十一酸睾酮二元醇质体体外透皮特性及其安全性研究

摘 要 目的： 对十一酸睾酮（TU）二元醇质体的体外透皮特性进行考察,并对其皮肤安全性进行研究。方法: 采用注入法制备TU二元醇质体;以小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用Franz扩散池法对其体外透皮特性进行考察;以豚鼠为实验动物,对其皮肤刺激性、过敏性、毒性进行考察。结果: TU二元醇质体平均包封率为（79.14±0.66）%;体外透皮实验中,累积释药百分率Q与时间t的关系符合一级动力学方程：Q=8.57t+8.26（r=0.998 6）,稳态透皮速率为8.57 μg·cm^-2·h^-1;24 h后TU在皮肤中的滞留量为（208.8±55.26）μg·g^-1;TU二元醇质体无明显局部刺激性、致敏性及急性毒性。结论: TU二元醇质体表现出较好的体外透皮渗透性,且安全性理想,值得进一步研究。     

十一酸睾酮二元醇质体凝胶剂体内外透皮特性研究

摘 要 目的：对十一酸睾酮（TU）二元醇质体凝胶进行体内外透皮考察。方法: 采用注入法制备TU二元醇质体,以卡波姆941为凝胶基质,制备TU二元醇质体凝胶剂;以小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用Franz扩散池法对其体外透皮特性进行考察;以大鼠为实验动物,背部给予TU二元醇质体凝胶剂后,于设定的时间点测定血浆中TU浓度,计算药动学参数,并与TU二元醇质体进行比较。结果: TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的体外累积透皮百分率Q与时间t均符合一级动力学模型,线性方程分别为：Q=8.68t+6.78（r=0.998 2）和Q=6.09t+3.09（r=0.999 3）,稳态透皮速率分别为8.68 μg·cm^-2·h^-1和6.09 μg·cm^-2·h^-1,24 h后TU在皮肤中的滞留量分别为（208.80±55.26）μg·g^-1和（225.60±38.90）μg·g^-1;大鼠体内TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的主要药动学参数分别为：Cmax（18.50±2.75）mg·L^-1和（20.80±2.42）mg·L^-1;tmax（6.20±0.14）h和（9.54±0.52）h;AUC0-48h（336.74±2.05）h和（486.30±1.68）h。结论:TU二元醇质体及其凝胶均呈现较好的体内外透皮特性,且在缓释性上凝胶剂表现更优。     

酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒的制备与评价

摘 要 目的：制备酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒的处方并对其进行质量评价。方法: 以包封率为评价指标,通过正交试验优化制剂处方并对其从形态、粒径、Zeta电位、药物存在状态进行表征,采用透析法进行体外释放并对释放过程进行拟合。结果: 酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒的最优处方为酮洛芬50 mg、泊洛沙姆0.1 g、吐温 80 0.2 g、卵磷脂0.15 g、单硬脂酸甘油酯0.05 g,其包封率为61.95%,粒径151.7 nm,Zeta电位为-30.2 mv,形态圆整,差示扫描量热（DSC）分析表明药物以非结晶形式分散于纳米粒骨架中;体外释药曲线显示纳米粒体外释药先快后慢,12 h累积释放药物（85.11±7.62）%,包封于降解材料骨架内的药物通过骨架溶蚀缓慢释放,药物的体外释放符合Higuchi方程。结论: 酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒制备方法简便、可行,质量评价较好,值得进一步研究。     

重楼总皂苷自微乳化颗粒剂的制备及体外溶出研究

摘 要 目的：制备重楼总皂苷自微乳化释药系统并固化成颗粒剂,考察其体外溶出情况。方法: 考察重楼总皂苷在不同辅料中的溶解度,并通过绘制由不同比例油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂组成的伪三元相图,确定重楼总皂苷自微乳化释药系统的最优处方,并将自微乳化释药系统固化制备成颗粒剂。评价自微乳化释药系统和自微乳化颗粒剂经水稀释后形成微乳的外观、微观形态、粒径分布、Zeta电位。比较重楼总皂苷自微乳化释药系统以及自微乳化颗粒剂的体外溶出情况。结果: 最终确定重楼总皂苷自微乳化释药系统的处方组成为：丙二醇单辛酸酯作为油相,吐温80作为乳化剂,丙二醇作为助乳化剂,最佳配比为7.0∶1.5∶1.5。重楼总皂苷自微乳化释药系统以及自微乳化颗粒剂经水稀释后形成的微乳外观呈微泛蓝光的澄清、透明状液体;平均粒径分别为（58.6±16.4）nm和（68.1±12.1）nm,PdI分别为（0.183±0.04）和（0.209±0.05）,Zeta电位分别为（-20.2±1.9）mV和（-18.9±1.5）mV;透射电镜下显示微乳呈圆整、规则球状分布。重楼总皂苷自微乳化释药系统以及自微乳化颗粒剂在45 min时药物的溶出度均超过85%。结论: 将重楼总皂苷制备成自微乳化颗粒剂可显著提高药物的体外溶出速度,制备工艺简单可行。     

伏立康唑N-三甲基壳聚糖包衣脂质体的制备及体外性质考察

摘 要 目的：制备N 三甲基壳聚糖（TMC）包衣伏立康唑（VCZ）脂质体冻干品,对其体外性质进行考察。方法: 采用薄膜分散法制备VCZ脂质体（VCZL）,以季铵化程度60%的TMC（TMC60）对其进行包衣。处方采用正交试验进行优化,并筛选出最优的冻干保护剂制备冻干品。考察其形态、粒径及Zeta电位,并用透析袋法研究体外释药特性。结果: TMC60包衣VCZL最优处方组成为质量比卵磷脂 ∶〖KG-*4〗胆固醇4 ∶〖KG-*4〗1,药物 ∶〖KG-*4〗类脂1 ∶〖KG-*4〗20,TMC60溶液浓度为0.15 mg·ml-1,PBS的pH为7.4。TMC60包衣VCZL形态圆整,平均粒径为（590.4±16.0）nm,冻干复水化后平均粒径为（503.2±20.5）nm;VCZL的Zeta电位为-46.4 mV,TMC60包衣后为+54.9 mV,冻干复水化后为+52.6 mV;冻干前后平均包封率无明显变化;体外释药符合Higuchi方程。结论: TMC60包衣VCZL粒径均匀,带正电荷,包封率较高,具有缓释性,冻干对其主要性质无显著影响。     

阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统的制备与评价

摘 要 目的：开发并优化阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统,改善阿托伐他汀钙的溶出度。方法: 通过溶解度和伪三元相图实验确定油相,表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的种类和用量范围,并通过D 最优混料实验设计优化阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统的处方,评价了自微乳化释药系统经水稀释后形成微乳的外观,微观形态,粒径分布,Zeta电位;比较市售阿托伐他汀钙片与自制阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统的体外溶出情况。结果: 阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统的处方组成为：Capmul MCM作为油相,Labrasol作为表面活性剂,Transcutol P作为助表面活性剂,最佳配比为：13.0〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗43.5〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗43.5。自微乳化释药系统经水稀释后形成的微乳外观呈微泛蓝光的澄清透明状液体;透射电镜下显示其呈圆整,规则球状分布;平均粒径为（34.2±13.6）nm,PdI为（0.169±0.04）,Zeta电位为（-21.1±1.3）mV;阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统在45 min内药物可完全溶出。结论: 运用D 最优混料实验设计方法成功开发了阿托伐他汀钙自微乳化释药系统,可以有效提高药物的溶出速度。     

阿德福韦酯自微乳释药系统的制备和体外评价

摘 要 目的：制备阿德福韦酯自微乳释药系统并对其进行体外评价。 方法: 通过溶解度试验、处方配伍筛选、伪三元相图的绘制及正交设计,以自乳化速率、粒径为指标,筛选最优处方,并对阿德福韦酯自微乳的自乳化性质和体外释药进行评价。 结果: 阿德福韦酯自微乳最优处方：聚氧乙烯蓖麻油35（Cremophor EL35）为37.5%,二乙二醇单乙醚（Transcutol Hp）为37.5%,单油酸甘油酯(PECEOL)为25%,载药量3%;用50倍水稀释在24S内乳化完全,平均粒径为(26.30±0.46 ) nm,Zeta电位为(-8.96±0.57 ) mV;阿德福韦酯自微乳在5 min时溶出度达到85%以上。 结论:本研究制备的阿德福韦酯自微乳化给药系统,能显著提高阿德福韦酯的溶解度和体外溶出速率。     

辛伐他汀纳米结构脂质载体的制备与体外研究

摘 要 目的： 制备辛伐他汀纳米结构脂质载体（辛伐他汀-NLCs）。方法: 采用热熔乳化超声-低温固化法制备辛伐他汀-NLCs,以辛伐他汀-NLCs粒径分布、多聚分散系数（PdI）、包封率和载药量为评价指标,考察了制备辛伐他汀-NLCs的固体与液体脂质比例、脂质浓度、表面活性剂与助表面活性剂比例、乳化剂浓度、药物浓度等处方因素,并对制得的最优辛伐他汀-NLCs处方进行表征;考察辛伐他汀-NLCs的体外释药行为及稳定性。结果: 辛伐他汀 NLCs的最优处方为：辛伐他汀浓度为0.5%,鲸蜡醇棕榈酸酯浓度为1.5%,辛酸/癸酸甘油酯浓度为4.5%,大豆卵磷脂浓度为2.5%,聚乙二醇-12-羟基硬脂酸酯浓度为1.5%;制得的3批辛伐他汀-NLCs平均粒径为（102.2±42.1）nm,PdI为（0.201±0.023）,Zeta电位为（-33.1±4.1）mV,透射电镜显示成圆整、规则球形,24 h累计释放度为（59.1±4.8）%;稳定性研究显示,辛伐他汀-NLCs在5℃条件下放置3个月稳定。结论: 该处方可用于辛伐他汀-NLCs的制备,工艺可行。     

去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒的制备及质量评价

摘 要 目的：制备去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒,并考察其理化性质。方法: 采用超高压微射流技术制备去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒,以白蛋白纳米粒的平均粒径和药物包封率作为评价指标,首先应用Plackett Burman试验设计法筛选出对白蛋白纳米粒性质影响显著的处方和工艺变量,再通过Box Behnken试验设计法对筛选的变量进一步优化。考察了去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒的外观形态、粒径分布和Zeta电位及体外释药行为。结果:通过优化制备的去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒呈类球形分布,平均粒径为（105.2±30.1）nm,PdI为0.127,Zeta电位为（-24.7±1.9）mV,在0.5%吐温80磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 7.4）中24 h的累积释放度为81.4%。结论:采用超高压微射流技术制备去甲斑蝥素白蛋白纳米粒,工艺简便可行,重复性好,有望工业化生产。     

复方阿托伐他汀钙依泽麦布自微乳化片剂的制备与评价

摘 要 目的：制备复方阿托伐他汀钙依泽麦布自微乳化释药系统并固化压制成片剂,并考察其体外溶出情况。方法: 测定阿托伐他汀钙和依泽麦布在不同辅料中的溶解度,进行辅料配伍试验,并通过绘制由不同比例油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂组成的伪三元相图,以形成自微乳化区域面积大小指标,最终确定复方阿托伐他汀钙依泽麦布自微乳化释药系统的最优处方,评价自微乳化释药系统经水稀释后形成微乳的外观、微观形态、粒径分布、Zeta电位;将自微乳化释药系统固化并制备成片剂;比较复方阿托伐他汀依泽麦布片、自微乳化释药系统以及自微乳化片的体外溶出情况。结果: 确定的处方组成为：丙二醇单辛酸酯为油相,Solutol HS 15为表面活性剂,聚乙二醇600为助表面活性剂,最佳配比为5〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗3.75〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗1.25;自微乳化释药系统经水稀释后形成的微乳外观呈微泛蓝光的澄清、透明状液体;透射电镜下显示其呈圆整、规则球状分布;平均粒径为（44.2±19.5）nm,Zeta电位为（-24.1±1.3）mV;复方阿托伐他汀钙依泽麦布自微乳化释药系统以及自微乳化片在45 min时药物均可完全溶出。结论: 将阿托伐他汀钙依泽麦布制备成自微乳化片剂,可显著提高两种药物的体外溶出速度,制备工艺简单可行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.