煤矿及铁矿脱尘后尘肺的进展情况分析

为探讨工人脱离粉尘作业后尘肺的发病及进展情况，本文共收集脱尘后尘肺病例２１５３例，现职尘肺２０８２例，对每一病例进行阅片，利用因素分层分析、寿命表及人年率的方法，分析脱尘后尘肺的进展规律。结果表明：脱尘后尘肺接尘工龄较短，而发病工龄及发病年龄较长，其累积晋期率、ＰＭＦ人年发病率均低于现职尘肺。基于本次调查结果，针对如何对脱尘工人进行普查提出了几点建议。     

煤矿工人实际接尘工龄及脱尘率变动趋势分析

研究煤矿井下工人实际接尘工龄及脱尘率对评价粉尘危险度，进行尘肺发病预测具有重要意义，笔者采用回顾性队列研究方法，对某煤矿１９５８～１９８８年入矿工人实际接尘工龄及脱尘情况进行分析，结果表明：（１）工种对接尘工龄有影响，例如接尘１０年时，采煤工累积脱尘概率为３２．３６％，掘进工为２１．９４％，辅助工为２１．６５％，判别非常显著；（２）接尘工龄与工人进行矿年代有关，累积脱尘率达３０％时，１９５８～１９     

824名煤矿脱尘工人尘肺病现状调查

调查显示,824名煤矿脱尘工人的尘肺患病率较高,占尘肺总数的37.40%;按不同接尘年代分组,晚发尘肺患病数及尘肺晋期人数比较,50年代接尘组高于60年代及70年代以后接尘组(P<0.01);不同作业工龄及工种的煤矿脱尘工人晚发性尘肺发病率及尘肺晋期率无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

脱离粉尘岗位工人健康监护随访周期的探讨

吸入并存留于肺内的粉尘可能继续发挥其致尘肺的作用 ,因此 ,接尘工人脱离粉尘作业岗位 (简称脱尘 )后 ,陆续发生尘肺的调查研究 ,已有一些报道。但对于不同接尘工龄 ,脱尘后尘肺的发病概率、发病时间 ,以及随访的最短年限和不可能发病的最长年限的估计等 ,文献尚不多见。其中随访最短年限的估算 ,对于脱尘工人发生的矽肺能及时作出诊断 ,有利于早期治疗 ,加强健康监护管理 ,防止并发症 ,是延长矽肺病人寿命工作中不可缺少的一个方面。为此 ,我们对本钢耐火材料厂 195 6～ 1964年的接尘工人中 ,已经脱尘的 8 8 8名工人的历年随防资料进行了…     

晚发性煤工尘肺139例调查

为了探讨晚发性煤工尘肺的发病规律，选择脱尘两年后诊断为尘肺的139人为晚发组，选择在接尘作业中诊断为尘肺的40人为对照组。从开始接尘年代、接尘工龄、发病年限、晋期、死亡病程等几个方面对晚发组和对照组进行比较。结果表明，晚发组与对照组在接尘工龄、发病年限、死亡病程方面的差异有显著性。     

某钢铁企业晚发尘肺分析

目的探讨钢铁企业晚发尘肺的发病特点。方法就某钢铁公司1950～1999年的177例晚发尘肺病人的晚发年限与接尘工龄、发病年龄、工种等进行分析。结果该钢铁企业尘肺的发病在1980年以后主要表现为脱尘后发病，晚发尘肺病人随晚发年限的延长，接尘工龄缩短，发病年龄延长。结论钢铁企业尘肺的表现向晚发尘肺过渡的主要原因与现场粉尘的治理和近年来职工健康监护的加强有密切关系。     

某煤矿集团不同岗位尘肺病特征分析

目的分析某煤矿集团工人的尘肺潜伏期、发病年龄、接尘工龄状况和脱尘情况等,探讨不同工作环境、工作岗位对煤矿工人健康的影响。方法查阅1990-2010年由职业病诊断机构初次确诊,并记录入档的尘肺患者资料,将符合标准的资料进行数据分析。结果 1990-2010年间累计确诊尘肺病1589例,其中,掘进工人病例最多,达866例。脱尘组病例974例,脱尘组罹患尘肺病的掘进工人的潜伏期小于辅助工和采煤工,发病年龄小于采煤工和混合工,其潜伏期和发病年龄在不同工种间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);未脱尘组罹患尘肺病的掘进工人的潜伏期小于混合工和辅助工(P0.01),且其发病年龄在四个工种最小,其潜伏期和发病年龄在不同工种间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同脱尘情况的不同工作岗位工人职业性尘肺病例特征不同;该煤矿集团,不同工种的工人中掘进工人的健康损害较大。     

永定矿务局尘肺发病资料分析

本文分析了我局6个矿井27年来尘肺发病情况。接尘工人4016名，历年检出各期上肺292例、（Ⅰ期172例、Ⅱ期104例、Ⅲ期16例），肺结核合并率为5．13％，（Ⅰ期尘肺合并肺结率为3．48％、Ⅱ期尘肺合并肺结核率为6．73％，Ⅲ期尘肺合并肺结核率为1．25％），全肺患病率为7．27％，尘肺平均发病工龄18．33％，掘进工尘肺153例，最短发病工龄为12，50年，最长为24，58年、平均工龄17，59年．采煤工尘肺41例、最短发病工龄为15，66年，最长为26．83年，平均为19．18年，混合工种尘肺98例，最短工龄为14．66年，最长为25．08年、平均为18．82年。全…     

影响离尘矿工尘肺发病因素的调查与分析

退休接尘工人或脱离粉尘作业工人尘肺发病情况及其规律的研究，近年来日益受到尘肺防治工作者的重视〔１—３〕。有关影响脱离粉尘作业工人尘肺发病因素的研究，迄今报道甚少〔４〕。本文采用寿命表法探索了接尘起始年代、接尘工龄、接尘工种等因素对尘肺发病的影响。并用...     

宁波市2002至2004年蔺草作业工人尘肺发病情况

目的分析宁波市2002至2004年蔺草作业工人尘肺发病情况,探讨蔺草作业工人的尘肺发病特征及规律。方法收集2002年1月1日至2004年12月31日宁波市蔺草作业工人体检资料,对蔺草作业工人尘肺检出率、平均发病年龄、工龄和工种等指标进行分析。结果累计体检22 780人次,检出新发尘肺203例,其中Ⅰ期152例,Ⅱ期46例,Ⅲ期5例,3年蔺草染土尘肺检出率分别为2.1%、0.9%和0.3%,逐年降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);尘肺平均发病年龄37.64岁,平均接尘工龄6.07年,其中Ⅰ期新发病例平均发病工龄逐年延长;3年男性累计尘肺检出率1.3%,明显高于女性的(0.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);拔草、烘草工序尘肺检出率2.0%,高于其他工种,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论蔺草染土可引发尘肺,其特点为发病工龄短,男性尘肺检出率高于女性,拔草、烘草为主要危害工种。尘肺检出率有逐年下降、平均发病工龄逐年延长的趋势。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.