依达拉奉联合常规治疗对急性脑梗死患者神经功能的影响

摘 要 目的:观察依达拉奉联合常规治疗对急性脑梗死患者神经功能的影响。方法：144例急性脑梗死患者随机分为观察组(n=72)和对照组(n=72),对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上加用依达拉奉,疗程2周。比较两组患者治疗前后的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、血清丙二醛(MDA)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平变化,根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定两组神经功能缺损。结果：治疗后两组的NIHSS评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),观察组治疗后评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患者血清SOD水平均较治疗前明显升高,MDA和NSE水平则明显降低(P<0.05);且治疗后两组患者SOD、MDA和NSE水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组药品不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：依达拉奉能明显改善急性脑梗死患者的神经功能,其作用机制与清除自由基、降低神经元特异性烯醇化酶有关。     

神经节苷酯辅助治疗急性脑梗死患者的疗效及对其血清hs-CRP、TNF-α的影响

摘 要 目的： 探讨神经节苷脂钠治疗急性脑梗死患者的疗效及对其血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的影响。方法: 急性脑梗死患者216例随机分为观察组与对照组,每组108例。对照组患者予常规治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上加用神经节苷脂注射液100 mg加入0.9%氯化钠注射液250 ml,ivd,qd。两组疗程均为14 d。评价两组临床疗效,比较两组患者治疗前后神经功能缺损程度评分（NDS）、日常生活活动量评分,以及血清hs-CRP和TNF-α水平变化。观察两组药品不良反应发生情况。结果: 观察组治疗总有效率为90.7%,明显高于对照组的71.3%（P＜0.05）。治疗后,观察组NDS评分较前明显降低,而ADL评分较前明显提高（P＜0.05）,且与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而对照组患者治疗前后NDS及ADL评分无明显变化（P＞0.05）。两组患者治疗后血清hs-CRP和TNF-α水平均较治疗前明显降低（P＜0.05）,且观察组血清hs-CRP和TNF-α水平明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间两组患者均未见药品不良反应发生。结论: 神经节苷脂钠辅助治疗急性脑梗死疗效良好,能显著降低患者血清hs-CRP和TNF-α水平,改善患者NDS及ADL评分,且安全性好,值得在临床上进一步推广应用。     

布拉酵母菌散辅助治疗婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病疗效观察

摘 要 目的:观察布拉酵母菌散治疗婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病的临床疗效。方法： 126例胆汁淤积性肝病患儿分为观察组和对照组各63例。对照组给予护肝、利胆退黄等基础治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用布拉酵母菌散,疗程均为4周。比较两组患儿黄疽消退、肝脾回缩时间以及肝功能指标的变化,总体评价其临床疗效。结果：治疗后两组患儿在黄疸消退、肝脾回缩等均有明显好转,观察组好转时间较对照组明显缩短(P＜0. 05) ;治疗后,观察组血清肝功能TBIL、DBIL、TBA、ALP、GGT等指标均明显下降,除ALT,其他肝功能指标均优于对照组(P＜0.05和P＜0.01);观察组显效率、总有效率均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);巨细胞病毒感染引起的胆汁淤积性肝病患儿中,观察组不良反应发生率明显少于对照组（P<0.01)。结论：布拉酵母菌散联合基础治疗能改善胆汁淤积性肝病婴儿肝脏功能,加速黄疸消退,同时还能减轻治疗过程中的不良反应。     

舌下免疫治疗对过敏性哮喘患儿血清免疫指标的影响及临床观察

摘 要 目的：比较过敏性哮喘患儿舌下免疫治疗（SLIT）前后外周血血清IL 2、IL 6、IL 21及TGF β1水平变化,观察其疗效。方法: 112例过敏性哮喘患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各56例,根据病情调整吸入性糖皮质激素治疗方案,观察组同时加用粉尘螨滴剂舌下含服,疗程2年。采用ELISA法检测治疗前后患儿血清IL 2、IL 6、IL 21及TGF β1水平,观察患儿哮喘症状评分及肺功能变化,评价临床疗效。结果: 105例（观察组53例,对照组52例）完成治疗。观察组患儿血清IL 2及TGF β1水平较治疗前明显升高,IL 6及IL 21水平较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）;日、夜间症状评分较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,肺功能指标较治疗前明显升高（P<0.05）。治疗2年后观察组患儿各项指标均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论: SLIT治疗有助于恢复过敏性哮喘患儿免疫失衡,对改善哮喘患儿日夜间哮喘症状评分及肺功能有效。     

瑞舒伐他汀强化调脂对不稳定型心绞痛患者氧化应激的影响

摘 要 目的： 探讨瑞舒伐他汀强化调脂对不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者氧化应激的影响。方法: 选取92例UAP患者随机分为观察组和对照组各46例。两组均予以阿司匹林、β-受体阻断药、硝酸酯类和血管紧张素转换酶抑制药等基础治疗;对照组加用瑞舒伐他汀片10 mg,qd,睡前口服,观察组加用瑞舒伐他汀片20 mg,qd,睡前口服。两组疗程均为8周。观察两组患者治疗前后血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和脂质过氧化物(LPO)水平变化,比较药品不良反应发生情况。结果: 观察组和对照组失访率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗8周后,两组血清MDA和LPO水平较前明显下降,SOD水平较前明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且观察组变化幅度较对照组更明显(P<0.05)。两组药品不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:瑞舒伐他汀强化调脂治疗UAP患者的安全性较佳,作用可能与其降低血清MDA和LPO水平,提高SOD水平,抑制脂质过氧化反应与增加其抗氧化能力密切相关。     

百蕊颗粒联合利巴韦林治疗儿童季节性流感疗效观察

摘 要 目的： 观察百蕊颗粒联合利巴韦林治疗儿童季节性流感临床疗效。方法: 60例季节性流感患儿随机分成观察组和对照组各30例,对照组患儿予利巴韦林气雾剂治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用百蕊颗粒治疗,治疗3 d后对比两组患儿的症状消失时间及疗效。结果: 观察组总有效率为96.67％,对照组总有效率为86.67％,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组疗效分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05) 。观察组发热、咽喉红肿、咳喇、头痛及全身痛临床症状消失时间较对照组明显缩短（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论: 百蕊颗粒联合利巴韦林治疗小儿季节性流感疗效确切。     

肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗儿童急性喉炎疗效观察

摘 要 目的： 对比肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入与地塞米松雾化吸入治疗儿童急性喉炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法: 68例急性喉炎患儿随机分成两组,均给予常规综合治疗,在此基础上,对照组30例予地塞米松雾化吸入;观察组38例予肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入。观察两组患儿治疗12,24,72 h临床效果、临床症状体征消失时间及药品不良反应。结果: 观察组患儿治疗12,24,72 h后临床效果均显著优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗72 h,观察组治愈率为71.05%,明显高于对照组的56.67%(P<0.05)。观察组临床症状体征消失时间均显著早于对照组(P<0.05);两组患儿均未见明显药品不良反应。结论: 肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗儿童急性喉炎临床效果优于地塞米松雾化吸入,能迅速改善患儿临床症状体征,且安全性好,值得临床推广应用。     

常规治疗联合孟鲁司特治疗儿童支气管哮喘疗效观察

摘 要 目的:探讨常规治疗基础上加用孟鲁司特治疗儿童支气管哮喘的临床疗效。方法： 76例支气管哮喘住院患儿采用随机数表法分成两组各38例。对照组患儿给予吸氧、化痰、平喘、解痉等常规对症治疗,观察在对照组基础上加用孟鲁司特片。治疗3个月后,观察两组患儿临床疗效、临床症状体征消失时间及住院时间,比较两组治疗前后肺功能改善情况及治疗期间药品不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗后,观察组总有效率为94.74%,高于对照组的76.31%(P<0.05);观察组临床症状体征消失时间及住院时间较对照组显著缩短(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组肺功能均较前有明显改善(P<0.05),与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组在治疗的过程中均未见明显不良反应。结论：常规治疗基础上加用孟鲁司特治疗儿童支气管哮喘效果显著,可有效改善患儿临床症状体征及肺功能,缩短住院时间。     

丹参多酚酸盐联合常规治疗急性脑梗死疗效及对血清白细胞介素-6影响观察

摘 要 目的：观察丹参多酚酸盐联合常规治疗对急性脑梗死患者的疗效及对血清炎性因子白细胞介素 6（IL 6）的影响。方法: 70例急性脑梗死患者随机分为观察组和对照组各35例,均给予脑梗死常规治疗,观察组在此基础上加用丹参多酚酸盐注射液200 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液250 ml,ivd,qd。两组疗程均为2周。另选取30例健康体检者为健康对照组。分别于治疗第3天、第7天、第10天及第14天评定两组患者神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS评分）;于发病24 h内,治疗第3天、第7天、第10天及第14天检测两组患者血清IL 6水平,并与健康对照组的血清IL 6水平相比较。结果: 治疗第7天开始观察组NIHSS评分较入院时显著下降（P<0.05）,此后NIHSS评分持续下降;对照组NIHSS评分则在治疗第10天开始显著下降（P<0.05）。治疗第7天后,观察组NIHSS评分均显著低于对照组同期（P<0.05）。两组入院24 h内血清IL 6水平均显著高于健康对照组（P<0.05）。观察组血清IL 6水平从治疗第7天开始逐渐下降,治疗第14天时与健康对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组血清IL 6水平在治疗第10天后逐渐下降,但对照组各时段血清IL 6水平均高于健康对照组（P<0.05）。治疗第7天开始观察组血清IL 6水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;且观察组血清IL 6水平最高值明显低于对照组最高值（P<0.05）。结论: 丹参多酚酸盐联合常规治疗能有效降低脑梗死患者NIHSS评分,降低其血清IL 6水平,效果优于单纯常规治疗。     

疏风解毒胶囊联合常规治疗上气道咳嗽综合征的疗效观察

摘 要 目的：探讨疏风解毒胶囊治疗上气道咳嗽综合征（UACS）的临床疗效和安全性。 方法: 有基础鼻或鼻窦疾患的UACS患者55例随机分成观察组（n=28）和对照组（n=27）。对照组予氯雷他定片10 mg qd;布地奈德鼻喷剂128 μg,喷鼻,bid;罗红霉素分散片0.15 g qd。观察组在对照组基础上加用疏风解毒胶囊40 mg·kg-1,po,tid。两组均连续用药4周。观察两组患者治疗前后各项症状积分变化及药品不良反应,评价两组疗效。结果:观察组总有效率达85.71%,明显优于对照组的70.37%（P<0.05）。两组患者鼻部症状和咳嗽症状均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,且观察组各项症状积分均优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:常规治疗方案加用疏风解毒胶囊治疗UACS能明显提高临床疗效。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.