柿属6种药用植物营养期叶片辅助鉴别研究

为建立柿属药用植物的营养期辅助鉴别方法,对该属6种植物的叶片脉序、叶表皮形态、叶解剖结构、叶粉末等特征进行比较观察。结果表明所观察的该属植物叶片的二级脉与三级脉具有鉴别意义;该属植物叶表皮皆具有单细胞非腺毛,大多具有腺毛;个别种的粉末中可见石细胞。通过研究,获得了柿属药用植物叶片的主要区别点,并据此建立了实用的鉴别检索表,为柿属药用植物的营养期鉴定和柿叶生药基原植物的准确鉴定提供了科学依据。     

4种槲蕨属药用植物的生药学鉴定研究

目的探索槲蕨属4种药用植物的生药学鉴别特征。方法通过形态鉴定的方法鉴别槲蕨属4种药用植物的形态特征,利用光学显微镜观察根状茎、叶柄及叶表皮的显微结构,并对叶表皮细胞进行测量和统计分析。结果实验所观察的4种药用植物的形态特征、根状茎显微特征及叶表皮细胞存在一定的差异,叶柄显微特征差异较小。结论形态特征和显微特征可为槲蕨属植物及其药材的分类鉴别提供参考依据。     

中国十字花科独行菜属植物的叶表皮特征研究

目的:对中国十字花科独行菜属植物进行分类鉴别研究。方法:利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了中国十字花科独行菜属10种植物的叶表皮形态。结果:独行菜属植物气孔器在叶上、下表皮均有分布,气孔类型主要为不等细胞型,其次为无规则型,在少数植物种类中偶见平列型;叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁一般为平直或弓形、浅波、波状;独行菜属植物在叶表皮特征上具有较强的一致性,同一种植物叶上、下表皮同形或近同形,叶表面仅被单毛或无毛;扫描电镜下叶片角质层通常具有条状波纹,气孔外拱盖内缘通常为浅波状或近平滑。叶表皮细胞形态、垂周壁式样、气孔类型、气孔指数与气孔器大小以及叶片角质层特征等对该属种的区分具有重要的参考价值。结论:叶表皮特征研究可用于中国独行菜属种间分类鉴别研究,为该属药用植物资源的合理应用和开发提供了新的依据。     

国产姜黄属植物叶表皮的组织形态学观察

目的 :为姜黄属植物分类与药材鉴定提供参考。方法 :分别应用扫描电镜和光学显微镜 ,对姜黄属植物叶表皮结构和特征进行较系统的观察。结果与结论 :姜黄属植物种间叶表皮特征无明显区别 ,但在气孔、副卫细胞和表皮细胞的形状、大小和密度以及被毛情况等方面存有不同程度的差异 ,这些差异可作为姜黄属植物分类与药材鉴定的重要依据     

20种药用金丝桃属植物的显微鉴别

目的：为20种药用金丝桃属植物的显微鉴定提供解剖学依据。方法：用整体透明法、石蜡制片法和半薄切片法对20种药用金丝桃属植物不同器官进行形态解剖学研究。结果：金丝桃属植物中存在3种分泌结构：分泌细胞、分泌囊(道)和韧皮部中分泌小管道,其中分泌细胞团含金丝桃素类物质,分泌囊(道)和分泌小管道含油脂类物质。20种植物叶的内部分泌结构的类型、分布密度、大小和位置存在较大差异,同时茎的形态、花萼、花瓣、花药及果实的解剖结构也存在一定差异。结论：该属的内部分泌结构和解剖特征可以作为这20种药用植物的显微鉴别指标。     

大青属6种药用植物叶片的显微鉴别研究

目的建立大青属6种药用植物叶片的显微鉴别方法。方法对大青属6种药用植物叶片的表皮、中脉横切面、叶柄横切面及叶子粉末特征进行制片观察。结果所观察的该属药用植物叶片表面大多具有腺毛或非腺毛,粉末及叶片和叶柄横切面中可见草酸钙方晶或砂晶,但不同种植物叶片的显微结构具有明显差异。结论所研究的大青属植物叶片的显微结构的差异可以作为这些药用植物的鉴别依据。     

安徽9种悬钩子属植物叶表面结构扫描电镜观察

目的:对安徽多种悬钩子属植物叶表面特征进行扫描电镜观察与研究,为本属植物的分类与鉴定提供相关依据。方法:利用扫描电镜观察叶表面,对其特征加以比较与研究。结果:不同种悬钩子属植物叶的表皮细胞、毛茸、叶脉、气孔等特征具明显区别,有一定的分类意义。结论:悬钩子属植物叶表皮特征的研究结果可为本属植物的分类与鉴别提供有参考价值的依据。     

国产姜黄属药用植物叶表皮显微图像模式识别

目的 :为国产姜黄属药用植物的分类与鉴定提供新的依据。方法 :应用体视学方法和计算机图像定量分析系统 ,对国产姜黄属药用植物叶表皮显微特征进行了立体定量分析。结果 :姜黄属植物不同种类不同产地的叶表皮的细胞密度、大小和形状存在不同程度的差异。上表皮细胞平均周长、下表皮细胞平均截面积和平均圆形度、上表皮气孔面数密度和平均最大直径、下表皮气孔面数密度和平均最大直径、上表皮副卫细胞平均最大直径、下表皮副卫细胞平均周长和平均最大直径、上表皮被毛情况、下表皮被毛情况等可作为鉴别的主要体视形态学特征参数。结论 :国产姜黄属 11种共 21份材料系统整理为 6种、1种复合体和 2栽培变种 ;体视学与图像分析技术用于显微鉴定 ,科学可行 ,尤适于近缘品种和易混淆品种的分类与鉴定。     

金银花与山银花原植物叶表皮特征的比较研究

目的探求一种准确、简便、快速鉴定金银花药材和山银花药材植物来源的方法。方法利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察比较忍冬属5种植物(忍冬、华南忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬、大花忍冬)的叶表皮特征。结果在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下该属不同植物的叶表皮特征存在显著差异。结论叶表皮特征可有效地用于金银花和山银花药材原植物的物种鉴别,并据此分别列出了光学显微镜和扫描电镜下忍冬属5种植物叶表皮特征的分种检索表。     

景天属几种药用植物及混淆品的叶表皮比较鉴定

目的:通过研究景天属4种药用植物及2种混淆品的叶表皮显微特征,为它们的鉴别提供依据,并进一步探讨气孔参数在药用植物鉴别中的价值。方法:利用叶表面片显微鉴别的方法,比较它们(部分种包括不同采集地的样品)的叶表皮细胞形态及气孔参数(包括气孔指数、气孔密度和气孔长宽比)的共性与差异,确立鉴别特征。结果:6种植物叶除具有部分共性特征外,在叶片上下表皮细胞的形态、排列状况、气孔分布以及叶缘细胞的形态上有各自的特征。结论:可综合利用叶片、叶脉、叶基部及叶缘细胞的形态特征及排列状况将景天属4种药用植物及2种混淆品一一鉴别;气孔指数与气孔密度对景天属药用植物的分类鉴定意义不大。     

Medicinal plant complexes of Salvia subgenus Calosphace: An ethnobotanical study of new world sages

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The species of Salvia subgenus Calosphace are used medicinally and ritually in numerous traditions of folk healing among indigenous cultures of North and South America with more than 500 species. These species contain numerous bioactive terpenes and terpenoids, some active at human opioid and GABA receptors, which may contribute to their effectiveness as folk medicines. Medicinal plant complexes contain species which share common names, morphological and/or aromatic properties, and medicinal uses; these complexes are found in traditional systems of medicine. Our research looks for complexes within Calosphace and the secondary metabolites they contain.

Materials and methods

Several studies have combined molecular phylogenetics and ethnopharmacology to successfully target active medicinal species. In this paper, we have selected a monophyletic clade, Salvia subgenus Calosphace, and performed a literature search to identify medicinal plant complexes within it. We created a database from over 200 references, found using keywords, and herbarium sheets. To identify medicinal plant complexes within the database, all species with shared vernacular names were first grouped. If the species sharing common names had similar medicinal uses and morphological similarity, they were concluded to be a complex. In order to determine the accuracy and validity of this approach, the chia complex was used as control, and we more species than reported by all of the published references combined. After identifying complexes and species within each, we searched the phytochemical literature to identify all reported secondary metabolites for each.

Results

We identify four previously unidentified complexes. Mirto (5 species) is used extensively in the treatment of the folk illness susto and other illnesses in Mexico, and is characterized by red flowers. Ñucchu (7 species) used as a symbolic element in religious processions and in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Peru and characterized by red flowers. Cantueso (2 species), with blue flowers, is used for respiratory ailments in Mexico, and Manga-paqui (3 species) is used for kidney and liver diseases in Ecuador. For the species of each complex we report all traditional preparations, other vernacular names, and known secondary metabolites. Among these complexes, Mirto and Ñucchu appear to have exceptional levels of cultural significance.

Conclusions

Our results support our hypothesis that species within Salvia subgenus Calosphace will assort into complexes of medicinal plants that share common names, appearances, and medicinal uses. We have identified four new complexes within this monophyletic lineage, mirto, ñucchu, cantueso, and manga-paqui.     

怀地黄不同主栽品种叶形态特征比较

目的:通过观察怀地黄不同主栽品种叶的形状,非腺毛和气孔器大小、密度等特征,为怀地黄主栽品种的鉴定及优良品种的选育提供依据。方法:用直尺测量叶片的长度和宽度,在扫描电镜下计数不同主栽品种怀地黄叶表面非腺毛和气孔的密度,测量其长度。结果:叶片长度、宽度及长宽比,非腺毛和气孔的长度、密度等,在怀地黄不同主栽品种间具有差异。结论:叶的形状,非腺毛和气孔的密度、长度等叶的形态特征可以作为怀地黄不同品种间鉴别的依据。     

根癌农杆菌介导sHSP基因对半夏的遗传转化

目的:建立高效的半夏遗传转化体系.方法:以半夏试管苗的叶柄为外植体,采用根癌农杆菌介导法,探索了酚类物质、农杆菌菌液浓度、侵染时间、预培养时间及共培养时间等对半夏遗传转化效率的影响.结果与结论:不经过预培养阶段,用含AS 40 mg·L-1的根癌农杆菌菌液侵染15 min后共培养3d时可有效提高遗传转化效率.将转化后的叶柄接到含有100 mg·L-1 Kan和350 mg·L-1Carb的分化培养基上进行筛选培养,30 d左右在叶柄的两端分化出抗性的试管小块茎.对抗性转化植株进行Gus染色和PCR检测,结果表明外源基因sHSP已经整合到半夏基因组中.     

USMM技术在丹参提取分离中的应用探讨

目的:探讨USMM联用技术在丹参活性成分提取分离中的应用.方法:采用SFE-CO2提取分离丹参酮类脂溶性成分,超声提取丹参酚酸类水溶性成分,膜分离与大孔树脂纯化丹参水提物,以丹参活性成分的转移率及纯度为考察指标,探索USMM技术在丹参提取分离中的可行性.结果:丹参SFE-CO2萃取工艺稳定、可行;丹参SFE渣超声提取物丹参酚酸类成分提取率高;大孔树脂纯化技术能提高丹参活性成分的纯度;膜分离及膜分离与大孔树脂技术联用对丹参酚酸的纯化工艺还有待进一步研究.结论:USMM技术应用于丹参活性成分提取分离基本可行.     

Essential oils of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia from Lebanon: Chemical composition,antimicrobial activity and inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells

Aim of the study

Salvia bracteata Banks et Sol. and Salvia rubifolia Boiss. are known in folk medicine of Lebanon for the treatment of microbial infections, cancer, urinary and pulmonary problems. In the present study the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aerial parts of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia collected in Lebanon were evaluated. The oils were also tested for their potential antiproliferative effects against M14 human melanoma cells.

Material and methods

The oils were studied by GC and GC–MS and their antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) was tested against ten bacteria species using the broth dilution method. The inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells (measurement of cell vitality, cell membrane integrity and genomic DNA fragmentation) was studied using MTT assay, calculation of LDH release and COMET assay.

Results

The oils showed a good antibacterial activity (MIC = 50 μg/ml) against Gram+ bacteria. They besides exhibited an inhibitory effect on the human cancer cells examined inducing also apoptotic cell death, but the oil of Salvia rubifolia was significantly (p < 0.001) more active as compared to the oil of Salvia bracteata.

Conclusion

The results on the pharmacological activities of these Salvia species provide an in vitro scientific support for the use of these plants in traditional herbal preparations.     

中药材骨碎补及其混淆品的显微鉴定方法研究

目的:为中药材骨碎补正品及其混淆品提供科学可行的显微鉴定方法。方法:通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及石蜡切片方法对骨碎补正品的来源植物槲蕨Drynaria roosii及其混淆品来源植物川滇槲蕨D.delavayi、栎叶槲蕨D.quer-cifolia和崖姜Pseudodrynaria coronans的根状茎鳞片的形态特征进行观察、测定并进行数据分析。结果:槲蕨、川滇槲蕨和崖姜之间在鳞片长度方面两两比较均出现显著性差异;川滇槲蕨鳞片锯齿呈不均匀分布且多发生弯曲,有重锯齿现象;槲蕨、栎叶槲蕨和崖姜的鳞片基均着生于表皮凹陷处,而川滇槲蕨鳞片基着生于表皮凸起处。结论:几种材料的根状茎鳞片有显著差异,可以作为鉴别骨碎补正品槲蕨及其混淆品的依据。     

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial remedies

Aim

The plant species reported here are traditionally used in Northern Peru to treat bacterial infections, often addressed by the local healers as “inflammation”. The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of their antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Materials and methods

The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and water extracts of 141 plant species was determined using a deep-well broth microdilution method on commercially available bacterial strains.

Results

The ethanolic extracts of 51 species inhibited Escherichia coli, and 114 ethanolic extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, only 30 aqueous extracts showed activity against Escherichia coli and 38 extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC concentrations were mostly very high and ranged from 0.008 to 256 mg/ml, with only 36 species showing inhibitory concentrations of <4 mg/ml. The ethanolic extracts exhibited stronger activity and a much broader spectrum of action than the aqueous extracts. Hypericum laricifolium, Hura crepitans, Caesalpinia paipai, Cassia fistula, Hyptis sidifolia, Salvia sp., Banisteriopsis caapi, Miconia salicifolia and Polygonum hydropiperoides showed the lowest MIC values and would be interesting candidates for future research.

Conclusions

The presence of antibacterial activity could be confirmed in most species used in traditional medicine in Peru which were assayed in this study. However, the MIC for the species employed showed a very large range, and were mostly very high. Nevertheless, traditional knowledge might provide some leads to elucidate potential candidates for future development of new antibiotic agents.     

重楼属药用植物的数量分类学研究

目的:运用数量分类学对重楼属的分类进行研究。方法:选取18个性状应用数量分类学原理与方法对重楼属Paris17种代表植物进行研究,选取欧式距离系数和非加权平均数法(UPGMA)进行聚类。结果和结论:聚类分析结果将重楼属17个种分为2个组群和7个组,并与传统分类学相比较讨论,2个组群的划分与李恒分类系统中侧膜胎座亚属和中轴胎座亚属不同,但其中第5,6,7组分别与李恒分类系统中的海南组、五指莲组、北重楼组的划分基本一致,而传统分类中根据特殊性状建立的球药隔组、花叶组和黑籽组被归入第2,3,4组。     

三叶木通种子的解剖学研究

三叶木通全株均可入药,具有多种药理作用,但种子解剖结构的相关报道较少,该文研究了三叶木通果实与种子的形态结构以及种皮、珠孔区、胚及胚乳的解剖学特征,为木通属的系统分类研究以及药材预知子的鉴定及开发利用提供依据。结果表明三叶木通种子的种皮由表皮细胞、厚壁细胞层、薄壁细胞层和色素层构成。珠孔区基部的外表皮细胞特化成了白色的种埠状结构,珠孔区的种皮含有大量的木质化结构。胚乳细胞分2层,外层黄棕色的胚乳细胞含有大量油滴,内层白色胚乳细胞含大量的糊粉粒和拟晶体。     

Pharmacophylogenetic Study on Plants of Genus Salvia L. from China

In China,many species of genus Salvia L.(Lamiaceae)are important medicinal plants with a long history.Due to their marked ethnopharmacological uses in folk medicine and a large number of active constituents with therapeutic potential found recently,they have become a rich source for new drug discovery,mechanism research,and biological experiment.All medicinal plants of Salvia L.could be divided into three groups(Groups 1,2,and 3).The plants in Group 1 were used as"Danshen"and are rich in diterpenoids and caffeic acid derivatives.Few introduced plants in Group 2 from America or Europe have been used to clear body-heat and toxins.Abietane diterpenes of medicinal species in Group 3(the species are from Subg.Allagospadonopsis Briq.,Sect.Plethiosphace,or Sect.Notiosphace)are absent,and the contents of caffeic acid derivatives are considerably lower than those in plants of Group 1.