双氯芬酸依泊胺凝胶在大鼠体内的药动学

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大鼠血浆中的双氯芬酸,并考察皮肤局部给予双氯芬酸依泊胺凝胶后大鼠体内的药动学特征.血浆样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白,以布洛芬为内标,采用ESI源负离子模式、多反应监测(MRM)进行定量分析.检测离子对为m/z 295.9→m/z 252.0(双氯芬酸)和m/z 205.1→m/z 161.2(布洛芬).双氯芬酸在1～200 ng/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,方法回收率为97.80％～104.4％,日内、日间RSD分别小于6.12％和7.51％.SD大鼠经皮给予0.3 g双氯芬酸依泊胺凝胶后,主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(79.90±29.8)ng/ml,AUC0 →,(1 198±349) ng·ml-1·h,AUC0 →∞(1 358±567) ng.ml-1·h,tmax(4.8±23)h,t1/2 (9.208±4.60)h,MRT0→1(11.22±1.06)h.     

人血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯的LC-MS/MS法测定及其药动学

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中的单硝酸异山梨酯.采用Venusil ASB C8色谱柱,以甲醇-5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(60∶40)为流动相,电喷雾离子源,负离子模式,多反应监测(MRM).监测离子为m/z 249.9→58.2(单硝酸异山梨酯)和m/z 149.9→106.4(内标,对乙酰氨基酚).单硝酸异山梨酯在5～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性关系良好,低、中、高浓度组的提取回收率分别为69.6％、58.9％和64.6％.志愿者单剂量U服20 mg单硝酸异山梨酯口崩片后的主要药动学参数为:cmax (343.0±87.3) ng/ml,tmax (1.11±0.67)h,t1/2 (6.01±1.29)h,AUC0-0→t(2 578±605) ng·h·ml-1,AUC0→∞(2 785±653) ng·h·ml-1.     

人全血中阿莫地喹的LC-MS/MS法测定及其药动学

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法测定健康志愿者全血中的阿莫地喹(1),并考察其在健康志愿者体内的药动学。以羟化氯喹为内标,使用Agilent Zorbax SB C18柱,乙腈∶20 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(23∶77)为流动相;采用大气压力化学电离源(APCI),多反应监测(MRM)模式,正离子检测,监测离子对为m/z 356.3→m/z 283.2(1)和m/z 336.0→m/z247.1(内标)。1在0.5~100 ng/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,日内和日间RSD均小于10.0%,提取回收率大于70.4%。18名男性健康志愿者口服青蒿琥酯1盐酸盐片,主要药动学参数为cmax(25.9±4.7)ng/ml,tmax(1.1±0.3)h,t1/2(13.9±3.9)h,AUC0→t(294.5±42.8)ng·h·ml-1,AUC0→∞(310.3±45.0)ng·h·ml-1。     

经皮给药后尼索地平在大鼠体内血药浓度的LC-MS法测定

建立了液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠血浆中的尼索地平,并考察尼索地平微乳凝胶经皮给药后在大鼠体内的药动学.采用电喷雾离子源(ESI源),正离子检测,选择离子监测(SIM),监测离子对为m/z 411(尼索地平)和m/z 441(尼莫地平,内标).血浆中尼索地平在0.5～50 ng/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,方法回收率为95％～102％,RSD≤5.8％.血浆中药物的提取回收率大于70％.采用雄性SD大鼠考察微乳凝胶经皮给药后的体内药动学行为并与口服混悬剂进行比较.含尼索地平20 mg的微乳凝胶经皮给药后的主要药动学参数分别为tmx (42.00±6.92)h,cmax (27.53±1.88) ng/ml,AUC0→72h(1736.31±106.59) ng·h·ml1,AUC0→∞(1999.66±119.26) ng·h·ml-1,MRT (44.02±0.77)h和t1/2 (7.61±0.70)h.     

左旋普卢利沙星在大鼠体内的药动学

比较了普卢利沙星左旋异构体和消旋体在SD大鼠体内的药动学特征。建立了液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中普卢利沙星的活性代谢产物NM394。采用C18色谱柱,以乙腈-水(45︰55,含5 mmol/L甲酸铵和0.1%甲酸)为流动相,ESI源正离子模式,选择性离子检测,监测离子对m/z 350.2→332.2(NM394)和m/z 361.9→317.9(氧氟沙星,内标)。SD大鼠分别灌胃给予普卢利沙星左旋异构体和消旋体,所得主要药动学参数分别为cmax(1 116±322)和(422±110)ng/ml,tmax(1.3±0.3)和(1.4±0.4)h,AUC0→6 h(2 576±765)和(1 218±275)ng.h.ml-1,AUC0→∞(2 859±959)和(1 409±326)ng.h.ml-1,t1/2(1.5±0.5)和(1.9±0.5)h。     

人血浆中氟康唑的LC-MS/MS法测定及药动学

建立了LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中的氟康唑(1).采用C18色谱柱,以甲磺酸酚妥拉明(2)为内标,2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(含0.05%甲酸)-甲醇(40:60)为流动相,电喷雾离子化源,选择性正离子多反应监测,检测离子分别为m/z 307.2→238.2(1)和m/z 282.2→212.2(2).1在0.03～10 μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,方法回收率大于94%,提取回收率大于90%,日内和日间RSD均小于5.4%.20名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服1片150 mg,主要药动学参数为Cmax(3.26±0.54)μg/ml,tmax(1.42±0.65)h,t1/2(29.75±4.89)h,AUC0→120 h(131.4±23.4) μg·ml-1·h和AUC0→∞(140.5±26.3) μg·ml-1·h.     

LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中米非司酮及低剂量人体药代动力学研究

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中米非司酮浓度,并对口服10 mg米非司酮片后的药代动力学进行研究。方法:血浆样品以他达那非为内标,经乙腈沉淀蛋白后进行LC-MS/MS分析。采用高效液相色谱分离系统,色谱柱为Sun Fire C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),流动相为10 mmo L·L-1醋酸铵溶液-乙腈-甲酸(20∶80∶0.2);采用质谱检测系统,ESI离子源,正离子模式,多反应监测(MRM)方式监测m/z 430→m/z 372(米非司酮)和m/z 390→m/z 268(内标他达那非)。结果:米非司酮质量浓度在1.0~1 000.0 ng·m L-1范围内与色谱响应相关性良好,定量下限为1.0 ng·m L-1。批内及批间精密度RSD均小于9%,准确度在91.0%~107.6%。20名受试者单次服用10 mg米非司酮片后AUC0-96 h为(4 198.2±1 792.8)ng·m L-1·h,AUC0-∞为(4 384.2±1 880.1)ng·m L-1·h,Cmax为(476.4±223.1)ng·m L-1,tmax为(1.04±0.80)h,t1/2为(20.61±6.50)h,MRT为(21.46±4.32)h,CL为(2.7±1.1)L·h-1,Vd为(75.9±28.0)L。结论:本测定方法灵敏准确,简便易行,适用于服用低剂量米非司酮后血药浓度的测定及其药代动力学研究。研究结果显示米非司酮片口服后吸收较快,1 h左右达峰值;受试者用药后无不良事件发生,安全性较高。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定大鼠血浆中咪达唑仑和非那西丁及其药动学研究

目的建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时测定非那西丁(PN)、咪达唑仑(MDZ)在大鼠血液中的含量。方法大鼠随机被分为PN组、MDZ组和PN-MDZ合用组(均n=6),分别尾静脉注射PN、MDZ及PN和MDZ混合探针药物,剂量均为1 mg·kg-1。于指定时间眼眶采集血样,以苯海拉明为内标,采用LC-MS/MS测定大鼠血浆中探针药物及其代谢产物的浓度。色谱柱为Kinetex XB-C18柱(100 mm×3.0 mm,2.6μm),流动相为甲醇∶0.025%甲酸水,进行梯度洗脱。电喷雾离子源,以多反应离子监测方法进行正离子扫描,PN和其代谢产物醋氨酚(Ace),MDZ和其代谢产物1-羟基咪达唑仑(1-OH-MDZ)及苯海拉明离子对分别为m/z 180.2→110.0,m/z 152.2→110.1,m/z 326.2→291.2,m/z 342.2→324.2和m/z 256.3→167.2。结果PN、Ace、MDZ和1-OH-MDZ线性范围分别为:4.288~21 440 ng·m L-1、1.038~5 190 ng·m L-1、4.664~11 660 ng·m L-1、0.01~50 ng·m L-1;回收率、稳定性和日内、日间精密度均符合生物样品分析要求;PN和MDZ单用与合用前后药动学参数无显著差异(P>0.05)。PN单用和与MDZ合用后t1/2分别为(0.44±0.15)、(0.42±0.08)h,ρmax分别为(9.35±1.58)、(10.17±0.76)μg·m L-1,AUC0-6 h分别为(4.21±0.63)、(4.90±0.42)μg·h·m L-1;MDZ单用和与PN合用后t1/2分别为(0.64±0.09)、(0.68±0.05)h,ρmax分别为(3.48±0.51)、(3.01±0.64)μg·m L-1,AUC0-6 h分别为(2.58±0.41)、(2.08±0.29)μg·h·m L-1。结论建立的测定方法可用于PN、MDZ以及其代谢产物的药动学研究,并证明PN、MDZ在大鼠体内基本没有代谢的相互作用。     

人血浆中非索非那定的LC-MS/MS法测定及药动学

建立了LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中的非索非那定浓度.以格列美脲为内标,采用C18柱,流动相为甲醇-水(含15 mmol/L乙酸铵和0.05%甲酸)(68∶32),电喷雾离子化源,选择性正离子反应监测,检测离子为m/z 502.1→466.2(非索非那定),m/z 491.2→352.0(格列美脲),并用于人体药动学研究.20名健康志愿者单剂量口服非索伪麻缓释胶囊(非索非那定60、120 mg)后非索非那定的主要药动学参数为:t1/2β(11.34±4.59)和(11.09±3.27)h,tmax(4.20±0.98)和(3.72±1.21)h,cmax(159.28±76.81)和(368.89±165.21)ng/ml,AUC0-48h(997.87±421.12)和(2 386.3±867.5)ng·h·ml-1;多剂量口服非索伪麻缓释胶囊(60 mg,bid)后非索非那定的主要药动学参数为:Cmin(35.45±21.56)ng/ml,Cav(97.88±57.12)ng/ml,DF(1.78±0.32),AUCss(1 196.26±665.06)ng·h·ml-1.     

挤出造粒、气流包衣法制备包衣微粒剂．Ⅵ．氟尿嘧啶肠溶微粒的制备和药动学研究

用挤出造粒、气流包衣技术制备氟尿嘧啶肠溶微粒.体外试验表明,其在0.1mol/L盐酸中2h内不释放,在pH 6.8条件下30min释放大于96%.大鼠体内药物动力学研究表明口服氟尿嘧啶肠溶乳糖微粒后t1/2为(0.63±0.13)h,AUC0→6b为(1215.7±255.3)ng.h-1.ml-1,均优于氟尿嘧啶水溶液[t1/2为(0.35±0.03)h,AUC0→6b为(851.6±84.9)ng.h-1·ml-1].     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.