汽油车尾气颗粒物中有机成分分析及对细胞免疫毒性研究

为了研究汽油车尾气颗粒物有机提取物中几种多环芳烃的含量及其对小鼠细胞功能的影响。「方法」采用大流量空气采样器采集汽油车尾气颗粒物,用高效液相色谱仪分析颗粒物有机提取物中６种多环芳烃（苯并（ａ）芘、苯并（ａ）蒽、Ｑｉ、芘、菲、晕苯）的含量。     

国产香烟主流烟雾中多环芳烃的含量

目的检测20种主要国产品牌香烟主流烟雾中多环芳烃与焦油含量,并分析其是否有相关关系.方法按ISO国际标准吸取香烟主流烟雾中颗粒物,提取颗粒物中的多环芳烃,高效液相法测定荧蒽(FLUO),芘(pyrene,PY),苯并(g,h,j)苝(BGP),苯并(a)蒽[B(a)A],( )(CRY),苯并(a)芘[B(a)P],苯并(b)荧蒽[B(b)F],苯并(k)荧蒽[B(k)F],二苯并(a,h)蒽(DBA)9种多环芳烃含量,并检测烟雾中焦油、尼古丁含量.结果20种主要品牌香烟主流烟雾中多环芳烃主要成分含量均值从高到低依次为芘,荧蒽,CRY,苯并(a)蒽,二苯并(a,h)蒽,苯并(a)芘,苯并(g,h,j)苝,苯并(b)荧蒽,苯并(k)荧蒽.总PAHs平均含量为714.8 ng/支,其中芘、荧蒽等非致癌性组分占总PAHs的93%;致癌性多环芳烃平均含量为89.4 ng/支,以苯并(a)芘和二苯并(a,h)蒽为主要成分.总PAHs、致癌性PAHs含量与焦油含量的相关系数和P值分别为0.647,0.002,0.554,0.011.结论国产香烟主流烟雾中均可检出9种多环芳烃,总PAHs、致癌性PAHs含量与焦油含量呈正相关,提示焦油可作为估计烟雾中致癌多环芳烃含量、评价健康危害的指标.     

江苏省市售食用植物油中多环芳烃污染状况分析

目的测定江苏省市售食用植物油中15种多环芳烃残留含量,为江苏省食用油脂安全监管提供依据。方法采用凝胶渗透色谱净化,高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测多环芳烃残留含量。结果市售食用植物油中15种多环芳烃均有检出。压榨油中,有9份样品苯并(a)芘含量超过我国限量标准10μg/kg,占14%;浸出油中,有4份样品苯并(a)芘含量超过我国限量标准10μg/kg,占7%;调和油中,无样品苯并(a)芘含量超过我国限量标准。结论江苏省市售食用植物油中存在多环芳烃污染。     

无铅汽油车排出颗粒物组分分析

目的：了解无铅汽油车排出颗粒物对健康的影响，对其组分进行分析。方法：以原子吸收分光光度法检测颗粒物的铅含量，使用同步辐射X射线法（PIXE）测定颗粒物除铅外的其他金属元素；采用GC／MS法分析排出颗粒物的有机组分。结果：原子吸收分光光度法检测结果显示，尾气排出颗粒物仍含有少量铅，单位重量粒物含量约为0．11μg/mg；PIXE分析结果显示，颗粒物含有多种 金属元素,如镉（Cd）、锆（Zr）、钼（Mo）、锑（Sb）等。GC／MS法分析结果显示，两种尾气排出颗粒物吸附大量的有机物，主要包括：杂环化合物（苯并噻唑）、多环芳烃（PAHs）如蒽、芘等，烷烃、甲基二硫化物，酸如1，2－苯二羧酸等物质。结论：无铅汽油车排出颗粒物吸附许多有害物质，包括无机成分及有机成分。     

大气粗细颗粒物的成分分析及其肺毒性研究

将大气颗粒物按粒径分成粗颗粒物（＞２μｍ）和细颗粒物（≤２μｍ），分析了颗粒物中Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｄ和Ｃｒ５种无机元素及５种多环芳烃（芘、、、苯并（ａ）蒽和苯并（ａ）芘）的含量和粒径分布。结果显示Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｄ和Ｃｒ及５种多环芳烃在细颗粒上高度富积。实验还采用４５只雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分为生理盐水对照组、粗颗粒和细颗粒实验组，其中每个实验组又分０．３、１．５、７．５和３７．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ４个剂量组。经气管注入染毒后２４ｈ检测肺灌洗液中细胞及生化成分的变化，结果发现粗细颗粒物均可使灌洗液中中性白细胞百分率、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性、唾液酸（ＳＡ）含量增高，细胞总数下降。但从发生的剂量和毒性指数来看，细颗粒物的肺毒性大于粗颗粒物。     

橄榄油中5种多环芳烃的测定

多环芳烃（PAHs）中包括苯并（a）芘等十几种致癌物质。国家食品卫生标准中规定各类食用油中苯并（a）芘的限值为10ug／kg。国家标准GB5009．27—2003（（食品中苯并（a）芘的测定》规定了两种检测方法，分别是荧光分光光度法和目视比色法。我们研究了利用凝胶净化技术进行前处理，用液相色谱法测定橄榄油中苯并（a）芘等5种PAHs的含量。该法自动化程度高，有机溶剂使用量少，回收率高，满足相关标准的要求。     

致癌多环芳烃及其转化产物在生物实验中的光毒性

作者曾证实,浓度很低的多环芳烃在光作用下具有特殊光毒性,并认为多环芳烃的光毒性与致癌性直接相关。作者试用梨形四膜虫种(Tetrahymena pyriformis)的纤毛虫作纤毛虫光试验,使致癌多环芳烃及共转化产物的光毒性标准化,并借以建立多环芳烃致癌性的微生物学快速测定法。作者运用纤毛虫光试验法测试了具有不同致癌性的6种多环芳烃[苯并(a)芘、苯并(b)萤蒽、茚并(1,2.3-cd)芘、苯并(a)蒽、萤蒽和环戊烯并(cd)芘],这些多环芳烃的光毒性和致癌性之间有明显的平行关系。另外还利用该法研究了苯并(a)芘受紫外线照射     

焦炉工职业性多环芳烃暴露特征的研究

目的 探讨焦炉工职业性多环芳烃暴露特征。方法 个体采样、高效液相色谱法测定作业环境中多环芳烃含量,以分析焦炉工职业暴露特征,并引入毒性当量因子概念,评价焦炉工职业性多环芳烃暴露的致癌潜能。结果 焦化厂炉顶工多环芳烃职业暴露水平明显高于炉侧工和炉底工,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);焦炉工多环芳烃职业暴露中非致癌性物质所占比例>70％,致癌性物质中苯并(a)芘(B[a]Py)占总B[a]Py等当量浓度的65.5％-72.4％;多环芳烃职业暴露总量和B[a]Py及芘含量呈正相关(r2分别为0.84和0.94,P<0.05)。结论 焦炉工职业性多环芳烃暴露水平较高且具有一定的致癌潜能,致癌性物质以B[a]Py为主。     

某些饮食业的食用油及其加热产物中多环芳烃的分析

用薄层扫描法对餐馆的厨房,萨其马工场及油条店的食用油及其加热产物中的多环芳烃作了分析,结果表明这三个饮食业中的所有样品均含有苯并[a]芘,二苯并[a,h]蒽,苯并[a]蒽,二苯并[a,b]蒽及苯并[e]芘等五种多环芳烃,且其样品中的含量均按食用油烟雾>加温后油>未加温油的顺序排列。     

杭州市区油炸及烧烤类食品中多环芳烃含量的调查分析

目的调查杭州市区油炸及烧烤类食品中多环芳烃的含量。方法采集杭州市5大主城区流动摊位和固定餐饮店的油炸及烧烤类食品(肉类和水产品)共计50份,采用三重四极杆气质联用仪和高效液相荧光法检测16种多环芳烃的含量。结果 16种多环芳烃的总体检出率为52.6%,检出含量为0.39μg/kg~960μg/kg。7份来自流动摊位的样品检出了全部16种多环芳烃,1份样品中的苯并(a)芘含量(9.70μg/kg)超出我国限值,8份样品苯并(a)芘含量超出欧盟的限量标准,11份来自流动摊位的样品中苯并(a)蒽、屈、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘4种多环芳烃总量超出了欧盟的限量标准(12.0μg/kg)。结论油炸及烧烤类食品中多环芳烃残留严重,相关部门应该加强监测和监管,尤其应加强对流动摊位的管理。     

太原市大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集特征

测定了太原市不同粒径大气颗粒物中１６种金属元素含量，分析了太原市大气环境中金属元素的污染状况、富集特征及其主要污染来源。结果表明，太原市大气环境中多数金属元素在颗粒物中的含量冬季明显高于夏季、工业区和市区的金属元素浓度水平远高于郊区。对人体危害较大的金属元素主要富集在≤２．０μｍ的细颗粒上。根据富集因子分析表明Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ等主要来自人为污染，Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ等主要来自自然来源。     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素含量及其对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响

运用ＤＦＪ－１型五段分级采样器采集太原市居民区大气颗粒物,用原子吸收分光光度法测定不同粒径颗粒物上４种金属元素Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ和Ｃｒ的含量,以双核淋巴细胞微核试验检测不同粒径颗粒物的诱变性。结果显示：太原市居民区大气颗粒物污染严重;颗粒物越小,所含金属元素量越多,小于１．１μｍ的颗粒物含金属元素量最多;不同粒径颗粒物提取液均可诱发双核细胞微核增加,尤以１．１μｍ下颗粒物诱发微核率较强,表明颗粒物具有致突变作用     

Evaluation of qualitative properties of amaranth (Amaranthus)

The work contains results of determination of protein, fat, carbohydrates, water, ash, energy value, B group vitamins (B1, B2, PP, B6) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb) in three products of amaranth. The nutrients components were determined by general approved analytical methods. Vitamins group B were determined using microbiological methods. Minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb were determined using the flame AAS method. Phosphorus was determined spectrophotometrically as phosphates with ammonium molybdate. Mean percentage content of protein, fat, caborhydrates, water and ash in products of amaranth examined (seeds, meal, expanded seeds "popping") were: 13.5-14.4; 7.1-7.6; 63.8-71.7; 3.0-12.3; 3.1-3.4 respectively; there energy value expressed in Kcal/100 g were 373-412. Vitamins content in products of amaranth (mg/100 g) were: 0.019-0.029 thiamin; 0.100-0.143 riboflavin; 1.02-1.20 niacinamide and 0.563-0.615 pyridoxin. The levels (mg/100 g) of minerals were as follow: 204-223 Ca; 712-792 P; 8.3-9.7 Fe; 200-235 Mg; 2.9-3.1 Zn; 1.03-1.38 Cu; 3.78-4.54 Mn; 6.30-8.42 Na; 318-337 K; 0.040-0.055 Cr; 0.185-0.292 Ni and 0.045-0.051 Co. Mean contents of cadmium ranged 5-9 micrograms/100 g and lead 27-35 micrograms/100 g in examined products of amaranth.     

Relation between aortal sclerosis and metals in biogeochemical environments

The marked accumulation of Ca (alkaliforming element) and P (acid-forming element) were recorded in a sclerotic part of an aorta, but the Ca/ P ratios were much smaller than those for healthy aortas and lumbar vertebra and were negatively correlated at p=5% with concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Si. The concentrations of the trace metals Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Sn, Mn, and Cd in particles suspended in the principal 169 Japanese rivers were markedly high in the Northeastern districts, where the SO₄/ CaCO₃ ratios in waters were large and the death rate from apoplexy was high. The Ca/P ratio is markedly smaller in acid foodstuffs, such as meat and cereal than in alkaline foodstuffs, such as vegetables and fruits. A positive correlation was observed (n=155, r=0.71) between the Zn and P contents, which are abundant in acid foodstuffs. In addition, the Zn content was also positively correlated with Cd (n=20, r=0.83). The amount of metals in the sclerotic aorta is positively correlated with the excess intake of trace metals as well as acid-forming substances, such as SO₄ and P, from the biogeochemical environment.     

Content of selected metals in forest fruits depending on the harvest site

Contents of selected metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) were determined in samples of forest fruits: blueberry, raspberry and wild strawberry harvested in Lublin region from areas considered as potentially not exposed to pollution (Skierbieszów Landscape Park) and potentially polluted areas (Cement Factory Rejowiec S.A.). Analyzed fruits originating from stands more exposed to pollution were characterized by higher lead (except from raspberry) as well as other metals contents than those from Krasiczyn commune. Among studied fruits, blueberry was distinguished by the lowest contents of Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, wild strawberry contained the highest levels of Pb, Zn and Mn. Cadmium content in analyzed plant materials was high.     

Heavy Metals in Livers of Waterbirds from Spain

Wetlands tend to accumulate heavy metals from local sources, such as Pb shot used for waterfowl hunting, and from regional sources, such as atmospheric deposition and riverine or marine inputs. We determined concentrations of six heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in livers of waterbirds shot by hunters in five Spanish wetlands to study the different factors that can contribute to the accumulation of these metals (sex, age, diet, grit, and Pb shot ingestion). Differences among wetlands were observed only for Cr, Cu, and Cd. Differences among species were observed for all the metals, and Cu was notably higher in pochards (Aythya and Netta genus) than in other waterfowl. Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations increased with age, and only Pb showed differences related to sex, with males having higher concentrations than females. Most metals other than Pb were correlated with each other. Lead was dependent on Pb shot ingestion. Grit ingestion positively correlated with concentrations of Cr and to a lesser extent with Mn, Zn, and Cd. Ingestion of grit or shot may obscure relationships between metals and diet. Herbivorous species, which had more grit in the gizzard, had higher Cr, Zn, and Cd concentrations. Granivorous birds, which have the highest rates of Pb shot ingestion, had the highest concentrations of Pb. Grit and Pb shot ingestion are both important sources of heavy metals for waterbirds. Lead was the single metal studied whose concentrations exceeded toxicity thresholds. Received: 5 March 2002/Accepted: 12 June 2002     

厦门市2018年市售水产品重金属污染状况分析

目的了解厦门市售水产品中铅、镉、铬、砷与汞5种重金属元素污染状况,为其限量标准制定和风险评估提供依据。方法2018年在厦门市6区超市和农贸市场抽取189份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定重金属元素,并分析检出率、超标率和元素含量。结果样品中铬和砷总检出率均为100.0%,其余3种元素总检出率分别为铅>镉>汞;干制类中铬、镉、铅、砷含量检出值高于其他4类样品;各元素在5类样品中总超标率为砷>镉>铅>铬>汞。仅腌制类未检出超标样品。结论厦门市售水产品中存在一定程度重金属污染,干制类污染情况相对严重,应加强监管并采取控制措施。     

Characteristic Levels of Some Heavy Metals from Brazilian Canned Sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis)

The total concentration of metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Sn, Cd, Cr and Pb were determined in different brands of sardines canned in soybean oil and tomato sauce, commercialized in Brazil. The sample was dissolved after wet digestion with acids and the measurements were done by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The metals that presented higher concentrations were Fe and Zn ranging from 20.96 to 88.83 and 16.16 to 36.09 μg/g, respectively. The highest values were found in sardines canned in tomato sauce. Cu, Mn and Sn ranged from 1.31 to 2.25; 1.53 to 17.55 and 2.07 to 4.57 μg/g, respectively. When compared to those metals, the Cd, Cr and Pb contents in (μg/g) presented lower values, ranging from 0.19 to 0.38, 0.46 to 1.18 and 0.77 to 2.15, respectively. The contents of Cd and Pb did not present values above the maximum limit permissible by Brazilian legislation, that are, respectively, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/g. On the other hand, the Cr concentrations were above the limit value of 0.10 μg/g. The concentrations of Pb (2.15 μg/g) observed in brand P were above the permissible limit. In general, only brand P presented the highest levels of metals. This can be attributed to differences in the process of canning and sardines quality.     

Amounts of selected minerals in green and black teas

The paper contains the results of 19 minerals (Ca, K, P, Na, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, F, Ni, Co, Cr, Li, Sr, Al, Cd, Hg, Pb) determined in green and black species of market teas. The examined minerals (except phosphorus, fluoride and mercury) were determined by ASA-method using air-acetylene flame (aluminium was determined in the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame). Mercury was determined by cold vapour method. The phosphorus and fluoride was determined by spectrophotometry methods (phosphorus in the form of phosphomolybdate blue and fluoride by use microdiffusion procedure where alizarin-fluoride complex was formed). It has been found that the examined teas are important source of potassium and low source of sodium, assuming a daily intake of 4 glasses of tea infusions. Tea drinking may be advantageous for hypertensive persons. The investigated teas are also important source of other examined minerals especially some microelements. The intake of the toxic metals with tea (Cd, Hg, Pb, Al) is low, from a centesimal to a few percent of the PTWI dose accepted by the FAO/WHO Experts. This paper presents also the first findings of the lithium and stronthium contents of examined tea species--whose physiological role still remains unknown.