组织瓣移植在口腔颌面缺损修复重建中的应用与评价

我院于1979年开始,应用组织瓣移植方法对口腔颌面部缺损进行了修复重建手术28例。应用的组织瓣种类计有:额瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、前臂皮瓣、髂骨肌瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、头项皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣等。带蒂移植56例;吻合血管移植32例。均能获得预期的良好效果。?..     

吻合血管组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面部组织缺损27例

目的 探讨吻合血管组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的临床效果. 方法 利用游离组织瓣对27例不同口腔颌面部组织缺损进行修复.股前外侧皮瓣16例,前臂皮瓣7例,腓动脉肌皮瓣1例,腓骨(肌)皮瓣2例,尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣1例. 结果 术后发生静脉危象1例,挽救成功,其余26例组织瓣无血管危象发生,完整成活,成活率100%.所有患者获得3～18个月随访,1例术后4个月复发死亡,其余在随访期内均存活.重建的舌外形良好,虽然味觉功能无法恢复,运动功能随切除范围增加而降低,但均能满足发音、吞咽和咀嚼功能需要. 结论 吻合血管组织瓣移植是修复口腔颌面部组织缺损有效而可靠的方法,为口腔颌面部组织缺损,特别是恶性肿瘤根治术后造成的缺损提供了有力修复保障.     

折叠腓骨瓣一期修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死

目的 探讨采用折叠腓骨复合组织瓣一期修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死术后复合组织缺损的方法，并观察其临床疗效。方法 2004年5月至2005年4月，中山大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科采用折叠腓骨皮瓣一期修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死的临床病例共5例。制备腓骨皮瓣，在保持骨膜连续性的情况下，将腓骨截骨后自身折叠成“双管”型腓骨皮瓣，修复受区缺损。结果 5例腓骨皮瓣均成活。术后随访平均8个月，无严重并发症，术后颜面部基本对称，外形满意。复查X线片示腓骨皮瓣与健侧下颌骨骨结合良好，重建下颌骨高度满意，为义齿修复创造了良好的牙槽骨条件。结果 折叠腓骨复合组织瓣一期修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死的成功率高，有效修复了下颌骨及软组织复合缺损，临床疗效满意，值得临床推广应用；     

吻合血管的骨移植及钛板内固定修复下颌骨缺损

目的 探讨吻合血管的游离髂骨或腓骨移植及钛板坚强内固定在修复下颌骨缺损中的临床应用效果。方法 选择7例以旋髂深动静脉为蒂的游离髂骨肌瓣和2例以腓动静脉为蒂的游离腓骨肌瓣修复9例下颌骨缺损，并用钛板坚强内固定，血管的动静脉蒂分别与颌外动静脉吻合。结果 9例术后2～4周经放射性核素锝亚甲基二磷酸盐(^99mTc MDP)扫描证实血供良好，移植骨成活。经6个月至3年随访，移植骨固位稳定。结论 吻合血管的骨移植及钛板内固定是修复下颌骨缺损的最佳选择之一。     

小腿外侧复合组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面肿瘤切除后的缺损

目的评价小腿外侧复合组织瓣移植修复口腔颌面肿瘤切除后缺损的临床应用价值. 方法 1999年11月～2002年12月,对28例口腔颌面部肿瘤患者术后应用小腿外侧复合组织瓣游离移植,修复骨及软组织缺损.手术采用血管吻合、单叶皮瓣和坚固内固定等恢复口腔颌面缺损器官的形态及完整性.其中21例为带腓骨的腓骨皮瓣移植,7例为携带肌肉的腓骨肌皮瓣移植.采用游离小腿外侧皮瓣,大小3.0 cm×5.5 cm～8.0 cm×12.0 cm,腓骨长度5.5～16.0 cm.有3例同期植入种植体共5枚. 结果术后24例成功,3例部分皮瓣坏死,1例肌皮瓣坏死.3例同期植入的5枚种植体均达到良好的骨整合效果,并已行上部义齿修复.26例获随访1～36个月,平均18.5个月,23例患者面部外形恢复、张闭口及语音功能达到满意或较满意. 结论小腿外侧复合组织瓣有充足的可供取用的组织量,尤其是对同时伴有大量骨缺损患者.且具备血管蒂长、管径粗、易于吻合,以及供区隐蔽等优点,是修复重建口腔颌面部软硬组织缺损可选择的方法之一.     

头颈部肿瘤术后缺损游离组织瓣的供区选择

目的应用游离组织瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损,探讨较简便合适的方法。方法回顾并分析1999年1月~2002年1月,采用游离组织瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损86例。缺损部位:口腔32例,下咽27例,下颌骨12例,颅底5例,中面部4例和头皮/皮肤6例。供区:腹直肌皮瓣32例,股前外侧皮瓣10例,空肠瓣25例,腓骨瓣11例,背阔肌皮瓣4例,前臂皮瓣3例和肩胛皮瓣1例。其中皮瓣或肌皮瓣大小4 cm×5 cm~14 cm×24 cm,腓骨瓣长度4~16 cm,空肠瓣长度9~20 cm。结果游离组织瓣术后成活79例,成活率为92%。其中口腔缺损采用腹直肌肌皮瓣22例(69%)和股前外侧皮瓣10例(31%)修复;下咽缺损主要用空肠瓣修复25例(93%),下颌骨缺损则用腓骨瓣修复11例(92%),颅底缺损由腹直肌皮瓣修复4例(80%)。腹直肌、股前外侧、空肠和腓骨4种组织瓣修复头颈部缺损78例,占同期游离组织瓣的91%。结论头颈部肿瘤术后缺损复杂,利用腹直肌肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、空肠瓣和腓骨瓣可解决大多数修复重建的难题。     

搭桥式组织瓣移植在下肢组织缺损修复中的临床应用

目的探讨应用搭桥式游离组织瓣移植治疗患侧下肢复杂性组织缺损的临床价值。方法2003年3月~2009年1月,对38例足踝及小腿部特殊的组织缺损患者行桥式组织瓣移植修复,并对其行临床总结。应用髂骨皮瓣修复小腿骨及皮肤缺损7例,胸脐皮瓣移植修复足及小腿皮肤缺损5例,背阔肌皮瓣移植修复小腿大面积皮肤缺损3例,股前外侧(肌)皮瓣修复小腿部皮肤缺损21例,腓骨瓣串联股前外侧皮瓣移植2例。术后4~6周断蒂,供区动脉重新吻合修复。结果组织瓣移植全部成活,成活率达100%。移植骨瓣于术后3～6个月有骨痂形成包裹,创面无一例发生感染,均经组织瓣一期闭合。术后35例获随访6个月～3年,远期随访效果满意,供区无明显功能受限。结论搭桥式组织瓣移植是修复下肢严重复杂组织缺损的理想方法。     

应用吻合血管的游离腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损

目的 报道应用吻合血管的腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损的临床效果.方法 对31例下颌骨缺损,施行吻合血管的腓骨瓣修复.腓骨骨瓣10～15 cm,皮瓣面积3.5 cm×6.0 cm～7.0 cm～10.0 cm.结果 术后2、4周行血管彩色多普勒检查示31例腓动脉静脉血流通畅.随访6～18个月,移植腓骨愈合,皮瓣成活,外观好.结论 应用吻合血管的腓骨皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损可获良好的临床效果.     

吻合血管的游离复合皮瓣修复下颌骨及软组织缺损

目的　寻找一种既能同时满足修复下颌骨及软组织缺损需要 ,又符合牙种植条件的理想修复材料。方法　对 15例下颌骨复合组织缺损者行吻合血管的游离腓骨 -肌 -皮瓣复合组织移植修复。结果　 14例成功 ,颌面部外形、功能良好 ,利于牙种植。手术效果满意。结论　腓骨-肌 -皮瓣复合组织是目前修复下颌骨复合缺损的理想术式。     

急诊组织瓣移植(位)修复伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损

目的 介绍急诊组织瓣移植或移位一期修复伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损的手术疗效.方法 对10例伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损的患者,在修复血管重建肢体血运的同时,根据组织缺损需要采用皮瓣、肌皮瓣、骨皮瓣甚至组织瓣组合移植的方法急诊进行一期修复.其中上臂肱动、静脉长段缺损,合并肱二头肌及上臂内侧大面积皮肤缺损,血管修复后背阔肌皮瓣移位覆盖创面并重建屈肘功能3例;肘部血管损伤合并肘关节周围大面积皮肤撕脱缺损,血管修复后移植胸脐皮瓣覆盖创面2例;前臂尺、桡动脉损伤合并皮肤肌肉缺损,血管修复后移植股前外侧皮瓣覆盖创面3例;前臂尺桡动脉损伤并尺桡骨缺损,血管修复后移植腓骨皮瓣重建尺骨缺损,二期再移植腓骨皮瓣重建桡骨缺损1例;前臂尺、桡动脉损伤合并桡骨及大面积皮肤缺损,血管修复后股前外侧皮瓣加髂骨皮瓣组合移植1例.结果 术后10例患肢及移位组织瓣全部存活.术后随访3～6个月,3例上臂损伤患者,肘关节最大屈曲度为105,屈肘肌力为M_3～M_4地,手功能恢复基本正常;肘及前臂损伤的7例患者,肢体及移植皮瓣完全存活,骨皮瓣和腕部已达骨性愈合,并恢复部分手功能.结论 对严重血管损伤且合并有复杂组织缺损的上肢损伤,急诊在施行血管修复重建肢体血运的同时,采用组织瓣单独或组合移植一期有效覆盖创面,可提高复杂性患肢的成活率,并为二期功能重建术提供良好的软组织条件.     

股前外侧皮瓣串联腓骨皮瓣修复小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴骨缺损

目的 探讨吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣串联腓骨皮瓣修复小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴骨缺损的临床效果.方法 2005年6月至2008年7月,将股前外侧皮瓣与腓骨皮瓣的轴心血管串联吻合后移植修复8例小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴大段胫骨缺损患者.皮肤软组织缺损面积为23 cm×12cm～34 cm×16 cm,骨缺损长度为7～16 cm.股前外侧皮瓣切取面积为16 cm×12 cm～28 cm×15cm,腓骨皮瓣切取面积为15 cm×6 cm～21 cm×10 cm,腓骨切取长度为10～18 cm.结果 7例串联组织瓣一期成活,1例术后皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药伤口逐渐愈合.8例患者术后获7～31个月(平均16个月)随访.3～6个月移植腓骨愈合,术后1年移植腓骨直径明显增粗.所有皮瓣质地柔软,形态及功能满意,供区无功能障碍.结论 应用股前外侧皮瓣串联腓骨皮瓣联合移植能有效修复小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴骨缺损,且缩短了病程,减少了肢体的伤残率.     

Oromandibular reconstruction for oncological purposes

The authors compared different vascularized bone grafts in 15 patients with different oncological diagnoses that were treated with hemimandibulectomy in 9 patients, total mandibulectomy in 1 patient, resection of the mandible involving the anterior arch and the symphysis in 3 patients, 1 patient who underwent a segmental mandibular resection, and 1 patient in whom the entire hemimandible was reconstructed because of mandibular hypoplasia diagnosed during the resection of a parotid neoplasm. The flaps used included fibular free flaps in 11 patients, iliac crest in 3 patients, and a radial forearm osteocutaneous flap in 1 patient. Two patients had major complications and 1 patient experienced recurrence of the primary tumor. The fibular free flap was the preferred method in this series due to the size of the defect, which in most patients did not require extensive soft-tissue reconstruction, and due to the nature of the bone defect involving the symphysis and condyle in 9 patients. The different vascularized bone grafts provided adequate osseous and soft tissue for oromandibular reconstruction.     

腓骨瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣修复颌面缺损

目的 探讨腓骨瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面软、硬组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 以腓动、静脉为血管蒂腓骨瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣进行颌面部软、硬组织缺损修复,腓骨用于修复颌骨缺损,小腿外侧皮瓣主要用于修复口底、牙龈、咽侧、颊以及腭部的软组织缺损.结果 2005年3月至2007年3月,共治疗26例,其中修复恶性肿瘤术后缺损25例,双侧上颌骨缺失1例.术中组织瓣制备顺利,没有出现伤及腓骨血管以及小腿外侧皮瓣的穿支血管的现象.所有移植组织瓣全部成活.其中有1例术后12 h出现吻合动脉危象,经抢救成活;1例术后24 h出现静脉吻合危象,静脉血栓形成,经手术探查,重新吻合静脉后,抢救成功.术后随访6个月至2年,修复区外形满意,患者能从事正常的社会活动.结论 腓骨瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部复合组织缺损效果较好.可作为首选方法.     

放射性下颌骨坏死术后缺损的游离腓骨肌皮瓣重建

目的 评价游离腓骨（肌）皮瓣重建放射性下颌骨坏死术后缺损的临床效果。方法 以带肌袖和不带肌袖的游离腓骨（肌）瓣重建放射性下颌骨坏死手术切除后的骨缺损，以皮岛修复瘘周软组织缺损，记录腓骨截骨、组织瓣存活情况，供区、受区并发症，术后张口度和余留牙咬合情况，对颌面部外形和功能重建进行评价。结果 随访3～16个月，4例带肌袖腓骨肌皮瓣、5例不带肌袖腓骨皮瓣重建下颌骨缺损均获成功。下颌骨截骨长度6、0～17．0cm，切取腓骨长度8．6～17．0cm。腓骨截成三段2例，二段5例，截成二段后折叠2例。无1例发生严重供区或受区并发症。所有病例外形恢复良好，双侧下颌角处于同一平面，无中线偏斜，开口度2．5～3．3cm，余留牙咬合正常。义齿修复后咀嚼功能满意。结论 游离腓骨（肌）皮瓣存活率高，外形和功能恢复好，适合于放射性下颌骨坏死术后颌面部软硬组织缺损的即刻重建。     

带旋髂深动脉髂骨瓣与腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨及软组织缺损

目的探讨带旋髂深动脉髂骨瓣、腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨及软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用游离带旋髂深动脉髂骨瓣联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复6例跟骨及软组织缺损患者。结果 6例皮瓣骨瓣全部成活。3例皮瓣发生部分边缘性坏死,经换药后创面愈合;1例因跟腱修复失败,二期行踝关节融合术。患者均获得6~20个月随访。术后小腿及足部均有良好外形及部分感觉,部分患者经锻炼后恢复承重功能。结论以带旋髂深动脉髂骨瓣联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨及软组织缺损可行,临床疗效满意。     

Reconstructive microsurgery procedures in orthopaedic departments performed by plastic surgeon]

The author carried out 50 free flaps in 49 patients during 10 year consulting practice in orthopaedic departments in the regional hospital in Otwock. 43 flaps were transplanted to lower extremities and 7 to upper. Extensive bone defects (bd), requiring reconstruction of shafts especially in case of tibiae predominated. The recipient sites of free tissue flaps were as follows: the arm--3 (bd), forearm--2 (bd), hand--2 (thumb defects), thigh--6 (bd--5, aseptic necrosis of the femoral head--1), tibiae--33 (bd and nonunion of tibiae--29, soft tissue defects (std)--4), foot--4 (std). In the post-traumatic cases criteria for operations were determined on the basis of the arteriography in the impaired extremity. The operations were performed in the period from some weeks to several years after the trauma. The following free flaps were used: peroneal flap--28, iliac flap--13, radial forearm flap--2, latissimus dorsi flap--3, rectus abdominis muscle flap--1, groin flap with aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen--1, toe--1, composite great and second toe--1. The operating microscope was usually used during microsurgical anastomoses, and in two cases a magnifying glass was used. Standard Ethilon sutures 10-0 with the needle of 100 or 130 microns in diameter were used for anastomoses. End-to-side microanastomoses both for artery and comitant vein prevailed. Dextran 40,000 and Aspirin were administered postoperatively. There was a survival rate of 98 percent with 49 flaps surviving and 1 failing. Early vascular complications were observed in 3 patients (2 in radial flaps and 1 in latissimus dorsi flap). Revision of the arterial microanastomoses was carried out in 2 patients, of the venous in one, obtaining complete survival of one of the flaps. Partial loss of the flap tissue without essential effect on the final treatment was observed in two remaining flaps. One patient with the disturbances of outflow was successfully treated with Heparin administered subcutaneously to the island of the flap. Thrombosis resulting in complete loss of one of the fibular flaps due to the wound infection was observed on the seventh day after the operation. Soft tissue and periosteum around sequestrum were revascularized generating sufficient bone recovery. Different depth necrosis of the island tissue in its peripheral parts was observed in some patients because of difficulties of blood outflow from the flap. Necrectomy or excision of the whole skin island in cases of very fatty flaps and skin grafting were indicated as giving a better cosmesis. Secondary procedures modeling the flap were not performed. Complete rebuilding of tibiae was not obtained only in two children treated because of congenital pseudoarthrosis of tibiae. In one patient with femur defect and vascularized fibular bone reconstruction late result of treatment is unknown. Treatment of the remaining patients was successful (92 percent).     

带血管骨移植在四肢骨肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的临床观察带血管骨移植修复四肢骨肿瘤瘤段切除后骨缺损的治疗价值。方法对４８例不同类型的骨肿瘤行局部彻底切刮除,或骨膜外瘤段切除后所致的骨缺损分别采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣转位移植６例,游离移植３例;带血管胫骨瓣游离移植１例;带血管蒂腓骨瓣同侧顺逆行转位移植９例,游离腓骨移植２２例,双腓骨瓣组合移植４例,腓骨皮瓣游离移植３例进行修复治疗。结果移植骨与主骨均获得愈合,时间为２５～４２个月,平均３５个月。并经０５～１２年（平均４７年）的随访,４５例治愈,;３例复发,复发的３例病人中２例为骨肉瘤,１例为动脉瘤样骨囊肿恶性变,最终行了截肢术。结论证明带血管骨移植用于修复病变广泛的良性骨肿瘤或低变恶性骨肿瘤瘤段切除后的骨缺损疗效可靠,恶性肿瘤者较差。     

吻合血管的腓骨瓣移植一期重建双侧下颌骨

目的探讨下颌骨巨大肿瘤截骨切除后应用游离腓骨复合组织瓣一期重建双侧下颌骨方法和疗效。方法2000年7月至2002年10月,分别对波及双侧下颌骨的4例巨大成釉细胞瘤、2例牙龈癌施行截骨切除,手术造成跨中线的双侧下颌骨巨大缺损。根据下颌骨缺损的特点,以腓动静脉为血管蒂切取腓骨肌(皮)瓣,经截骨塑形后,用微形钛板将移植骨与双侧下颌骨残端坚固内固定,腓动、静脉与颈部小血管吻合,形成血管化腓骨复合组织瓣一期重建双侧下颌骨。结果6例移植腓骨复合组织瓣全部成活。随访6个月-2年,面下部外形恢复良好,移植腓骨与上颌骨相对位置正常,接受活动义齿修复后咬合关系和咀嚼功能均较满意。结论腓骨复合组织瓣节段性的骨膜供血和骨髓滋养动脉的双重供血特点十分适合塑造成下颌骨的弓状形态,是修复下颌骨巨大肿瘤导致的跨中线双侧下颌骨巨大缺损的理想材料。     

Mandibular reconstruction: are two flaps better than one?

This study compared the combined iliac and ulnar forearm flaps with the osteomusculocutaneous fibular free flap for mandibular reconstruction. A retrospective study of 40 patients who had oromandibular reconstruction was performed, of whom 23 patients had a combined iliac crest without skin and ulnar forearm free flap. Seventeen patients had an osteomusculocutaneous free fibular flap. Ten women and 30 men with a mean age of 57.5 years comprised this study population. Ninety percent of the cases were squamous cell carcinoma (55%, T4), of which 11% were recurrent tumors. Anterolateral mandibular defects constituted 52.9% of the fibular reconstructions and 60.9% accounted for the iliac/ulnar reconstructions. The mean bone gaps were 8.79 cm and 8.95 cm respectively. Functional evaluation was based on the University of Washington Questionnaire through phone calls and personal communication. The mean hospital stay was 15.43 days and 10.09 days for the fibular and iliac/ulnar flaps respectively. The facial artery (64.7%) and facial vein (60%) were the main recipient vessels for the fibular reconstructions whereas the external carotid artery (95.6%) and the internal jugular vein (66.7%) were the main recipient vessels for the iliac/ulnar reconstruction. Overall flap survival was 96.8% (100% of fibular flaps and 95.65% of iliac/ulnar flaps). Two flaps were lost in the iliac/ulnar series because of unsalvageable venous thrombosis. Local complications for the iliac/ulnar flaps were 30.4% but were 5.9% for the fibular reconstructions. Function such as speech, swallowing, and chewing were notably better in the fibular than the iliac/ulnar group in 23 of the patients tested. The cosmetic acceptance of 77.8% of the fibular flaps was judged to be excellent and good, whereas 71.4% of the iliac/ulnar flaps were rated good. It appears that within this study population the free osteomusculocutaneous fibular flap had fewer local complications and a higher flap survival rate than the combined iliac/ulnar forearm flaps. Overall functional outcome was also improved. The use of the double flap may be appropriate in massive oromandibular defects, but may be less appropriate in more modest functional reconstructions of mandibular defects.