Collaboration of perioperative management in an adult patient with 22 q 11.2 deletion syndrome: A case report

A 24‐year‐old woman diagnosed with 22 q 11.2 deletion syndrome was referred for multiple extractions. Due to the syndrome, the patient had schizophrenia, cardiac anomalies, and maxillofacial complications. This case report suggested that a multidisciplinary team approach is important for perioperative management of patients with 22 q 11.2 deletion syndrome.     

成都地区男性原发性无精症患者Y染色体AZF区域微缺失基因诊断的研究

目的 建立原发性无精子症患者的Y染色体微缺失基因诊断方法。方法 采用多重PCR技术。对123例原发性无精子症患者和34例正常已生育男性对照进行Y染色体微缺失检测。结果 123例原发性无精子症患者中。16例发生了Y染色体微缺失。缺失率13．01％。其中无精症因子（AZFa）区sY86缺失4例（3．25％）；AZFb区sY134缺失2例（1．63％）；AZFc区sY255缺失8例（6．5％）；sY86和sY134同时缺失2例（1．63％）。34例已生育男性均未检测到Y染色体微缺失。结论 研究所确定的6个STS位点缺失与男性原发性无精子症密切相关。利用上述STS位点建立的多重PCR技术进行微缺失分析简便、快速、准确。值得推广应用。     

Referential communication abilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Purpose: This study describes the performance on a perspective- and role-taking task in 27 children, ages 6–13 years, with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). A cross-cultural design comparing Dutch- and English-speaking children with 22q11.2DS explored the possibility of cultural differences.

Method: Chronologically age-matched and younger typically developing (TD) children matched for receptive vocabulary served as control groups to identify challenges in referential communication.

Results: The utterances of children with 22q11.2DS were characterised as short and simple in lexical and grammatical terms. However, from a language use perspective, their utterances were verbose, ambiguous and irrelevant given the pictured scenes. They tended to elaborate on visual details and conveyed off-topic, extraneous information when participating in a barrier-game procedure. Both types of aberrant utterances forced a listener to consistently infer the intended message. Moreover, children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated difficulty selecting correct speech acts in accordance with contextual cues during a role-taking task.

Conclusion: Both English- and Dutch-speaking children with 22q11.2DS showed impoverished information transfer and an increased number of elaborations, suggesting a cross-cultural syndrome-specific feature.     

成都地区男性原发性无精症患者Y染色体AZF区域微缺失基因诊断的研究

目的建立原发性无精子症患者的Y染色体微缺失基因诊断方法。方法采用多重PCR技术,对123例原发性无精子症患者和34例正常已生育男性对照进行Y染色体微缺失检测。结果123例原发性无精子症患者中,16例发生了Y染色体微缺失,缺失率13.01%。其中无精症因子(AZFa)区sY86缺失4例(3.25%);AZFb区sY134缺失2例(1.63%);AZFc区sY255缺失8例(6.5%);sY86和sY134同时缺失2例(1.63%)。34例已生育男性均未检测到Y染色体微缺失。结论研究所确定的6个STS位点缺失与男性原发性无精子症密切相关,利用上述STS位点建立的多重PCR技术进行微缺失分析简便、快速、准确,值得推广应用。     

Genetic analysis of chromosome 22q11.2 markers in congenital heart disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiac defect found in infants and children. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, our understanding of the causative mechanism and etiology of CHD is limited. To determine the genetic etiology of CHD, we selected 11 consecutive short tandem-repeat polymorphic (STRP) markers located in the interval of the 22q11.2 region to perform genotype analysis on a large number of CHD patients (>120) and their normal relatives (>220). The results show that as regards the distribution of allelic size and frequency of these STRP markers, there were no significant differences between the CHD patients and the normal volunteers. This indicates that there is no linkage disequilibrium with these markers in CHD. In the level of heterozygosity for each marker in nonsyndromic CHD and conotruncal heart defect (CTD), there were no significant differences between the two populations. In syndromic CHD, the level of heterozygosity for D22S1648 was significantly lower than that observed in the unaffected population (chi(2) = 11.25; P = 0.001). This suggests that there may be a deletion at the D22S1648 locus, and the low heterozygosity of D22S1648 indicates that this marker can be used as a genetic marker for detecting microdeletions in 22q11.2. With the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on syndromic patients, we confirmed the molecular results.     

Educational challenges for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in Japan: Findings from a mixed methods survey

Background

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is characterised by a changing pattern of overlapping intellectual, physical, and mental disabilities along the course of one's life. However, the impact of overlapping disorders (multimorbidity) on educational challenges remains unclear.

Method

A survey was conducted with 88 caregivers of individuals with 22q11DS. A quantitative analysis of educational challenges and support needs divided into age groups (7–12, 13–15, 16–18, and 19 years and over) and a qualitative analysis of the free-text items in the questionnaire was conducted.

Results

Caregivers were more interested in comprehensive developmental support when their children were younger, and the emphasis shifted to concerns regarding environments that matched individual characteristics at older ages. Furthermore, when there are multiple disabilities or disorders, support is concentrated on the more obvious disabilities, and the lack of support for the less superficially obvious disabilities associated with multiple difficulties, including mental health problems, can be a challenge for people with 22q11DS and their families.

Conclusions

This study suggests a need for increased focus on multimorbidity and associated disabilities in school education that are difficult to observe because of their mildness or borderline levels if present alone.     

Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in nonpsychotic children with chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome

Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with elevated rates of schizophrenia and other psychoses in adulthood. Childhood morphologic brain abnormalities are frequently reported, but the significance of these and their relationship to the development of schizophrenia are unclear. We sought to delineate midline neuroanatomical abnormalities in nonpsychotic children with 22q11DS and their age- and sex-matched controls and compare these to those reported in individuals with schizophrenia. On qualitative analysis, we found a high incidence of midline developmental abnormalities (cavum septum pellucidum, or CSP). On quantitative analysis, the total corpus callosum (CC) area was significantly increased in the patient group and among the subregions, the patients had a significantly larger isthmus. These findings of an increased area of the corpus callosum, specifically the isthmus, have not been reported before in individuals with 22q11DS. We also found a relative lack of the age-related increase in the size of the corpus callosum in the children with 22q11DS. There were no differences in cerebellar vermis measurements between the patient and control groups. Our findings are indicative of frequent midline brain anomalies, including dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, in nonpsychotic children with 22q11DS. Although the increased size of the corpus callosum in our 22q11DS patients is in direct contrast to the decrease seen in schizophrenia, the high frequency of structural midline abnormalities in these nonpsychotic children with 22q11DS is similar to that seen in schizophrenia. Further longitudinal studies on these children will help determine which of these structural abnormalities is/are pertinent to the development of psychosis.     

山东地区260例男性不育Y染色体AZF微缺失诊断的临床研究

目的探讨山东地区男性不育人群与 Y 染色体无精子因子（AZF）微缺失的关系。方法采用外周血染色体G带检测方法对患者行染色体核型分析,筛选出Y染色体整体形态偏小者,对符合纳入标准的260例患者分为少精症患者A组（130例）和无精症患者B组（130例）,正常男性对照组C组（20例）及空白对照组D组。采用多重PCR扩增检测技术对Y染色体形态偏小患者进行AZF微基因检测。结果从检测出Y染色体形态偏小患者260例中,共检出54例Y染色体AZF微缺失,C组无AZF基因缺失,与A、B组比较,AZF a,b,c总缺失率明显低于A、B组,且有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论 Y染色体AZF微缺失可能是造成男性无精子症或少精子症的主要因素,因此对男性不育患者进行Y染色体AZF微缺失诊断具有重要意义。     

染色体异常及多态变异与不良生育患者染色体核型的相关性研究

目的对有不良生育史患者进行染色体核型分析,探讨染色体异常与多态变异与不良生育的关系,为优生优育进行指导。方法选取2012年至2015年来该院咨询有不良生育患者1 465对,进行外周血培养,细胞收获,制片以及G显带,并进行核型分析。结果 1 465对夫妇中染色体异常检出率为5.19%,其中男性1.84%,女性3.34%,男女差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在具有不良生育史的患者中,早期流产患者的染色体异常检出率最高(8.05%),其次是有缺陷儿出生史的患者(8.00%),明显高于其他不良生育情况,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在具有不良生育史的患者中,染色体多态性总检出率为11.74%,男性检出率为10.85%,女性为0.89%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中死胎检出率(14.52%)以及早产检出率(12.68%)高于其他不良生育情况,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论染色体异常及多态变异可以导致不良生育的发生,所以染色体核型分析应作为优生优育的常规检查项目,为更好的优生优育进行指导。     

Prenatal diagnosis of absent pulmonary valve syndrome in association with 22q11 deletion.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal sonographic appearances in cases of absent pulmonary valve syndrome and the importance of investigating the presence of 22q11 deletion. METHODS: We describe 2 cases, which were referred because of a suspicion of a cardiac malformation. In both cases, a large anechoic mass emerging from the right ventricle was visualized and identified as an aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary trunk with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. The diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome and a secondary diverticular dilatation of the pulmonary artery was made. A review of the literature revealed another 18 cases of prenatal diagnosis of absent pulmonary valve syndrome with or without knowledge of chromosomal abnormalities. RESULTS: Pathologic examinations confirmed the diagnosis of absent pulmonary valve syndrome in both cases. Final results of fetal karyotyping revealed a 22q11 deletion in the first case. CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal 4-chamber view with an aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary trunk should suggest the diagnosis of this rare congenital anomaly. Perinatal death occurs in more than 60% of cases and is usually associated with hydrops fetalis, the presence of other malformations, or both. Even in the absence of extracardiac malformations, investigation for 22q11 deletion in cases of conotruncal cardiac abnormalities is recommended.     

1237例不孕症患者染色体检查结果分析

目的对1 237例不孕症患者进行染色体检查,分析核型结果并探讨不孕症与染色体异常的关系。方法对该院2010年3月至2014年12月收治的1 237例不孕症患者的外周静脉血进行淋巴细胞培养,收获细胞,低渗下固定制片,经G显带处理后镜检进行观察。结果 1 237例患者共检出异常核型111例,总检出率8.9%,其中性染色体异常57例,常染色体异常54例。结论染色体异常是导致原发性不孕的重要原因之一,因染色体异常导致的不孕多数是不可逆的,所以细胞遗传学检查染色体在不孕症患者的诊疗过程中尤为重要。     

22q11 microdeletion studies in the heart tissue of an abortus involving a familial form of congenital heart disease

Microdeletion of chromosome 22 is responsible for DiGeorge syndrome, Velo Cardio Facial syndrome, and conotruncal defects. Here, we report on a case of microdeletion 22q11.2 in the heart tissue of a miscarried fetus in a family whose two children had died due to complex congenital heart disease. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in the couple revealed that the mother was mosaic for microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 in 10% of her peripheral lymphocytes. Prenatal diagnosis was offered to her in her third pregnancy. On routine ultrasonography at 10 weeks, the overall view of the heart was normal. However, before any further tests could be performed, she miscarried at 16 weeks. FISH studies on the heart tissue of the abortus revealed 22q11.2 microdeletion with two different cell lines. This suggests the importance of performing FISH studies when there is a history of congenital heart disease, even though ultrasonography shows a normal view of the heart.     

Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in twin pregnancy: A case report

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common genetic disorder, also known as DiGeorge syndrome. It occurs in approximately 1:4,000 births, and the incidence is increasing due to affected parents bearing their own affected children. We report the prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by fluorescence in situ hybridization in twin fetuses having tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41 :6–9, 2013     

Detection of partial deletion and mosaicism using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction: Case reports and a review of the literature

BackgroundAneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y can be detected by the quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) performed with short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Although QF‐PCR is designed to detect whole chromosome trisomy, the partial deletion or mosaic of chromosomes may also be detected.MethodsPartial deletion or mosaic of chromosomes in three cases was detected by QF‐PCR. Karyotyping and chromosome microarray analysis(CMA) were performed. We further reviewed the clinical utility of QF‐PCR in detecting mosaicisms and deletions/duplications.ResultsQF‐PCR demonstrated structurally abnormal 21, X, and Y chromosomes in primary amniotic cells. QF‐PCR results in these three cases showed abnormal peak height/peak area, which could not be interpreted according to the kit instructions. QF‐PCR results suggested that there were partial deletions or mosaicism, which were confirmed by karyotyping and CMA.ConclusionIn addition to detecting trisomies of whole chromosomes, QF‐PCR can also detect deletion and mosaicism of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y, which could suggest the presence of copy number variants (CNVs). Additional testing with genetic technologies, such as karyotyping or microarrays, is recommended when an uninformative pattern is suspected.     

Rare large homozygous CFTR gene deletion in an Iranian patient with cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis, a common autosomal recessive genetic disorder among Caucasians, is caused by defects in the transmembrane conductance regulatory (CFTR) gene. The analysis of CFTR gene mutations is useful to better characterize the disease, and for preconceptional screening, prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Here we report the results of a genetic analysis in a 16-year-old boy from southwestern Iran diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis in infancy based on gastrointestinal and pulmonary manifestations, with positive sweat chloride tests. He lacked both normal and mutant forms of the fragment corresponding to the ∆F508 allele in initial genetic studies. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-based testing revealed a homozygous deletion spanning exons 4 to 10 of the CFTR gene. We predict an in-frame deletion removing 373 amino acids based on our sequencing results. Determining CFTR gene mutations in patients and their family members would be helpful to prevent the occurrence of new cases, especially in populations in which consanguinity is common.     

Fatal overwhelming postsplenectomy infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 10A with atypical polysaccharide capsule in a patient with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A case report

We report the first case of a teenage patient with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome who died of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) by Streptococcus pneumoniae despite appropriate prevention by pneumococcal vaccine. He had congenital heart disease and underwent several surgeries. Immunodeficiency had not been noticed clinically. Two years prior to death, splenectomy was performed for a drug-resistant idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and he was immunized with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) 4 months after splenectomy. He died suddenly after a mild flu-like symptom. Autopsy was performed and OPSI was diagnosed. Blood culture was positive for S. pneumoniae. This isolated S. pneumoniae strain was serotypically un-typable by polyvalent serum agglutination test. On the contrary, multilocus sequence typing followed by DNA sequencing indicated the molecular serotype as 10A. Additional testing using monovalent and factor-specific sera confirmed the strain as serotype 10A. Ultrastructural observation of this S. pneumoniae strain showed that the polysaccharide capsule was thin and sparse. We speculate that the abnormal morphology of the capsule may have accounted for the polyvalent serum agglutination failure and may possibly be associated with severity of OPSI observed in this case. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is associated with certain immunodeficiency, especially susceptible to S. pneumoniae infections; however, fatal OPSI has not been reported. In addition to vaccination, prophylactic antibiotics may be necessary for these patients who are at risk of immunodeficiency.     

5p部分三体综合征的临床及细胞遗传学分析

目的探讨5p部分三体遗传物质增加与临床表现的关系。方法对患儿及其父母进行G显带分析,同时对已报道的5p部分三体进行临床表现总结。结果患儿核型46,XX,der(6)t(5;6)(p13;q25)mat,部分三体5p13→pter来自于平衡异位的母亲。结论 5p部分三体的症状与特定染色体区域的基因表达有关。     

A possible mechanism for Inv22‐related F8 large deletions in severe hemophilia A patients with high responding factor VIII inhibitors

Summary. Background: Intron 22 inversion (Inv22) of the coagulation factor (F)VIII gene (F8) is a frequent cause of severe hemophilia A. In addition to Inv22, a variety of F8 mutations (1492 unique mutations) causing hemophilia A have been reported, of which 171 involve deletions of over 50 bp (HAMSTeRs database; http://hadb.org.uk/ ). However, only 10% of these large deletions have been fully characterized at the nucleotide level. Patients and methods: We investigated gene abnormalities in three unrelated severe hemophilia A patients with high titer FVIII inhibitors. They had previously been shown to carry large deletions of the F8, but the precise gene abnormalities remain to be elucidated. Results: Inverse shifting‐PCR (IS‐PCR) Inv22 diagnostic tests revealed that these patients carried either type I or II Inv22. However, they showed a wild‐type (WT) pattern in the IS‐PCR Inv22 complementary tests. We further analyzed their X chromosomes to account for the puzzling results, and found that they had different centromeric breakpoints in the Inv22 X chromosomes, adjacent to the palindromic regions containing int22h‐2 or ‐3, and their spacer region, respectively. The connections appeared to be shifted towards the telomere of the WT F8 Xq28, resulting in a new telomere with an additional intact int22h copy. Conclusions: These gene rearrangements might result from double‐strand breaks in the most distal regions of the long arms of the Inv22 X chromosomes, followed by DNA restorations using the WT F8 Xq28 by non‐homologous end joining or break‐induced replication; thus leading to large F8 deletions in severe hemophilia A patients.