颅内硬脑膜动静脉瘘的影像学

颅内硬脑膜动静脉瘘占颅内动静脉畸形的10%~15%,可引起颅内出血或其他神经功能缺损,但其临床表现缺乏特异性,CT 和 MRI 改变不典型,易被忽视而漏诊或延误诊断。临床医生对该病的认识和高分辨率影像学检查对快速准确诊断很关键,及时治疗可防止死亡或残疾。文章对相关文献进行了综述,以提高对硬脑膜动静脉瘘的认识,尽早明确诊断并予以恰当的治疗。     

超声诊断创伤性动静脉瘘

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声在创伤性动静脉瘘诊治中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析10例创伤性动静脉瘘患者的灰阶和彩色多普勒超声图像,包括动静脉瘘瘘口发生位置、瘘口大小及形态、受累静脉增宽程度、动静脉内血流表现、动静脉瘘分流的血流峰值流速、受累动脉近心端和远心端的血流频谱变化,受累静脉内频谱表现,并与手术结果或磁共振对比。术后检查,注意观察动静脉瘘口是否闭合,瘘口处动静脉的灰阶图像及血流表现。结果:动静脉瘘超声定性诊断率100%(10/10),瘘口位置诊断准确率100%(10/10),血流频谱的特异性表现为瘘口处高速、低阻及双期单向连续性血流,受累静脉内出现动脉样频谱。术后检查瘘口闭合(9/9,100%),原受累静脉内未探及动脉样频谱。结论:多普勒超声诊断动静脉瘘具有无创、简便、易行且准确率较高的优点,并具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Noninvasive detection of a coronary arteriovenous fistula by two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography

The diagnosis of a left circumflex coronary artery--coronary sinus fistula draining into the right atrium was confirmed by echocardiographic analysis. Two-dimensional echocardiography revealed a dilatation of the left main coronary artery, the left circumflex artery, the coronary sinus and a fistulous communication. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study showed a turbulent, continuous flow within the dilated coronary artery, in the coronary sinus and at the site of its drainage into the right atrium. There was a diastolic flow-reversal in the descending aorta in absence of aortic insufficiency. Color Doppler echocardiography enhanced the finding of the correct diagnosis by simultaneously displaying blood flow within various parts of the heart and the coronary vessels. This technique aided in establishing the exact location of the fistula by demonstrating a turbulent blood flow, even in narrow cardiac structures. The echocardiographic diagnosis was confirmed by coronary angiography.     

应用经颅多普勒超声对颅内动静脉畸形盗血程度进行量化评估

目的 通过对盗血现象的分析,完善颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)的经颅多普勒超声(TCD)诊断,并应用盗血指数(SI),评估AVM的盗血程度。 方法 应用AVM非供血动脉血流的低流速、高阻力特点,进行逆向推导的逆向诊断法;并对16例经脑血管造影数字减影(DSA)证实的颅内AVM的TCD资料进行回顺性分析。以供血动脉及其相邻非供血动脉的Vm供／Vm邻比值和相应的SI值进行相关分析,并尝试比较SI与AVM大小的关系。 结果 通过逆向诊断将Vm供／Vm邻比值,同相应SI值进行相关分析,r=0.66,p=0.000,n=42;SI与动静脉畸形大小呈正相关趋势(r=0.48,n=12),p>0.05,无显著意义,SI大小可能与AVM的类型、大小和血管发育程度等有关。 结论 AVM的盗血现象应作为TCD重要的诊断条件之一,分析TCD的SI值大小,结合DSA检测结果,可以对AVM的类型、血管床的发育情况和大小进行分析判定。     

Circulation in neonates with intracranial arteriovenous fistula and cardiac failure

Two newborn infants with severe cardiac failure caused by a large cerebral arteriovenous communication were studied with complete cardiac catheterization, indicator-dilution curves and angiography. In one infant, studied at age 10 hours, a large right to left shunt through the patent ductus was seen with retrograde aortic flow into the left carotid artery. The entire flow in the descending aorta was supplied from the ductus. The second infant, studied at age 5 days, had a 20 percent right to left shunt through the foramen ovale and the ductus was closed. Hypoxia was caused by inadequate oxygenation of pulmonary venous blood, atrial right to left shunting and possibly ductal right to left shunting. The hemodynamic findings in cases of cerebral arteriovenous fistula would seem to depend on the patient's age at the time the studies are carried out and the severity of the lesion. Cardiac output was more than twice the normal value and blood flow through the arteriovenous fistula was probably greater than 4 liters/min per m².     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘分型与治疗方法的关系

目的：探讨硬脑膜动静脉瘘分型与治疗方法的关系。方法：对28例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者行全脑血管造影；DSA采集速度4～8帧／s，依据Cognard分型分别采用压迫颈动脉(2例)、动脉入路栓塞(8例)、栓塞 手术(10例)及手术(8例)的治疗方法。结果：有10例治愈，12例症状明显改善。4例症状缓解，1例无改善，1例加重。结论：硬脑膜动静脉瘘的治疗比较困难，术前仔细研究病变的血流动力学特点，正确采取不同的方法常能取得较好的疗效。治疗方法的选择与瘘口的位置、供血动脉数量以及静脉引流方式等有关。     

Coronary arteriovenous fistula

Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistulas represent abnormal communication between coronary arteries and any cardiac chambers, pulmonary artery, coronary sinus, superior vena cava or pulmonary vein. We reported an interesting case of very long and tortuous coronary arteriovenous fistulas originated from the left circumflex coronary artery, which drained into bronchial arteries in right lower lung field diagnosed by coronary angiography and multidetector computed tomography.     

Localization of coronary arteriovenous fistula by indicator-dilution curves

In 5 cases of coronary artery-right heart fistula, indicator-dilution curves were used to localize the arterial and venous ends of the fistula. It is suggested that this technique facilitates the selection of angiographic injection sites, thus reducing the radiation exposure to the patient, the number of angiographic studies and the amount of contrast material required. Four subjects were submitted to surgical correction of their lesion with good results.     

Incremental role of three-dimensional over two-dimensional ultrasound in the assessment of traumatic peripheral arteriovenous fistula

We present a patient with an accidental self-inflicted stab wound to his right thigh in whom three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound was able to find two communications between the right femoral artery and the femoral vein, in contrast to two-dimensional (2D) peripheral ultrasound which could find only one communication between them, thereby showing an incremental value of 3D over 2D ultrasound.     

Congenital pericardial arteriovenous fistula

A young man with a continuous murmur was shown by means of aortography and arteriography of the internal mammary artery to have an arteriovenous fistula on the pericardium which caused a systemic-pulmonary shunt. The fistula was operated on and closed.     

Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula

Three verified cases of congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula have been described, bringing the total reported cases to forty-six. The combination of a machinery murmur in an unusual location, catheterization evidence of a left to right shunt, and opacification of a dilated coronary artery by angiography confirms the clinical diagnosis.

Surgical correction has proved to be safe and effective. The number of surgical cures (including two cases reported herein) now totals fifteen cases with one death due to surgery.     

Brachial plexus compression by an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula

Summary A case of left brachial plexus compression by an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula was treated by detachable balloon technique with immediate relief of pain. Good results on paresia were obtained in a few weeks.