非铀矿山井下氡污染与防护特点

1940年发现非铀矿山井下有高浓度的氡,60年代加拿大纽芬兰萤石矿矿工吸氡引起高肺癌发病率,从而非铀矿山的辐射安全引起了全世界的广泛注意。非铀矿山的辐射防护与铀矿山比较有共同点:都是对氡进行防护:不同点是:非铀矿山氡的析出量、分布与增高原因均不一样。了解这些不同点对做好非铀矿山的防氡工作是十分有益的。本文将介绍近年来我们深入矿山调查研究的结果,这种研究也有益于非铀矿山工作人员吸入氡子体限值卫生防护标准的研制。     

福建部分非铀矿山氡及其子体浓度与评价

福建部分非铀矿山氡及其子体浓度与评价翁德通，杨孝桐，钱庭荣，陈文瑛，赵时敏，徐利亚（福建省放射卫生防护所，福州）许多流行病学调查资料分析结果表明，非铀矿山中矿工氡子体致肺癌死亡发生中与铀矿同样有意义￣［１］，因此非铀矿山中氡浓度与防护问题受到人们的关...     

山东部分非铀矿井氡浓度测量与分析

矿井下的氡积累及其所引起的矿工肺癌不仅见于铀矿山，其他非铀矿山亦存在［１］。自６０年代开始世界各国对非铀矿氡浓度水平进行了调查，并对非铀矿氡的危害给予了高度重视。实验分析提示，仅根据矿石和围岩中的铀含量及井下辐射水平来判断非铀矿井下是否受到氡污染是很...     

非铀矿山矿工高氡暴露职业病危害防控形势分析

目的分析我国非铀山矿工高氡暴露职业病危害防控现状和形势,提出应对措施与建议。方法通过调研当前我国非铀矿山矿工数量、氡暴露水平、健康危害程度、防控现状等,分析非铀矿山矿工氡职业病危害防控形势,并提出加强监管的措施与建议。结果当前我国有约1000万非铀矿山矿工,其中,有色金属矿工的年剂量水平较高。结论当前我国非铀矿山矿工氡职业病防控形势较严峻,尽早提出防控政策和策略,组织开展氡职业病危害水平调查,全面掌握职业病危害现状,实施有效高氡暴露个人剂量监测,有效开展井下工作场所通风,逐步降低矿工氡暴露水平,保护矿工健康权益。     

枣庄矿区井下氡浓度水平与内照射剂量的估算

大量研究表明,矿井中氡浓度远高于地面环境中的氡浓度,是导致矿工肺癌高发的主要原因之一。国内有些专家对云南锡矿、湖南铀矿等有色金属矿山进行了调查研究,研究结果表明,其肺癌发病主要归因子氡子体的作用。目前,对煤矿井下氡浓度水平与肺癌发病关系的研究国内尚未见到系统     

我国非铀矿工纳入辐射防护管理的可行性初探

目的 从法律层面探讨将非铀矿工纳入辐射防护管理的可行性。方法 汇总我国部分非铀矿山氡致井下矿工人均年有效剂量数据的相关文献资料,并结合国际先进管理理念,探寻我国在非铀矿工辐射防护管理方面的缺位。结果 通过立法对非铀矿工进行辐射防护管理,以填补我国在此方面的监管空白,保障千万矿工健康,维护矿工应得权益,彰显社会公平公正。结论 借鉴IAEA与其他发达国家的做法,以氡致井下一线矿工职业照射年有效剂量1mSv作为审管标准。     

空气中氡-222及其短寿命子体的快速测量方法

辐射防护监测包括监测技术和监测方法两个部分,本文对空气中氡-222及其短寿命子体的监测方法作一个重点讨论。在开采铀矿过程中氡-222产生的子代产物,特别是短寿命子体是矿井空气中对矿工呼吸道辐射损伤的重要原因。为了评价矿工呼吸道辐射水平,有必要对空气中氡及其短寿命子体的快速测量方法作进一步研究解决。 目前对氡-222的短寿命子体测量方法最广泛的是用超细纤维滤膜采集空气中氡的子     

某铀矿矿工肺功能指标测定及其逐步回归分析

本文测定了某铀矿203名职工的5项肺功能指标VC，FEV1，FEV1％，MMEF和MBC，并了逐步回归分析，发现在可能影响肺功能各项指标的因素中，以呼气氡浓度和矿工氡子体累积暴露水平的作用最大，提示铀矿工长期接触高浓度氡及其子体，其肺功能可能受到一定程度的损害。     

非铀矿山氡与矿工肺癌关系的探讨

氡及其子体是一种职业危害因素,关于氡及其子体的危害国内外已有报道。1984～1986年我们对本地区十三个非铀矿矿井氡及其子体浓度与1970～1984年的矿工肺癌发病情况进行了调查。结果发现:     

江西省某典型非铀矿山高氡暴露矿工健康效应现状调查

目的 了解江西省某典型非铀矿山高氡暴露矿工的健康效应现状。方法 采用普查的方法,对≥40岁井下一线工人进行基本情况、氡知晓率的调查,并开展井下一线矿工职业健康检查和肺部低剂量CT筛查。结果 井下一线矿工对氡的知晓率仅为3.70%,外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变分析发现100个细胞畸变率为0%、外周血淋巴细胞微核试验的异常率为0.02‰,眼科检查（晶体裂隙灯检查、玻璃体、眼底）均未见异常,白细胞数异常率为3.70%,肺部小结节检出率为48.15%。结论 高氡暴露井下一线矿工肺部小结节检出率较高,矿工对氡缺乏认知,亟需加强矿工关于氡的危害宣传教育及井下一线矿工的职业病预防控制。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.