西洋参与籽播参的傅里叶变换红外光谱法鉴别

目的 为了建立西洋参与籽播参有效的鉴别方法。方法 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）仪并借助OMNI采样器直接测定了样品的FTIR。结果 西洋参及籽播参外表皮及木质部的傅里叶变换红外光谱吸收差别较大。结论 可以采用FTIR直接测定法鉴别籽播参与西洋参，本法简便、快速、准确，而且不需制备样品。     

Fast pesticide multiresidue analysis in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection

A fast pesticide multiresidue analysis method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). Samples were extracted with acetic acid–water–acetonitrile (1:5:94, v/v) and cleaned up by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe multiresidue method (QuEChERS). The linearity for 15 OCPs, in the working standard solutions of seven concentration levels between 1 and 100 ng/ml, varied from 0.9990 to 0.9999. Recoveries at concentrations between 0.1 and 2 μg/g ranged from 81.4 to 95.2%, with precision, which was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), at values lower than 8.0%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pesticide levels from 60 samples, taken from six different areas. Among a total of 60 samples, 15.0% (9 samples) contained at least one of the 15 pesticides. The 15 OCPs were benzene hexachloride (BHC, including α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC), hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, mirex, endrin and dieldrin. This study indicates that the proposed method is useful for analyzing OCPs in American ginseng.     

人参叶中Ocotillone-型人参皂苷的分离

从人参叶中分离得到一个Ocotillone 型人参皂苷和两个已知人参皂苷 ,通过化学和理化性质鉴定方法 ,此Ocotil lone 型人参皂苷被鉴定为假人参皂苷 RT5,它是迄今为止在人参中发现的第一个Ocotillone 型人参皂苷 ,同时也讨论了其可能的生物转化途径     

Ocotillone—type Ginsenoside from Leaves of Pannax ginseng

An ocotillone-type ginsenoside,together with 2 known ginsenosids was isolated from leaves of Panax ginseng and identifed as psudoginsenoside-RT5 on the basis of chemical and physicohemical evidences.It has been so far the first example of ocotillone-type ginsenoside disicovered in Panax giunseng and its plausible biotransforrnation athway also discussed.     

西洋参cDNA文库构建及表达序列标签(EST)分析

为研究西洋参根的基因表达谱和挖掘其功能基因， 采用表达序列标签(EST)技术首次建立了四年生西洋参根的EST文库。通过BLAST与Gene Ontology分析获得与人参皂苷生物合成相关、 编码P450和糖基转移酶等的基因序列11个， 与生长素调节生长发育相关、 编码生长素响应因子4和生长素调节蛋白等的基因6个， 与水分胁迫相关、 编码蛋白dehydrin和DC2.15 like蛋白等的基因7个， 与编码抗氧化酶如peroxidase和catalase相关的基因6个。另外， 从西洋参根的EST文库获得抗病基因12个， 分别编码转录因子WRKY家族蛋白和ribonuclease蛋白家族， 62个EST是其他物种尚未报道的新基因。可见， EST技术作为功能基因组研究的重要手段可在西洋参功能基因的开发与研究中发挥重要作用， 这些基因的发现为进一步克隆基因全长、 研究基因功能、 改良西洋参品质、 阐明西洋参生长缓慢的分子机制等方面奠定了基础。     

Ginsenoside Rf2, a new dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng)

A new dammarane glycoside named ginsenoside Rf₂ has been isolated from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) and its chemical structure has been elucidated as 6-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2) β-D-glucopyranosyl]dammarane-3β, 6α, 12β, 20(R), 25-pentol by chemical and spectral methods.     

Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium).

The activity of CVT-E002, an aqueous extract containing mainly oligosaccharides and polysaccharides from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), as an immunobooster on murine spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages, was studied in-vitro. CVT-E002 stimulated the proliferation of normal mouse spleen cells, of which the major responding subpopulation was identified as B lymphocytes. CVT-E002 also activated peritoneal exudate macrophages leading to enhanced interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) production. In addition, CVT-E002 stimulated in-vivo immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in treated mice. These results identify some of the immunomodulating activities of CVT-E002 and suggest its use clinically for the modulation of immune responses.     

A proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) enhances IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions in murine spleen cells induced by Con-A

A patented aqueous extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), containing mainly oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, is commercially available over the counter as COLD-FX (CVT-E002). This proprietary extract is used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Its in vitro stimulating effects on the immunoglobulin production by B lymphocytes and on natural immune responses by peritoneal exudates macrophages have been previously reported. Using C57 BL/6 mice, an ex vivo study was conducted to examine Con-A-induced splenocytic productions of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as markers of acquired immune responses. CVT-E002 (10-500 microg/ml) significantly increased Con-A-induced IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions in spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner. Such response was seen by the ginseng extract originated from three different lots, suggesting consistency between the lots.     

Utilization of RAPD markers to assess genetic diversity of wild populations of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)

The Catskill Mountains of New York State are an important source of wild-collected American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) and, increasingly, of woods-cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity among 9 different wild ginseng populations in and adjacent to the Catskill Mountain region of New York State and to compare these to wild populations from other states including Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and one cultivated population from Wisconsin. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the genetic distance among samples from the 15 populations. Pooled DNA from 10 plants of each of 8 New York populations was initially screened with 64 random primers; subsequently, the 15 primers that exhibited the greatest number of reproducible polymorphic markers were selected for further experimentation. Gel electrophoresis with the selected 15 primers produced 124 highly reproducible polymorphic bands. The ratio of discordant bands to total bands scored was used to estimate the genetic distance within and among populations. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the relation matrix showed distinctly separate clusters between New York and non-New York populations, indicating separation between these two groupings. The MDS analysis was confirmed using pooled chi-square tests for fragment homogeneity. This study shows that RAPD markers can be used as population-specific markers for Panax quinquefolium, and may eventually be utilized as markers for ginsenoside assessment.     

Quinquenoside L9 from leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L.

During additional chemical investigation on the saponin composition of leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L, a new minor dammarane saponin, quinquenoside L9 (1) has been obtained. By means of physico-chemical evidences and spectral analysis, its structure was elucidated 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammara-3beta, 6beta,12beta,20(S),24zeta,25-hexaol (1).     

人参、西洋参及其主要活性成分的抗糖尿病作用研究进展

本文参考国内外文献,综述了人参、西洋参及其主要活性成分控制血糖、改善糖尿病相关的代谢紊乱及其相关机制的研究进展。     

超高效液相色谱法测定人参中人参皂苷Re的含量

目的:建立测定人参中人参皂苷Re含量的方法。方法:采用超高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Waters patened hybrid particle细1.2内39径μg柱·(m5L0-1m范m围×内2.1与m峰m面,1积.7积μm分)值,流呈动良相好为的乙线腈性关-水系((19r=∶801.)9,99检8测);波平长均为加样20回3n收m率。为结9果8.:7人0%参,R皂S苷D=R1e.的23质%(量n=浓6度)。在结0.论53:1本～方法操作便捷、效率高、结果准确,可用于人参的含量测定和质量控制。     

西洋参果的一个新三萜皂苷

从加拿大产西洋参ＰａｎａｘｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｆｏｌｉｕｍＬ.果实中分离得到了个新的三萜皂苷,通过理化性质分析和波谱解析(ＭＳ、1ＤＮＭＲ、2ＤＮＭＲ),确定其结构为20(Ｓ)3[ＯβＤ吡喃葡萄糖基(12)βＤＫ比喃葡萄糖基]达玛22Ｚ,24二烯3,12,20三醇,命名为西洋参皂苷Ｆ1(1)(ｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｎｏｓｉｄｅＦ1),结构见图1.西洋参皂苷Ｆ1(1)为白色无定型粉未,ｍｐ:195～197℃(ＭｅＯＨ).ＬｉｅｂｅｒｍａｎｎＢｕｒｃｈａｒｄ反应、Ｍｏｌｉｓｈ反应阳性,10%硫酸水解检出葡萄糖.ＦＡＢＭＳ(ｍ/ｚ):806[Ｍ Ｎａ Ｈ] .1ＨＮＭＲ(300ＭＨｚ,Ｃ5Ｄ5Ｎ…     

正交试验法优选西洋参提取工艺

目的研究西洋参最佳提取工艺。方法采用高效液相色谱法,以西洋参皂苷Re为指标,用单因素试验和正交试验法考察提取因素对含量的影响,从中优选出西洋参最佳提取工艺。结果最佳的提取工艺用70%乙醇提取3次,每次提取时间为1.5 h,提取温度为80℃,溶剂用量为西洋参的10倍(料液比为1:10)。结论优化的提取工艺稳定、可靠。     

人参,西洋参及三七总皂甙对大鼠血小板功能及血栓形成的抑制作用

体外试验表明人参总甙(SPG),西洋参总甙(SPQ)和三七总甙(SPNG)均能抑制胶原诱导的大鼠血小板聚集,其IC_(50)分别为0.583,1.012及0.815mg·ml~(-1),对胶原诱导引起的血小板5-HT释放,在0.5mg·ml~(-1)时,SPG,SPQ及SPNG的抑制率分别为20％,4％及16％,对血小板内cAMP含量,在35mg·kg~(-1)iv后,SPG,SPQ及SPNG均能使其显著增加.体内试验,对大鼠的实验性血栓,SPNG在80mg·kg~1 ig 1.5～2 h后有显著的抑制作用,但同样剂量的SPG无效Rg_1 20mg·kg~1 ig能显著抑制血栓形成,iv能显著抑制凝血酶所致DIC的血小板数目减少,FDP的增加,但对纤维蛋白原,凝血酶原时间的改变则无明显的拮抗作用。     

加拿大产西洋参茎叶中一种ionol型葡萄糖苷

利用大孔树脂、硅胶柱色谱及ＨＰＬＣ反相柱色谱法，从加拿大产西洋参（ＰａｎａｘｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｆｏｌｉｕｍＬ．）茎叶水提液的正丁醇萃取部分分离得到了一种ｉｏｎｏｌ型葡萄糖苷（１），根据其理化性质分析和光谱解析鉴定其为ｌｉｎａｒｉｏｎｏｓｉｄｅＡ，ｉｏｎ...     

西洋参茎叶总皂苷氧化裂解的一侧链环合产物

目的 研究西洋参茎叶总皂苷的氧化碱解产物.方法 采用反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20、重结晶等方法进行分离纯化,并根据理化常数和光谱数据鉴定其化学结构.结果 从西洋参茎叶总皂苷氧化碱解产物中分离鉴定了4个主要水解产物,分别为:20(S)原人参二醇(1)、24(R)-ocotillol(2)、20(S)原人参三醇(3),dammar-20S,24 R-epoxy-3β,12β,25-triol(4).结论 化合物4为首次从氧化碱解产物中分离得到,探讨其产生机理,可能是在高温通氧的条件下,使原人参二醇的侧链发生了环合.