靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼全静脉麻醉

目的比较靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼全静脉麻醉的血流动力学、脑电双频指数(BIS)以及术后麻醉恢复情况。方法选择40例择期手术患者,随机分为两组。以血浆药物浓度为靶浓度,靶控输注瑞芬太尼(PR组,n=20)(3~4)μg/L或舒芬太尼(PS组,n=20)(0·4~0·6)μg/L后,逐步升高异丙酚靶浓度至BIS(45%~60%)。术中视情况调整瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼靶浓度维持麻醉平稳,观察血流动力学、BIS值以及麻醉恢复情况。结果麻醉诱导后两组患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)均降低(P<0·05),PR组心率(HR)降低明显(P<0·01)。气管插管、切皮及术中血流动力学稳定,PR组停药后约10min患者HR增快(P<0·01)。两组患者异丙酚诱导后BIS值明显降低(P<0·01),组间BIS值差异无显著性(P>0·05)。停药后呼吸频率、潮气量PR组恢复迅速,PS组恢复较慢。停药至拔管时间PR组、PS组分别为(13·2±3·8)min、(29±7·5)min(P<0·01)。结论靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼全静脉麻醉能达到满意的麻醉效果,瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼浓度改变时BIS值无明显影响,复合瑞芬太尼时麻醉恢复彻底,复合舒芬太尼时麻醉恢复平稳。     

靶控输注全凭静脉与吸入七氟醚麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术的比较

通过比较七氟醚吸入麻醉与瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉(TCI),探索出合适的临床麻醉方式.方法 为选择50例妇科腹腔镜手术,随机分为T组和R组.T组以瑞芬太尼,丙泊酚,诱导插管,术中以组靶控输注异丙酚(效应室浓度3μg/kg)和瑞芬太尼(靶控浓度在2.6-7ng/ml).直至术毕;R组用七氟醚,诱导插管,以七氟醚(2.5%-3.5%)维持至术毕.通过观察得出结论:七氟醚或瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚的TCI均能满足妇科腹腔镜的麻醉需要.从麻醉诱导时的呼吸抑制和诱导的血流动力学看,七氟醚的麻醉优干瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚的TCI麻醉.从术后的恶心,呕吐率看,七氟醚的麻醉高于瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚的TCI麻醉.     

脑电双频指数在丙泊酚闭环反馈靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉的应用

目的 探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)作为丙泊酚闭环靶控输注的反馈控制变量复合瑞芬太尼在全凭静脉麻醉的应用。方法 60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期拟需全身麻醉腹部肿瘤手术的患者。随机分为闭环靶控输注组（闭环组）和靶控输注组（靶控组）,每组30例。两组丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度设定为3.0μg/ml,瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度设定为4.0ng/ml。术中闭环组丙泊酚浓度根据BIS反馈值50调节。记录两组在麻醉前,插管后3min,切皮,术中探查,切除肿瘤时,缝皮等时间点的MAP,HR,BIS变化及丙泊酚的用量。结果 两组在插管后3min,切皮,术中探查,切除肿瘤, 缝皮等时间点的MAP和HR 下降明显(P<0.05),靶控组MAP和HR变化幅度大于闭环组(P<0.05),靶控组BIS值波动范围也大于闭环组 (P<0.05),闭环组丙泊酚用量明显少于靶控组(P<0.01)。结论 丙泊酚闭环靶控输注以BIS为反馈值复合瑞芬太尼用于全凭静脉麻醉,具有麻醉深度易维持,安全有效,节约费用的优点。 【关键词】 脑电双频指数 反馈 丙泊酚 瑞芬太尼 靶控输注     

靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼全静脉麻醉

目的　比较瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉作用的影响。方法　选择 110例择期手术患者 ,分别采用异丙酚 (P组 ,n =30 )、异丙酚芬太尼 (PF组 ,n =5 2 )靶控输注或者异丙酚靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼 (PR组 ,n=2 8)持续输注全静脉麻醉。芬太尼靶浓度 2 μg/L ,瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导和维持分别为 0 2 5～ 0 5及 0 12 5～ 0 2 5μg/ (kg·min) ,异丙酚初始靶浓度为 1mg/L ,逐渐增加靶浓度值直至意识消失。术中调整异丙酚、芬太尼靶浓度值或瑞芬太尼输注速度维持麻醉深度。观察血流动力学、脑电双频指数改变以及麻醉药用量、麻醉后恢复情况。结果　 3组患者诱导后收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,PR组心率明显减慢 (P <0 0 5 ) ,PF ,PR组气管插管、切皮后SBP及DBP无明显改变 ,P组则明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。PR ,PF组异丙酚麻醉维持用量分别较P组降低 32 8%和 2 4 0 % (P <0 0 5 )。结论　瑞芬太尼、芬太尼能明显减少异丙酚用量 ,抑制气管插管及切皮时的反应 ,以瑞芬太尼作用明显。     

瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚双通道靶控输注用于心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级老年患者的全麻诱导

目的探讨瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚靶控输注(TCI)全凭静脉麻醉用于心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级老年患者全麻诱导的合适效应室靶浓度。方法全麻下心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级年龄62～86岁患者择期手术病人60例,随机分为3组,每组20例。入室后(基础值T1)静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液5ml/kg,效应室靶浓度TCI(T2)3组病人瑞芬太尼从1.0ng/ml分别渐升至2.0ng/ml,3.0ng/ml和4.0ng/ml(T3)后启动异丙酚TCI,从1.0μg/ml血浆靶浓度渐升至4.0μg/ml(T4),气管插管后即刻(T5),气管插管后2min(T6)。记录平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、双频谱指数(BIS),不良反应发生率、辅助药物使用次数。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组Ⅲ组给药后气管插管时及气管插管后MAP、HR降低(P<0.05),而Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组不良反应次数较Ⅰ组多、麻醉过浅次数较Ⅰ组少(P<0.05),而BISⅠ组较高。结论瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚TCI全凭静脉麻醉用于老年心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级患者全麻诱导效应室靶浓度TCI瑞芬太尼宜为3.0ng/ml复合异丙酚TCI4.0μg/ml。     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼抑制哈尼族患者气管插管及切皮反应的半数有效血浆浓度

目的 探讨哈尼族患者复合异丙酚时,血浆靶控输注瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管及切皮反应的半数有效血浆浓度（EC50）.方法 择期手术患者50例,靶控输注异丙酚（3.0 μg/ml）及瑞芬太尼（2.6 ng/ml）,患者意识消失（睫毛反射消失和对言语指令无反应）时静注阿曲库铵,待血浆靶控浓度（Cp）与效应室浓度（Ce）达平衡,BIS值为40～50时行气管插管.瑞芬太尼Cp按序贯法确定,浓度梯度为0.5 ng/ml.结果采用半数效量序贯法公式计算患者复合异丙酚时,血浆靶控输注瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管的EC50为3.09 ng/ml,95%可信区间（CI）为2.05～4.13 ng/ml,抑制切皮反应的EC50为 3.24 ng/ml,95%可信区间（CI）为2.20～4.27 ng/ml.结论血浆靶控输注异丙酚3.0 μg/ml时,瑞芬太尼抑制哈尼族患者气管插管的EC50为3.09 ng/ml,抑制切皮反应的EC50为3.24 ng/ml.     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床观察

目的:评价靶控输注(target-controlled infusion,TCI)瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床观察结果。方法:对40例行LC患者选择气管插管瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉,瑞芬太尼于麻醉诱导开始用微量泵连续静脉输入(50μg/ml)。对其诱导前、诱导时、气管插管时、CO2气腹完毕时等心率(HR)、血压(SBP、DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)及苏醒时间及术后伤口疼痛、恶心、呕吐、头痛、术中知晓及满意度等监测结果进行分析。结果:TCI瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉方法用于LC麻醉诱导更加平稳,术中血流动力学稳定,术后患者苏醒迅速,苏醒质量高,无术后呼吸抑制问题,更安全可靠。结论:对于短小的腹腔镜胆囊切除术来说,瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉优于其他全身麻醉方法。     

靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响

目的比较靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉、七氟醚和瑞芬太尼静吸复合麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响。方法选取ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄≥60岁择期行腹腔镜手术的患者60例,随机分为两组:靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉(靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉组)和七氟醚+瑞芬太尼静吸复合麻醉(静吸复合麻醉组)。观察两组患者围术期认知功能、术后24 h内疼痛评分及术后恢复情况。结果①靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉组自主呼吸时间、听从指令时间及定向力恢复时间均早于静吸复合麻醉组(P<0.05);拔管时间和睁眼时间亦早于静吸复合麻醉组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②两组各时间点MMSE评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1 h两组患者MMSE评分均显著下降(P<0.05),术后3 h靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉组认知功能均得以恢复。③两组患者术后24 h内各时间点VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉可引起老年患者一过性术后认知功能障碍,与七氟醚和瑞芬太尼静吸复合麻醉相似,但前者术后苏醒更快。     

胸科手术病人全凭静脉麻醉瑞芬太尼靶控输注浓度的剂量探讨

目的 探讨胸科手术全凭静脉麻醉中瑞芬太尼的靶控输注浓度.方法 45例择期行胸科手术病人,AsA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄40～65岁,体重50～75kg.根据瑞芬太尼靶浓度不同随机分为3组:4ng/ml组(Ⅰ组),6ng/ml组(Ⅱ组),8ng/ml组(Ⅲ组).麻醉诱导为分别TCI 3种不同靶浓度瑞芬太尼和3μg/ml的异丙酚,待病人意识消失后,静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,1 min后行气管插管.麻醉维持3组瑞芬太尼靶控浓度维持不变,调节异丙酚靶浓度维持脑电双频指数(BIS)在45～55之间,间断注射罗库溴铵维持肌松.记录病人平卧10min(T0),麻醉诱导后气管插管前即刻(T1),气管插管即刻(T2),切皮后即刻(T3),开胸探查(T4)、缝皮(T5)、拔管(T6)时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAF)、心率(HR)、BIS值.并在以上时间点抽取静脉血检测血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度.结果 Ⅰ组病人的SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、NE、E浓度在气管插管即刻、切皮后即刻、开胸探查、拔管时均明显升高(P＜0.05或0.01),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组各指标仅在拔管时高于基础值(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组在插管前血压、HR均较基础值明显下降(P＜0.05或0.01).麻醉诱导后插管前的血压、HRⅢ组与Ⅰ组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05),NE、E及HR在气管插管即刻、切皮后即刻、开胸探查时Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 全凭静脉麻醉下胸科手术病人靶控输注6ng/ml瑞芬太尼以联合3μg/ml的异丙酚较为适宜.     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合异丙酚在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 观察瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉两种不同方法在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用效果.方法 选择40例择期妇科腹腔镜手术患者,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,TCI(T组)采用瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,异丙酚2～2.5mg/kg及维库溴胺0.1mg/kg快速诱导后,经口明视插管,维持采用瑞芬太尼靶浓度4～8ng/mL+异丙酚4～8mg/(kg·h).异氟醚组(Ⅰ组)采用芬太尼2μg/kg,异丙酚2～2.5mg/kg,维库溴胺0.1mg/kg诱导经口明视插管后,维持采用1:1的氧气:笑气和异氟醚(维持呼吸浓度0.8～1.2MAC)吸入麻醉.术中监测收缩压(SBP),舒张压(DBP),心率(HR)等指标.结果 T组病人入睡快,术中血流动力学比Ⅰ组平稳,术后患者苏醒迅速,意识清楚,术后随访术中无知晓.结论 瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术中既满足了手术要求又提高了麻醉药的可控性,真正做到了安全有效.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.