护士应用化疗药物中的防护调查

在给病人使用化疗药物的过程中，护士不可避免地接触抗肿瘤药物，因而对自身健康产生危害。为了维护护士的健康，提高护理人员的防护意识，我们对肿瘤专科护士做一个防护调查，现将情况介绍如下。     

护士应用化疗药物中的防护调查

在给病人使用化疗药物的过程中,护士不可避免地接触抗肿瘤药物,因而对自身健康产生危害。为了维护护士的健康,提高护理人员的防护意识,我们对肿瘤专科护士做一个防护调查,现将情况介绍如下。1临床资料与方法1.1临床资料选取山西省肿瘤医院临床一线,参加工作2年以上并经常接触化     

护理人员化疗药物配制自我防护现状调查

[目的]了解护理人员在化疗药物配制中的自我防护现状.[方法]采用自行设计的调查表,对广州市某三级甲等医院80名在职护士进行问卷调查.[结果]调查科室现有化疗药物配制防护设施不足,防护用具较齐全,护理人员化疗药物配制自我防护意识和行为较差.[结论]医院应完善化疗药物配制的防护设施和防护用具的配备,加强护理人员的职业安全防护意识,最大限度地减少职业危害.     

循证护理在防治化疗药物外渗中的应用

目的：应用循证护理探讨防治化疗药物外渗的有效措施,减轻患者痛苦,提高护理质量。方法：将478例肿瘤患者随机分为实验组和对照组各239例,实验组采用循证护理方法实施护理,提出护理问题,查阅文献,结合临床经验及患者需要,选择最佳的护理证据,制定护理措施;对照组采用常规护理方法护理,比较两组患者发生药物外渗情况。结果：对照组发生外渗13例,实验组发生外渗3例,两组患者化疗药物外渗情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组患者均未发生皮肤坏死或肢体功能障碍。结论：应用循证护理方法可以有效降低药物外渗发生率以及对组织的损害程度。     

Disposition of cardiovascular drugs in the elderly

The response to a number of cardiovascular drugs may be altered in the elderly. These changes can be explained by age-related differences in drug disposition and clearance, by changes in receptor sensitivity in the elderly, or a combination of the two.     

不同化疗药物及组合对胃癌与大肠癌疗效的研究

目的 观察奥沙利铂(L-OHP)、羟基喜树碱(HCPT)、顺铂(CDDP)、氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)、丝裂霉素(MMC)及表阿霉素(EPI)在体外单用及两药联用时对人胃癌及大肠癌标本的敏感性.方法 四唑蓝比色法(MTT法)检测药敏结果,按中效原理计算不同药物联用的效果.结果 胃癌敏感率高的前三种单药依次为L-OHP、EPI及HCPT,联合用药组依次为L-OHP HCPT、L-OHP EPI、HCPT EPI、EPI CDDP 、HCPT CDDP 与HCPT 5-Fu.大肠癌敏感率高的前三种单药依次为L-OHP、HCPT及CDDP.联合用药组依次为L-OHP HCPT、L-OHP 5-Fu 、HCPT MMC、HCPT CDDP、 HCPT 5-Fu与MMC 5-Fu .L-OHP与HCPT对胃肠癌敏感性均好.尤其是低分化癌.EPI仅对胃癌细胞敏感,而对大肠癌细胞不敏感.L-OHP HCPT联合用药组对胃肠癌最敏感.结论 L-OHP与HCPT单用及联合用药对胃肠癌细胞最敏感,尤其对低分化的癌的效果优于CDDP、MMC与5-Fu单药及联用.     

护士在配制化疗药物时职业防护情况调查

[目的]了解护士在配制化疗药物时的职业防护状况,为建立化疗职业防护制度及防护措施提供理论依据。[方法]采用自行设计问卷对我院163名护士进行问卷调查。[结果]在配制化疗药物过程中护士职业防护认识不足,执行率较差。[结论]护士在配制化疗药物时需要加强职业防护,提高自我保护意识。     

Specific cardiovascular drugs utilized in the critically ill

The ability to pharmacologically manipulate cardiovascular function is important in caring for critically ill patients. Catecholamines have been the primary agents used for this purpose. Opiate receptor antagonists, neuropeptides like glucagon, and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors provide new pharmacologic possibilities for physicians in the critical care unit. The cardiovascular actions of these and other agents are reviewed and their potential clinical indications are listed.     

门诊化疗病人对化疗知识需求调查分析

目的 了解门诊注射室化疗病人对化疗知识的需求。方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷，对96例门诊化疗病人进行调查。结果 门诊化疗病人表示对相关知识需求十分迫切，90％以上门诊化疗病人的需求是药物知识指导和家庭护理指导。健康教育方法主要是要求发放健康手册及相关书籍自行阅读，占60．42％，其次是要求注射室护士进行卫生宣教获得知识，占21．88％，收听广播或观看录像获得知识，占16．67％。结论 门诊护士不但要做好日常的护理工作，还应了解病人对疾病相关知识的需求，采取合适的健康教育方法，及时提供有效信息。     

A systems approach to the nursing process

This paper makes the point that for psychiatric patients the nursing process based on a systems approach may be more useful than that based on problem-solving or activities of daily living. Some of the key concepts used in this approach are (1) listing component parts of a system, (2) defining the inside and outside of systems, the outside being described as environment, (3) changing the boundaries or the interface of various systems, as appropriate, (4) observing the impact of the environment and especially of the nurse herself as a part of the system or the environment, (5) tracing input, output and throughput, and (6) drawing distinctions between open and closed systems and accounting for a steady state in the system.     

化疗药物静脉输注与静脉注射对病人影响的相关性研究

[目的]探讨化疗药物静脉输注与静脉注射对病人的影响,寻求较理想的临床用药方式。[方法]选择对血管具有强烈刺激性的化疗药物丝裂霉素为代表药物,分别采用静脉输注(实验组)和手工静脉注射(对照组)给药,用药时间均为15min。48h后分别观察静脉穿刺部位皮肤改变程度,有无静脉炎表现及疼痛程度。[结果]实验组静脉炎发生率及疼痛程度明显低于对照组。[结论]静脉输注化疗药物能保证恒速衡压,可有效保护血管,减少静脉炎的发生,减轻病人的痛苦。     

化疗药物静脉输注与静脉注射对病人影响的相关性研究

[目的]探讨化疗药物静脉输注与静脉注射对病人的影响，寻求较理想的临床用药方式。[方法]选择对血管具有强烈刺激性的化疗药物丝裂霉素为代表药物，分别采用静脉榆注（实验组）和手工静脉注射（对照组）给药，用药时间均为15min。48h后分别观察静脉穿刺部位皮肤改变程度，有无静脉炎表现及疼痛程度。[结果]实验组静脉炎发生率及疼痛程度明显低于对照组。[结论]静脉输注化疗药物能保证恒速衡压，可有效保护血管，减少静脉是的发生，减轻病人的痛苦。     

提升化疗药物外渗安全管理质量的实践与效果

目的 提升化疗药物外渗安全管理质量.方法 成立由专科护理管理委员会、肿瘤专科护理小组、临床护士组成的预防化疗药物外渗安全管理三级监控网,修订并完善了安全管理措施,实行个案追踪护理,促进了管理质量的持续改进.结果 规范了化疗专业护理行为,降低了化疗药物外渗发生率,医疗护理纠纷的发生率为零.结论 实施化疗药物外渗安全管理,为患者提供安全、有效的护理措施,可降低化疗药物外渗发生率,避免医疗护理纠纷的发生.     

化疗药物观察交接登记表的设计与应用

肿瘤病人在输入化疗药物过程中,化疗药对局部组织的刺激作用和药物不良反应可使机体组织发生炎症反应或变态反应.肿瘤病人在化疗中使用的化疗药物,按药物刺激强度分为无刺激性、轻度刺激、中等强度刺激、强刺激,而对组织刺激性强的化疗药在静脉给药过程中若发生渗漏,轻者出现局部红、肿、痛,重者出现皮肤溃烂、组织坏死及深部结构的损害[1],甚至需要外科处置或植皮.     

Pharmacogenomics of drugs affecting the cardiovascular system.

The variability in drug response originates partly from genetics, with possible consequences for drug efficacy, adverse effects, and toxicity. Until now, pharmacogenetics mainly indicated the best known source of variability, that is, the variability caused by drug metabolism. However, simultaneous progress in the knowledge of biochemical targets of drugs and of the human genome, together with the development of new technologies, revealed many new sources of human genetic variation, e.g., in receptors or transporters. Drugs are metabolized by various polymorphic phase I enzymes, including cytochromes P450 (CYP). Among them, the most relevant for the metabolism of cardiovascular drugs are CYP3A4, CYP2C9 or CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. The role of phase II enzymes is limited with regard to cardiovascular drugs biotransformation, but some polymorphisms (glutathion-S-transferase; GSH-T) are linked to cardiovascular risk. Phase III proteins or transporters, especially from the ABC family, must also be considered, as their polymorphisms affect cholesterol and other sterols transport. Among pharmacological targets, some proteins were identified as involved in interindividual variations in the response to cardiovascular drugs. Some examples are apolipoprotein E, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and the beta-adrenergic receptor. From the risk concept emphasizing impaired metabolism and adverse effects, we now moved to an approach, which is a personalized, genotype-dependent adaptation of therapy.     

化疗药物观察交接登记表的设计与应用

肿瘤病人在输入化疗药物过程中,化疗药对局部组织的刺激作用和药物不良反应可使机体组织发生炎症反应或变态反应。肿瘤病人在化疗中使用的化疗药物,按药物刺激强度分为无刺激性、轻度刺激、中等强度刺激、强刺激,而对组织刺激性强的化疗药在静脉给药过程中若发生渗漏,轻者出现局部红、肿、痛,重者出现皮肤溃烂、组织坏死及深部结构的损害,     

Architecture of the drug-drug interaction network

Purpose:  Drug interaction information has been extensively compiled into large databases. The objective of the present study was to provide a systematic overview of the available drug interaction information, using a network approach. Methods:  The drug–drug interaction information was retrieved from a comprehensive source reference that documents primary drug interaction information over an extended period of time. With careful examination of the information, we identified three continuously growing databases that consisted of 351, 636 and 966 drugs and 742, 1858 and 3351 pairs of interaction, respectively. We then constructed three drug–drug interaction networks in which the interacting drugs were treated as nodes and were connected with links that represent interactions. For each network, we determined the number of interactions that each drug in that network has, and prepared histograms to show the frequency distribution. Results:  The frequency distribution or the probability that a given drug has k interactions, P(k), followed a power‐law distribution, where the power law exponent was close to ‐1·5 and was independent of the network size. The results suggested that while the majority of the drugs in the network had few interactions (small k), highly interacting drugs (large k) were rare but contributed most of the network interactions. Conclusions:  The present study demonstrated that drug interaction information can be viewed and analysed as a connecting, growing network. As with many real‐world networks, the drug interaction network was scale free, indicating that drug interaction information has been dominated by a relatively small number of highly interacting drugs.     

A clinician's overview of laser systems for cardiovascular applications

This paper discusses the current lasers used in cardiovascular applications and presents an overview on function, characteristics, and tissue interactions of the principal lasers used in this field. The discussion includes the lasers and delivery systems currently in use, or with potential future application, for laser angioplasty and laser recanalization. Included are low-intensity laser as well as high-power laser applications.     

紫杉醇与常规化疗药物对人骨肉瘤细胞的毒性比较

目的:比较紫杉醇与阿霉素、甲氨蝶呤及顺铂对人骨肉瘤细胞的毒性作用强度及多药耐药特性,并研究其相互作用。方法:应用细胞计数、形态学观察、AO/EB染色、流式细胞术等方法比较紫杉醇与上述3种常规化疗药物对MG-63、新鲜骨肉瘤组织块及荷瘤裸鼠的作用;原位杂交及western blot研究紫杉醇和阿霉素分别诱导的MG-63多药耐药细胞模型中MDR-1的表达;比较维拉帕米逆转其耐药倍数。结果:紫杉醇与常规化疗药物有一定协同作用,单独应用时对人骨肉瘤细胞的抑制率稍低于其他3种药物,但诱导的凋亡率最高;紫杉醇与阿霉素诱导的多药耐药对MDR-1的依赖程度不同。结论:紫杉醇与阿霉素、甲氨蝶呤及顺铂对骨肉瘤细胞有协同作用,且对耐阿霉素的骨肉瘤细胞有杀伤作用。     

Reduction of cardiovascular risk and mortality: A population-based approach

The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk pattern and mortality in a general population epidemiologic study performed by a staff of hypertension specialists working as the“good father of a family”, with lifestyle and therapeutic advice and instrumental measurements. Mortality among the study population (n=856) during the 4-y study was compared with that recorded in the general population during the 4-y period before the study; those who refused to participate in the study were also recorded (n=280). Among study subjects, blood pressure decreased by 3.6/3.5 mm Hg (P < .01/P < .0001), serum total cholesterol by 3.8% (P < .0001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 10.9% (P < .01); awareness of hypertension increased by 87% (P < .0001); 20% of hypercholesterolemic patients (P < .01) and 28% of diabetic patients (P < .001) were identified; and 40% of hypertensive patients (P < .0001) were treated. Overall 4-y mortality was 12.5% in study subjects, 36.6% in renitent subjects (P < .0001 vs enrolled), and 19.9% during the period preceding the study (P < .0001 vs enrolled); cardiovascular mortality rates were 5.8%, 18.6% (P < .0001), and 11.4% (P < .0001), respectively. In particular, the frequency of fatal stroke was 0.06%, 3.8% (P < .0001), and 2.5% (P < .0001), respectively, and that of fatal coronary events was 3.4%, 7.5% (P < .0001), and 4.6% (P < .0001), respectively. In conclusion, when an epidemiologic professional staff member approaches patients in a manner similar to that of the “good father of a family”, a better risk pattern and lower mortality rates (particularly cerebrovascular and coronary) are seen in those who are receptive to the care provided; those who decide not to participate in health care opportunities do not benefit.