Cereals Contribution to the Total Dietary Intake of Heavy Metals in Madrid,Spain

The present work is a part of FAO European Co-operative Research Network on Trace Elements reporting the results of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, molybdenum and nickel) and nutrients with potential toxicity (selenium, copper, zinc and manganese) in products from the cereals group, being a part of a total diet from Madrid. The average diet in grams per person and day was calculated based on the National Food and Nutrition Survey (ENNA-3) in a sample of 21155 households. Each family was interviewed during 7 days, through 1 year to avoid seasonal bias. Foods providing 95% of total energy intake were prepared. Foods from the cereals group were purchased in 1997 to reflect those available to the consumer and delivered to the Central Laboratory of the Agricultural and Research Centre of Finland where the concentrations of nutrients and contaminants were determined. Pasta showed the highest levels for cadmium (50.4±0.4 μg/kg dry wt.), molybdenum (308±6 μg), nickel (383±5 μg), selenium (110±3 μg), and copper (3.81±0.09 mg); whole bread, the highest of lead (59.2±8.0 μg), zinc (18.4±0.1 mg) and manganese (17.1±0.3 mg). The total dietary intake was estimated for each element and compared with relevant international standards such as the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) (FAO/WHO, 1984; WHO, 1993) and Reference doses RfD. The dietary intake of all elements from the cereal group contributes less than 15% of the maximum permissible international intake standards.     

Correlation of MT Levels in Livers and Gills with Heavy Metals in Wild Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from the Klang River,Malaysia

Metallothionein (MT) concentrations in gill and liver tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus were determined to assess biological response of fish to levels of some metals. Metal concentrations in gill and liver tissues of O. mossambicus ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 for Cd, 16 to 52 for Zn, 0.5 to 17 for Cu and 2 to 67 for T–Hg (all in μg/g wet weight, except for T–Hg in ng/g wet weight). Accumulation of Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg (μg/g wet weight) in the liver and gills of O. mossambicus were in the order of liver > gills. The concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg in fish tissues were correlated with MT content. The increases in MT levels from the reference area Puchong Tengah compared to the polluted area Kampung Seri Kenangan were 3.4- and 3.8-fold for gills and livers, respectively. The results indicate that MT concentrations were tissue-specific, with the highest levels in the liver. Therefore, the liver can act as a tissue indicator in O. mossambicus in the study area.     

Inter- and Intraclutch Variability in Heavy Metals and Selenium Levels in Audouin's Gull Eggs from the Ebro Delta, Spain

Heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, Hg) and Se concentrations were analyzed in 57 Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii) eggs belonging to different clutch sizes. Inter- and intraclutch variability in metal concentrations was investigated as a potential source of bias in the assessment of pollution levels. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between metal levels in the shell and in the contents, to evaluate the reliability of museum eggshells as indicators of historical changes of these pollutants. An outstanding female effect and/or a laying order effect underlies egg Hg levels; the fact that eggs in a clutch are not independent observations needs to be taken into account both when designing sampling strategies and when performing any analysis or interpretation of the results. The relationship between Hg in shells and contents is not sufficiently accurate to allow the use of egg-shell concentration as a reliable predictor of egg-contents concentration. However, if changes in the ecosystems are large enough it could be used to trace gross historical trends of these pollutants. Received: 10 June 1996/Revised: 28 October 1996     

Heavy Metals in the Coastal Environment of Las Galletas,Tenerife, Canary Islands,Spain

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology -     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Street Dusts and Soils of an Industrial City in Northern Spain

This study characterizes the elemental composition of street dust and soils in Avilés (N. Spain), a medium-size city of approximately eighty thousand inhabitants, where industrial activities and traffic strongly affect heavy metal distribution. A total of 112 samples of street dust were collected within a 7-km² area, encompassing residential and industrial sites (ferrous and non-ferrous plants). Elevated geometric mean concentrations of zinc (4,892 μg · g⁻¹), cadmium (22.3 μg · g⁻¹), and mercury (2.56 μg · g⁻¹) in street dust were found in samples located near industrial areas. Two types of anthropic influence were distinguishable: the first and most important one is that related to metallurgical activity and transportation of raw materials for local industries. Secondly, exhaust emissions from traffic are an important source of lead concentration in areas with high vehicular density (geometric mean: 514 μg · g⁻¹). The zinc content in the dust samples decreased with the distance from a zinc smelter located in the northern part of the city. The same trend was found for other elements in association with zinc in the raw materials used by the smelter, such as cadmium and mercury. A simultaneous research campaign of urban soils, that involved the collection of 40 samples from a 10-km² area, revealed geometric mean concentrations of 376 μg · g⁻¹ Zn, 2.16 μg · g⁻¹ Cd, 0.57 μg · g⁻¹ Hg, and 149 μg · g⁻¹ Pb, and distribution patterns almost identical to those found for street dust. Received: 22 January 2002/Accepted: 24 July 2002     

上海市生活垃圾重金属污染特征分析

采用现场调研取样和理化分析检测的方法,对上海市生活垃圾中的重金属含量进行研究,分析了重金属在产生源、物流链以及最终处置环节的变化特征。结果表明：商业垃圾是生活垃圾中重金属的主要产生源;物流过程中重金属含量有所改变;堆肥处理后的垃圾不能直接进行农用;焚烧前的自然干化使重金属富集。     

城市污泥中重金属的去除方法研究进展

简述了全国范围内污泥中重金属赋存水平以及污泥施用到农田后重金属产生的危害,重点阐述了采用物理、化学、微生物方法去除污泥中重金属,并对这几种方法的去除效率、处理成本以及环境安全性进行了比较,最后展望了今后进一步研究的发展方向和工作重点。     

Heavy Metals in Urban Roadside Plants from Amman,Jordan

No abstract available.     

Heavy Metals in Normal Japanese Tissues

? To obtain the usual values of arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, methyl mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc in the normal human body, the amounts of 15 metals were determined in 15 male and 15 female Japanese cadavers (average weight, 55 kg [121 lb]). The content of metals found ranged as follows: Zn, 1,800 mg; Cu, 65 mg; Cd, 35 mg; Pb, 25 mg; Mn, 8 mg; Ni, 6 mg; Cr, 4 mg; Hg, 3 mg; Sb, 0.7 mg; MeHg, 0.4 mg.

Cadmium and mercury were higher in Japanese blood than in blood of other people. Cadmium and mercury were absorbed by the metabolic tissues; Cr, Ni, and Pb showed higher concentration in tissue exposed to the environment. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg tended to be higher in females, and Cr, Cu, MeHg, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in males.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰重金属特性分析

对上海、山东、四川地区的6家生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰重金属特性进行了分析,结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以硫酸盐和氯化物形式存在,含量较高的元素是Zn、Pb、Ba、Cu,含有量随地域和季节有一定波动。对6家焚烧厂飞灰采用醋酸缓冲溶液法(HJ/T 300—2007)做浸出实验发现浸出浓度易超标的重金属主要是Cd和Pb,进一步通过Tessier法研究飞灰中Pb的化学形态,发现其潜在浸出能力和生物可利用性非常大,在飞灰稳定化处理中需特别关注。