执行尘肺X线诊断标准情况的调查分析

本文对我省基层尘肺诊断组确诊的１００例尘肺进行了读片调查分析。结果显示：尘肺分散诊断符合率低，不同种类尘肺分期诊断符合率以煤工尘肺最高，矽肺次之，水泥尘肺最低。尘肺分期诊断胃诊率高，尤以Ｉ期尘肺和水泥尘肺（７５％）为甚。尘肺漏诊率为６％。小阴影密集度的断断差异（８３．３３％）是造成冒漏诊的主要原因。     

1991—1995年贵州省疟疾态势分析

“八·五”期间，全省疟疾发病率降至１／万以下，基本消灭了恶性疟；当地居民发热病人血检阳性率下降４３．７５％，当地流动人口血检阳性率上升９４．５６％；当地疟疾病例所占比例由６６．１％下降为３１．５％，而输入疟疾则由３３．９％上升为６８．５％。输入疟疾和疟疾高发县的防治工作是我省今后面临的主要问题     

某高校教职工1982～1992年死亡状况分析

采用回顾性调查法分析教职工病伤死亡情况。结果：１９８２年１月１日～１９９２年１２月３１日，１１年间教职工累计人年数为６１５５２人，死亡人１６９人，死亡率为２７４．５６／１０万，男女死亡率分别为４０６．４０／１０万和１６５．９４／１０万，男性明显高于女性；前５位死因顺位是：恶性肿瘤（死亡率为６８．２３／１０万）、呼吸系疾病（死亡率为５５．２４／１０万）、心血管疾病（死亡率为４３．８７／１０万）、脑血管疾病（死亡率为３５．７４／１０万）、损伤和中毒（死亡率为２２．７５／１０万）。教职工平均死亡年龄为６３．２５岁，工人最高（６５．４９岁），干部次之（６３．３２岁）．教师最低（６０．３１岁）。     

尘斑型尘肺的定量诊断方法

为了解决尘肺病理诊断工作中人为因素的影响问题，作者采用计算机模拟技术，绘制了尘斑型尘肺肺切面的模拟图，并应用体视学定量分析的方法提出了尘斑型尘肺分期的体密度划分标准，对应于尘斑面积为１００％、７５％和５０％的尘斑体密度分别为４１．４、３１．Ｏ和２０．７。经用《尘肺病理诊断标准》提供的标准片进行检验，得到了满意的效果。作者建议在实际测量时使用小格边长为５ｍｍ的方格测试板。     

1579例煤工尘肺致残鉴定结果分析

为验证职业病致残程度鉴定标准及修订标准提供依据，本文采用减少主观指标，增加尘肺期内分级、胸片肺气肿间接征象、心电图、动脉血气分析等客观指标的方法，对１５７９例煤工尘肺进行鉴定。结果：Ⅰ期尘肺致残八级的８４．２１％，五级的１５．７９％；Ⅱ期尘肺致残六级的５４．２２％，五级的４０．６６％，三级的５．１２％；Ⅲ期尘肺致残三级的９６．１５％，二级的３．８５％；尘肺合并结核致残三级的９４．４４％，二级的５．５６％。标准是简单可行的，但仍感在致残等级上分级跨度大；Ⅲ期起步点较高；尘肺合并结核的致残等级不详。对此，我们提出每期尘肺应设三个致残等级的建议。     

福州市闽清县中学生5年营养状况比较分析

目的：了解闽清县城乡学生５年前后营养状况。方法：对闽清县城乡９３５９名中学生５年前后营养状况进行分析比较。结果：城乡中学生总营养不良率为１１．５６％，女生营养不良率（１３．１６％）高于男生（１０．２１％）。中学生总肥胖率为３．３９％，男生肥胖率（４．３１％）高于女生（２．２９％）。城区中学生营养不良率（１０．１６％）低于乡镇（１２．８７％），城区肥胖率（５．１５％）高于乡镇（１．７５％）。结论：中     

新、旧尘肺诊断标准读片差异分析

为了更好地贯彻执行《尘肺病的诊断》新标准，我们对旧标准诊断的368例胸片进行了再读片，结果新、旧标准读片的总符合率为88．3％，无尘肺O^ 的符合率最低为64．3％，Ⅰ期尘肺升为Ⅱ期尘肺的升期率为6．2％，新标准既保持了尘肺诊断标准的延续性，又具有较强的操作性。     

血清血管紧张素转化酶在接尘接毒工人中的检测

我院自１９９４年６月至１９９７年１２月共测定血清血管紧张素转化酶（ＳＡＣＥ）１１６例,其中观察对象６０例,均为接尘、接毒工人,健康对照者５６例。１观察对象分三组①尘肺组共３１例,男性２８例,女性３例,按１９８６年国家尘肺诊断标准诊断Ⅰ期尘肺２１例,Ⅱ...     

青少年面部留疤及有关因素分析

青少年面部留疤调查结果，留疤频率为７０．３１‰，１２￣１６岁组留疤频率最低，〈４￣６岁组留疤频率最高，面部留疤主要分布前额区４１．７６％，其次为双眉区２２．７５％，男生显著高于女生，追溯致疤年龄以学龄前为主６７．４１％，且性别间无明显差异。     

郑州市宾馆、饮食店及街头饮食摊点食（饮）具消毒效果监测

郑州市宾馆、饮食店及街头饮食摊点食（饮）具消毒效果监测曹生臣，甘勇，杨凤仙，时建之（执笔）本文报告了郑州市饮食（饮）具消毒效果。按照《食（饮）具消毒卫生标准》判定，合格率最低为２６．５１％，最高为７１．４３％，平均：食具合格率３１．９７％，饮具７１．...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.