取叶片的实际位置,计算出叶片验证通过率,并根据检查的结果修改MLC文件,在其他参数不变的情况下重算计划,得到叶片误差存在前后靶区和正常器官受量的变化情况。结果 20例病例中大多数器官的受量均有增加或减少,且第6例和第13例病例中的脊髓D_max超过了45 Gy的限值。简单计划组中只有脊髓D_max的变化差异具有统计学意义(t=-3.08,P<0.05),复杂计划组的PGTVD_95%、PTVD_95%、脊髓D_max、肺V₂₀、心脏V₄₀的变化差异都具有统计学意义(t=-1.89、-1.99、-2.36、-2.55、-1.85,P<0.05)。结论 为了确保治疗的安全和疗效,需要对叶片走位进行检测,特别是对子野数目较多的复杂计划,使用电子射野影像装置和计划系统能够检测出计划执行过程中叶片的到位情况,以及靶区和正常器官的实际受量。     

Reducing the Risk of Xerostomia and Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis: The Potential Benefits of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy in Advanced Oral Cavity Carcinoma

Radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity may be curative, but carries a risk of permanent damage to bone, salivary glands, and other soft tissues. We studied the potential of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to improve target volume coverage, and normal tissue sparing for advanced oral cavity carcinoma (OCC). Six patients with advanced OCC requiring bilateral irradiation to the oral cavity and neck were studied. Standard 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and inverse-planned IMRT dose distributions were compared by using dose-volume histograms. Doses to organs at risk, including spinal cord, parotid glands, and mandible, were assessed as surrogates of radiation toxicity. PTV1 mean dose was 60.8 ± 0.8 Gy for 3DCRT and 59.8 ± 0.1 Gy for IMRT (p = 0.04). PTV1 dose range was 24.7 ± 6 Gy for 3DCRT and 15.3 ± 4 Gy for IMRT (p = 0.001). PTV2 mean dose was 54.5 ± 0.8 Gy for 3DCRT and for IMRT was 54.2 ± 0.2 Gy (p = 0.34). PTV2 dose range was improved by IMRT (7.8 ± 3.2 Gy vs. 30.7 ± 12.8 Gy, p = 0.006). Homogeneity index (HI) values for PTV2 were closer to unity using IMRT (p = 0.0003). Mean parotid doses were 25.6 ± 2.7 Gy for IMRT and 42.0 ± 8.8 Gy with 3DCRT (p = 0.002). The parotid V30 in all IMRT plans was <45%. The mandible V50, V55, and V60 were significantly lower for the IMRT plans. Maximum spinal cord and brain stem doses were similar for the 2 techniques. IMRT provided superior target volume dose homogeneity and sparing of organs at risk. The magnitude of reductions in dose to the salivary glands and mandible are likely to translate into reduced incidence of xerostomia and osteoradionecrosis for patients with OCC.