Assessment of Side Effects Associated With the Use of Opioid Analgesics to Manage Postoperative Pain in Children

Despite the fact that opioid analgesics represent the mainstay for the treatment of postoperative pain in children, little attention has been directed toward measuring the incidence and intensity of opioid-induced side effects Given the potential for opioid-induced side effects to occur, techniques for precise measurement of these side effects in children need to be evaluated This paper critiques various approaches used to measure four of the most clinically significant opioid-induced side effects in children, namely, alterations in mental status and motor function, respiratory depression, and cardiovascular changes.     

A Descriptive Study of the Use of Restraint and Seclusion in a Special Education School

Background  

The literature regarding the use of restraint and seclusion in schools is scant, perhaps due to the controversial nature of the topic. With few exceptions, schools have not published policies or data regarding these procedures even when doing so would further the discussion about standards for staff training, student safety, and benchmarks for ongoing improvement.     

A Descriptive Study of Pain Relief Practices Among Student-Athletes in Palestine: Focus on Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs,and Complementary Medicine and Alternative Medicine Use

Journal of Community Health - Many athletes suffering from musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction will use some types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) or Non-steroidal...     

Methodological Issues in the Measurement of Children's Pain

This paper focuses on some of the major issues surrounding the measurement of children's pain, particularly as they relate to problems of definition, level of measurement, dimensionality, reliability, and validity. The authors briefly describe some of the tools used with children and point out some of the problems that have resulted from the lack of well-tested, thoroughly validated instruments for children. As a common experience of hospitalized children, pediatric pain is creating concern within the health care community. The authors recommend that more attention be paid to the measurement issues surrounding this clinical phenomenon.     

荆防清热散治疗小儿感冒临床研究

目的:探讨荆防清热散治疗小儿感冒临床效果,为今后该病治疗提供科学依据.方法:分析我院2016年1月到2017年10月儿科门诊患儿共160例患者临床资料,随机分为观察组80例,对照组组80例,比较两组患者的临床效果、体温恢复及不良反应,所有数据使用SPSS22.0软件分析.结果:观察组患者总有效率86.2％,对照组患者总有效率85％,两组患者总有效率无显著差异(P>0.05).观察组和对照组患者体温恢复的平均时间也无显著差异(P>0.05).观察组中80例患者有12例发生不良反应,对照组中80例患者中有47例患者发生不良反应,观察组不良反应发生患者人数少于对照组,两组患者不良反应比较有显著差异(P<0.05).结论:荆防清热散和西药治疗小儿感冒的临床效果相当,但是荆防清热散的不良反应较少.     

Perception of Burn Injury Pain in Relation to Other Painful Experiences of the Pediatric Burn Patient: A Descriptive Study

Experiences that pediatric burn patients perceived as painful were studied Subjects included 44 children with a mean burn size of 35% total body surface area and a mean age of 12 1 years Each child identified seven painful experiences, ranked them from most to least painful and gave a "worst possible" pain imaginable Experiences could be physical or psychological, burn-related or not, and could include recent or past experiences Eighteen children listed their burn as the most painful Twenty-three children did not mention their burn Most painful experiences included accidents specific procedures, and psychological pain Eight children imagined the worst possible pain as being burned again Other children identified fears of mutiltation as the worst possible pain.     

Introduction to the Special Issue on Pediatric Pain: Contextual Issues in Children's Pain Management

In this preliminary investigation we examined the relative contribution of various diabetes-related factors including age at disease onset, duration of disease, and metabolic control to the cognitive functioning in pediatric patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Although the overall intellectual functioning of the sample was well within the normal range, chronological age accounted for much of the variance, with older youth performing less well than their younger counterparts. There also was a significant association between children having the disease for a longer period of time and their decreased efficiency on a cognitive task related to attention and speed of processing. Within the limitations of this investigation, findings were interpreted to support the ongoing monitoring of the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with IDDM, particularly those who are older and have sustained longer duration of the disease, and the implementation of intervention programs aimed at remediating learning problems in these youth.     

Assessing Interests in Japanese Elders: A Descriptive Study

This study investigated use of the Japanese Interest Checklist for the Elderly (JICE). An interview that followed administration of the checklist illuminated the reasons for interests among 65 participants. Examining the reasons behind levels of interest is a potential avenue of research that may add to our understanding of the nature of interests.     

A Descriptive Study of Body Pain and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Latino Farmworkers Working on Sweet Potato Farms in Eastern North Carolina

Agricultural work is a physically demanding occupation. The purpose of this project was to describe the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and self-reported pain among Latino farmworkers who work extensively hand harvesting sweet potatoes. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of farmworkers (N = 120) in eastern North Carolina. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to describe personal, work characteristics, and self-reported pain associated with musculoskeletal injuries. Overall, 79% of farmworkers reported any type of pain or discomfort. The highest reported areas of pain were in the back (66%) and shoulder areas (31%). Younger participants experienced more shoulder pain (P = .04) than older workers, and working more than 5 years as a farmworker was significantly associated with back pain (P = .01). Interventions aimed at administrative and engineering controls for reducing risk factors that contribute to WMSDs are warranted.     

What Makes Kids Sick: Children's Beliefs about the Causative Factors of Illness

An investigation of healthy children s beliefs concerning causes of illness utilized a projective picture and questionnaire in individual interviews Forty-eight subjects from two middleclass suburban Milwaukee schools were randomly selected, children from K-1 and fourth-fifth grades were subdivided evenly by sex and father s occupation (physician/other professtonal) Attribution of causation of illness by all causative factors increased significantly with age, with the exception of misbehavior (decrease) and weather (equal response strength).     

A Randomized Trial of a Pain Education Booklet: Effects on Parents' Attitudes and Postoperative Pain Management

This study was a randomized trial evaluating the effects of educating parents with the booklet Pain, Pain, Go Away: Helping Children With Pain on their attitudes and management of their children's postoperative pain. Eighty-two parents of children undergoing day surgeries were randomly assigned to a pain education group (n = 27), a pain assessment control group (n = 28), or a no pain education control group (n = 27). Parents in the pain education group had fewer concerns about the use of acetaminophen for children compared to the other two groups. Parents in the pain education group administered more doses of medication on the 3rd day following surgery than the other two groups; there were no group differences in medication dosages on either of the first 2 days following surgery. There were no group differences in parents' pain assessments on any of the 3 days following surgery. Fewer parental concerns about children's pain medications and higher parental pain assess- ments were related to higher numbers of doses of medication administered. These results are discussed with respect to the need for developing further interventions to educate parents about children's pain.     

A Descriptive Study of Social Work Practice in Mental Health

Although mental health has become the predominant area of social work practice, there is a lack of concrete information regarding what social workers actually provide and to whom. This situation becomes more critical as social work competes for clients and concentrates on improving the profession's image. The data used in this study were obtained from questionnaire responses from a sample of 139 participants. The results indicated that 28,043 individuals were seen in all areas of practice during 1983. This information was then used to background attempts for social workers to become an official voting member of the Mental Health Needs Council.     

双氯芬酸钠栓超前镇痛治疗小儿术后疼痛的研究

目的 研究双氯芬酸钠栓术前塞肛治疗小儿术后疼痛的临床效果.方法 选择52例2～8岁行尿道下裂矫治术的患儿,随机分为三组:A组17例手术前使用双氯芬酸钠栓12.5 mg塞肛,B组17例术后立即使用双氯芬酸钠栓12.5 mg塞肛,C组18例不使用双氯芬酸钠栓塞肛.分别记录三组术后0.5、1、2、4、8、16、24小时的FLACC评分、Ramsay镇静评分及术后不良反应发生情况.结果 术后各个时间点A组的FLACC评分低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后0.5、1小时A组的FLACC评分低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后1小时后的各时间点B组的FLACC评分都低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).三组各时间点的Ramsay镇静评分及术后不良反应发生情况无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 术前使用双氯芬酸钠栓塞肛能有效治疗小儿术后的疼痛,且安全、经济.     

What Makes Kids Sick: Children's Beliefs about the Causative Factors of Illness

An investigation of healthy children s beliefs concerning causes of illness utilized a projective picture and questionnaire in individual interviews Forty-eight subjects from two middleclass suburban Milwaukee schools were randomly selected, children from K-1 and fourth-fifth grades were subdivided evenly by sex and father s occupation (physician/other professtonal) Attribution of causation of illness by all causative factors increased significantly with age, with the exception of misbehavior (decrease) and weather (equal response strength).