Post-traumatic spinal cord cysts evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging.

In order to determine a more accurate prevalence of post-traumatic spinal cord cysts (PTSCC) in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients, we retrospectively reviewed magnetic resonance scans from symptomatic imaging and asymptomatic SCI patients. We found the incidence of PTSCC to be 51% in our patient population. The only symptom that correlated to the presence of a cyst was spasticity. The cyst develops at the site of injury and appears to be a common sequela of SCI. We believe that conservative treatment is indicated in most patients with a PTSCC.     

Multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging, evoked responses, and spinal fluid electrophoresis

Magnetic resonance images (MRI), evoked responses (ER), and CSF findings were compared in 39 patients with possible, probable, or definite MS. MRI disclosed multiple lesions (72%) more often than ERs (55%) in the total group of patients. In possible MS, MRI showed multiple lesions in 71%, and ER abnormalities were found in 41%. MRI is the preferred test for patients with suspected MS, but ERs are useful when MRI is normal and in the evaluation of optic nerve or spinal cord lesions.     

精神分裂症脑结构的核磁共振研究

目的：采用核磁共振技术（MRI）分析精神分裂症患者的脑结构改变。方法：以精神分裂症住院患者101例为对象,正常30例为对照,作头颅核磁共振扫描。结果：病例组第三脑室显著增宽,尾状核体积较大,海马增厚,各部位海马信号强度减弱。结论：精神分裂症患者脑萎缩明显,尾状核增大。     

Muscle volume estimation by magnetic resonance imaging in spinal muscular atrophy

Thigh muscle volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging in 16 subjects with spinal muscular atrophy. Scans were successful for 14 of 16 subjects (1 type 1, 6 type 2, and 7 type 3) as young as 5.7 years. Muscle volume with normal and abnormal signal was measured using blinded, semiautomated analysis of reconstructed data. Results were compared with segmental lean mass estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and correlated with clinical and electrophysiological measures of disease severity. Muscle volume was reduced with abnormal signal quality. Test-retest reliability (r = .99) and correlation with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (r = .91) were excellent. Type 2 subjects had lower volume (3.5 ± 1.6 vs 6.3 ± 2.8 mL/cm height; P = .06) and higher percentage of muscle with abnormal signal (68% ± 20% vs 47% ± 27%; P = .14) than type 3. Reproducibility, tolerability, and strong correlation with clinical measures make magnetic resonance imaging a candidate biomarker for clinical research.     

分裂样障碍患者的脑磁共振成像分析

目的　探讨分裂样障碍患者与正常对照者脑形态的差异。方法　采用三维磁共振成像技术测量64例(男女各32例)分裂样障碍患者和64名(男女各32名)对照组的脑形态,径线测量采用秋野等方法。结果　(1)两组男性比较:与对照组比较,患者组右侧颞叶长径小[ ( 63 4±1 5 )mm],海马角大[ (38 7±1 7)°];左侧海马长径小[ (39 4±0 7)mm],海马角大[ (38 6±1 5)°],均P<0 05。两侧半球比较,患者组右侧半球长径( 159 5±2 1 )mm、顶枕叶长径( 54 4±1 3 )mm均小于左侧[分别为(160 7±2 3)mm和(55 8±1 1)mm],而右侧半球横径[ ( 71 1±1 0 )mm]、颞叶长径[ (63 4±1 5)mm]和海马长径[ (40 7±0 8 )mm]则大于左侧[分别为( 69 8±1 0 )mm、( 62 0±1 2)mm、(39 4±0 7)mm;P<0 05]。(2)两组女性比较:患者组右侧半球高径[ (106 9±1 5)mm]、颞叶长径[ (61 6±1 2)mm]、顶枕叶长径[ (50 8±1 3)mm]和海马长径[ ( 39 9±0 8 )mm]均小于对照组[分别为(109 0±1 4)mm、(62 0±1 1)mm、(51 5±1 1)mm、(41 3±0 9)mm;均P<0 05]。两侧半球比较,患者组右侧额极长径[ ( 34 9±0 9 )mm]、额叶长径[ ( 60 7±0 9 )mm]和颞叶长径[ (61 6±1 2)mm]均大于左侧[分别为(33 6±0 8)mm、(59 6±0 8)mm、(59 9±1 3)mm],顶枕叶长径[ (50 8±1     

Non-invasive assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging in communicating hydrocephalus

This work aims to evaluate the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics in patients diagnosed with communicating hydrocephalus. Besides, we establish the relationship between CSF flow dynamic parameters on the midbrain aqueduct and intracranial pressure (ICP). CSF hydrodynamics analysis was performed using Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PC‐MRI) techniques on the midbrain aqueduct of 41 patients diagnosed with communicating hydrocephalus and 22 healthy volunteers. The correlation between CSF average flow in the midbrain aqueduct and intracranial pressure measured by Lumbar Puncture (LP) was assessed in patients with hydrocephalus. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish the correction between the average CSF flow of midbrain aqueduct and ICP. CSF dynamic parameters of the midbrain aqueduct in hydrocephalus patients, including peak positive velocity (7.348 cm/s), average velocity (0.623 cm/s), average flow (50.799 mm³/s), and regions of interest (ROI) area (9.978 mm²) were significantly higher than in the healthy controls (p < 0.05). This was after adjusting the age, gender, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index. However, only the peak negative velocity of the midbrain aqueduct did not significantly differ between the groups (p = 0.209). A positive correlation was noted between the average flow (AF) of the midbrain aqueducts and ICP in hydrocephalus patients (y (AF) = 0.386× (ICP)−33.738, r = 0.787, p < 0.05). Reference data of CSF flow dynamic parameters was obtained through the PC-MRI in middle-aged healthy volunteers and communicating hydrocephalus patients. Although the sample size was constrained, this study has significant contributions. For instance, a significant correlation was noted between the average CSF flow of the aqueduct and ICP. This therefore provides a reference for clinicians to monitor ICP in patients with hydrocephalus.     

空蝶鞍综合征与正常人在鞍区不同位点脑脊液流动磁共振定量对比研究

We used MRI to examine 38 healthy females and 38 female patients with empty sella syndrome. Cerebrospinal fluid flow was examined in six regions of interest, including the anterior clinoid processes, posterior clinoid processes, and 1.0 mm, -1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, -2.0 mm from the midpoint of the line between the anterior and posterior clinoid processes. The results revealed no significant differences in cerebrospinal fluid flow velocity and discharge in a single cardiac cycle, or indicators of cardiac cycles in the control group, indicating that the cerebrospinal fluid flow was relatively steady in the saddle area of the normal brain. In the empty sella syndrome group, cerebrospinal fluid hernia into the saddle area triggered a fluctuation of the anterior and posterior clinoid processes in the saddle area, while the flow in other regions in the saddle area was relatively steady; this resulted in significant differences in cerebrospinal fluid flow velocity and discharge, as well as the cardiac cycle.     

空间记忆广度的脑功能磁共振研究

目的本实验拟通过功能磁共振研究参与正常人空间记忆广度任务的脑功能区和特点。方法10名右利手健康志愿者进行一项空间记忆广度任务作业的同时进行脑功能磁共振扫描,实验采用组块设计,实验任务与对照任务交替进行,数据采用SPM99软件进行数据分析和脑功能区定位。结果当统计阈值设定为P(0.0001时,被试者的双侧Brodmann区(Brodmann area,BA)6区(额中下回)、右BA9区(额中下回)、左额下回BA47区、双侧顶叶BA7区(楔前叶、顶上小叶)、双侧顶叶BA40区(缘上回),右枕叶BA18、19区、右海马回BA30区、左枕颞交界处BA37区、双侧顶叶中央后回BA3区、左顶叶中央后回BA2区、右中央前回BA4区及左中脑黑质、右小脑均有激活,以顶叶的激活最为显著,其次为额叶、枕叶,其中额叶的BA9区和枕叶的BA18、19区及海马回、小脑的激活有极其明显的右侧半球优势;当统计阈值设定为P(0.001时,脑激活区增加了右前扣带回BA25区,右侧额下回BA47区、左额叶BA9区,左侧枕叶BA17、18、19区及右屏状核,左丘脑侧后核。结论与空间记忆广度有关的主要脑区有BA9、6、7、40、19区和海马回、小脑。它们在进行短时空间记忆任务时所起的作用不同。通过fMRI的研究,揭示了大脑进行空间信息的处理过程。     

Results of the PERFORM magnetic resonance imaging study

The PERFORM MRI Project was an ancillary study of the PERFORM trial. Its aim was to investigate the potential effects of terutroban in patients with atherothrombotic disorders, in comparison to aspirin, on the evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions after a recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). The change in both hypointense and hyperintense lesions on the fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, in the total brain volume and in the hippocampal volume from baseline (M1) to the final visit (M24) was assessed as well as the number of emergent microbleeds. A total of 748 patients had their MRI examination validated both at M1 and M24 during the study. At baseline, the volume of hypointense and hyperintense lesions on FLAIR images, the total brain volume, the hippocampal volume and the number of patients with microbleeds did not differ between the two groups. During follow-up, the mean volumetric increase of lesions hypointense or hyperintense on FLAIR images (from 5 to 8 %), the mean reduction of total brain volume (?0.4 %) and of hippocampal volume (?4 %), did not differ between the two treatment arms. The same parameters analysed ipsilateral to the ischaemic lesion did not differ either between the two groups. In the terutroban group, 16.3 % of patients presented with emergent microbleeds, 10.7 % in the aspirin group; this difference was not significant. In the PERFORM study, the progression of FLAIR lesions, of cerebral or hippocampal atrophy and of microbleeds did not differ between patients treated by terutroban and those treated by aspirin.     

书写痉挛脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的 应用脑功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术,观察书写痉挛患者痉挛性书写脑功能区激活特点,探讨书写痉挛可能发病机制.方法 采用fMRI组块设计,分别获得10例书写痉挛患者和10名年龄、性别匹配健康对照组执行默写、手写、笔写任务时的平均脑功能激活图,同时通过一般线性分析法产生“笔写减手写”及“笔写减默写”的差异脑功能图.结果 书写痉挛患者进行书写任务时,受累手对侧基底节区,特别是壳核（激活体素个数864）,较健康对照组（激活体素个数54）显著激活;运动皮质（第一运动区、辅助运动区、运动前区）及同侧小脑较健康对照亦有明显激活;而进行手指写和默写任务时两组间差异并不明显;＂笔写减手写＂及＂笔写减默写＂差异脑功能图发现书写痉挛患者在除去手指写运动及语言处理相关影响后上述脑区仍有明显激活,健康对照组则皮质下结构激活消失,运动相关皮质激活亦明显减少.结论 书写痉挛患者执行笔写任务时上述脑区尤其皮质下结构异常激活与书写痉挛发生存在一定关联,基底节区及相应皮质-皮质下环路功能紊乱,可能在书写痉挛发病机制中起到重要作用.     

A magnetic resonance imaging study of the adhesio interthalamica in schizophrenia

Several recent studies have found a relationship between midline cerebral malformations (cavum septi pellucidum, absence of the adhesio interthalamica) and schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated whether the adhesio interthalamica is more often absent in patients with schizophrenia than healthy cases and whether the absence of the adhesio interthalamica may be related to the volume of the third ventricle. Twenty-six patients (11 male, 15 female) in the schizophrenia group and twenty-nine (11 male, 18 female) cases in the control group were examined by MRI. The adhesio interthalamica was found to be absent more often among patients with schizophrenia compared with control subjects and patients without adhesio interthalamica did not have significantly larger third ventricle volumes. The absence of the adhesio interthalamica may be important in explaining the association between the abnormalities of brain midline structures and schizophrenia.     

A case of neoplastic angioendotheliosis--serial study of magnetic resonance imaging

The case of a 59-year-old man who was diagnosed as having neoplastic angioendotheliosis by biopsy of a small hemangioma on the skin is reported. The clinical features were characterized by hypersomnia, memory disturbance, disorientation to time and mild left hemiplegia including the face. Laboratory findings showed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased serum LDH, increased CSF protein and pleocytosis in the CSF. The CSF level of IgG was also elevated and was associated with the appearance of oligoclonal IgG bands. The biopsy specimen of the hemangioma on the skin revealed that some small vessels were packed with atypical mononuclear cells which were positive for anti-B cell antibody. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain detected multiple lesions located in the cerebellum, thalamus and caudate nucleus. The left paramedian thalamic lesion might be responsible for his characteristic mood and behavioral changes. The serial MRI study disclosed that some lesions progressively enlarged and duplicated in number. These findings might be typical for neoplastic angioendotheliosis, in which the rapidly proliferating cells occluded small vessels one after another in the central nervous system. The serial study of MRI may serve an important diagnostic purpose in this disease, although most patients with this disease, so far, have been diagnosed by autopsy.     

抑郁症患者脑的磁共振研究

目的;采用磁共振技术（MRI）分析抑郁症患者的脑结构改变。方法：以抑郁症患者32例为病例组,正常23例为对照组,作头颅磁共振扫描。结果：病例组第3脑室横径,双侧外侧裂宽度显著增宽,透明中隔至额极距离减少。结论：抑郁症患者额、颞叶均明显萎缩。     

A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with schizophrenia

Summary Twenty patients with schizophrenia and ten normal control subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The volumes of several brain structures were measured using a computer image analysing system. The schizophrenic patients had significantly smaller left parahippocampal volume and larger left temporal horn volume than the control subjects. A larger body of the right lateral ventricle could be estimated in the schizophrenics, but this difference was not significant. In the patient group a non-significant negative corrlation was established between the presence of positive symptoms and the left temporal horn volume. There was no signieficant correlation between the temporal horn and temporal lobe or medial temporal structures. Our results indicate that the left medial temporal structure or left temporal lobe may be involved in schizophrenia and that temporal horn enlargement does not simply represent volume loss of the surrounding tissue.     

线索诱发海洛因依赖者戒断期心理渴求的功能磁共振成像研究

目的　探讨线索诱发海洛因依赖者戒断期心理渴求的特异神经结构,为寻找干预复吸的有效策略提供理论依据。方法　采用3 0T磁共振成像系统,对30例戒断期海洛因依赖者和17名健康对照者在观看自然风光和吸毒图片时行全脑扫描,识别线索诱发海洛因渴求的特异脑区。结果(1)与观看自然风光相比,观看吸毒图片可以诱导戒断期海洛因依赖者产生明显心理渴求(t=-6 535,P<0 001),且渴求程度与吸毒量呈正相关(r=0 464,P=0 01)。(2)共发现17个参与线索诱发海洛因渴求的特异脑区,主要集中在前额叶皮质和边缘系统,以左侧为主。自我报告渴求与激活脑区数目及左侧额下回、额中回、扣带回前部、额内测回,右侧眶额皮质、杏仁核和岛叶等7个脑区的激活体积呈正相关(P<0 05)。结论　多个脑区参与线索诱发海洛因渴求,既包括认知过程又涉及情感加工,不同渴求程度激活脑区数目与某些脑区的激活体积不同。     

A case of adrenomyeloneuropathy with marked spinal cord atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging

A 29-year-old man complained of increasing paraplegia and sphincter disturbances. On admission, he was 23 years old. He had moderate pigmentation of the skin, and his neurological examinations revealed spastic paraplegia, hyperreflexia of both legs with Babinski's signs, a pinprick sensation deficit below the L-1 level, loss of vibration sense in the lower extremities and horizontal nystagmus on lateral gaze. Endocrinological examinations revealed adrenocortical insufficiency. CSF, EEG, EMG, brain-CT and myelography did not show any abnormalities, but metrizamide CT myelography at the low thoracic spinal cord revealed decreased cord diameter. Nerve conduction velocities showed impairment in the tibial and peroneal motor fibers. Auditory brain-stem response revealed elongated III-V interval. A cystometrogram disclosed a reflex neurogenic bladder. In the analysis of the fatty acid component of plasma sphingomyelin, the C26/C22, C25/C22, C24/C22 ratios were found to be increased, and the diagnosis of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) was confirmed. The patient's mother was also found to be asymptomatic carrier of AMN on the basis of long chain fatty acid plasma levels. The MRI performed in his age of 29 years, showed marked spinal atrophy from low cervical to low thoracic regions and mild cerebellar atrophy. This findings seems to correspond with chronic progressive demyelination of spinal white matter such as pyramidal tract and fasciculus gracilis.