46例危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗及并发症分析

目的探讨危重心脏瓣膜病手术治疗和围手术期处理的经验。方法46例危重心脏瓣膜病患者接受二尖瓣置换术（MVR）27例,二尖瓣并主动脉瓣置换术13例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）6例;同时行三尖瓣环缩术12例,左房折叠术11例。结果早期主要并发症为室性心律失常、低心排血量综合征、呼吸衰竭和多器官功能衰竭。早期死亡7例,其中室性心律失常2例、术后脑出血1例、多器官功能衰竭（MSOF）4例。结论危重心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗应注意围手术期处理,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,加强术后并发症防治。     

危重心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的 探讨危重心脏瓣膜病手术治疗和围术期处理。方法 1991年10月—2003年12月危重心脏瓣膜病患者46例接受手术治疗,其中男21例,女25例;年龄28～65岁。术前心功能Ⅲ级22例,Ⅳ级24例。二尖瓣置换术15例,主动脉瓣置换术6例,二尖瓣加主动脉瓣置换术25例;同时行三尖瓣成形术38例,左房血栓清除术8例。结果 早期主要并发症为室性心律失常、低心排血量综合征、呼吸衰竭和多器官功能衰竭。早期死亡1例。结论 危重心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗应注重围术期处理,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,加强术后并发症的防治。     

内窥镜采集大隐静脉行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的术后并发症处理策略

目的 回顾性分析内窥镜采集大隐静脉(EVH)行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的术后并发症及处理经验。方法 2014年1月至2015年1月我科采用内窥镜采集大隐静脉做为CABG血管材料患者352例。手术方式非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术317例,体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植手术35例,其中单纯冠状动脉旁路移植手术3例,同期行二尖瓣成形18例,二尖瓣置换6例,主动脉瓣置换6例,室壁瘤切除、左室成形2例。结果 术后并发症包括：心房颤动18例,低心排出量综合征10例,围术期心肌梗死6例,低氧血症6例,精神异常3例,皮下隧道内血肿、下肢肿胀疼痛3例,皮肤灼伤2例。术后死亡4例 (1.13%),原因为低心排出综合征合并多脏器功能衰竭2例、心室颤动1例,大面积脑梗死l例。结论 加强术后监护及治疗,及时纠正低心输出量综合征,积极防治术后心律失常等均为提高手术成功率的关键因素。应用内窥镜采集大隐静脉行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者术后并发症发生率低,其作为一种微创取血管的方法,是安全和值得推荐的大隐静脉采集方法。     

合并特别巨大左心室心脏手术及围手术期处理

目的:报道18例特别巨大左心室心脏手术及围手术期处理经验和效果。方法:回顾分析18例合并特别巨大左心室心脏手术后临床资料,左心室舒张末内径(LVEDD)90～112,平均(95.9±11.7)mm。其中,施行主动脉瓣与二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术13例,动脉导管未闭经肺动脉缝闭同时行二尖瓣置换术和主动脉瓣置换术各2例,瓦氏窦瘤破裂修补加主动脉瓣置换术1例。本组同期行三尖瓣环缩成形术12例,二尖瓣置换术均保留全部或部分瓣膜和瓣下结构。术后住重症监护室1～35,平均(9.8±3.5)d。结果:手术早期死亡率33.3%(6/18),死亡原因:猝死2例(33.3%,2/6),肝功能衰竭2例(33.3%,2/6),低心输出综合征1例(16.7%,1/6),呼吸衰竭1例(16.7%,1/6)。存活12例,术后1月复查超声心动图,LVEDD平均(60.6±16.1)mm,较术前显著缩小(P<0.01),心功能恢复良好。结论:合并特别巨大左心室心脏手术风险大,死亡率高,完善的手术以及合理的围手术期处理可减低手术死亡率。     

95例再次人工机械瓣置换术

目的:总结95例再次人工机械瓣置换术的外科治疗经验。方法:自2000年1月至2010年4月共行心脏瓣膜置换术3235例,其中95例行再次人工机械瓣置换术。本组95例第一次手术均是行人工机械瓣置换术后的患者,其中机械瓣功能障碍65例,瓣周漏19例,机械瓣心内膜炎11例,手术均在全麻体外循环心脏停跳下进行,其中急诊手术35例,限期手术20例,择期手术40例。其中二尖瓣置换74例,主动脉瓣置换12例,双瓣置换9例,同期行三尖瓣置换13例,三尖瓣成形45例。结果:围术期死亡7例,病死率7.37%,其中有3例是术中无法脱离体外循环机,2例因术后出现严重低心排出量综合征(低心排)及多脏器功能衰竭死亡,1例死于术后心室颤动(室颤),1例死于术后脑出血、脑疝,其余88例痊愈出院。随访3个月至4年,晚期死亡4例,存活患者心功能均明显改善。结论:掌握好手术时机、手术技术及术后处理,是再次机械瓣置换术成功的重要因素。     

风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术216例临床分析

目的总结216例风湿性心脏病的外科治疗经验。方法手术在全麻体外循环中度低温下进行,其中行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）130例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）28例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣置换术（BVR）58例,三尖瓣成形术71例,左心耳结扎术24例,左房折叠术10例,左房血栓清除术25例。结果209例（96．8％）恢复出院,早期死亡7例（3．2％）,死囚分别为低心排综合征2例、左室后壁及主动脉后壁破裂出血各1例、多脏器功能衰竭1例、恶性心律失常1例、脑栓塞1例。结论瓣膜置换术是治疗风湿性心脏瓣膜病的有效手段。充分的术前准备、加强心肌保护、提高和改进手术技术、术后有效的监护治疗,可显著提高手术疗效,减少术后并发症,降低死亡率,取得满意的临床效果。     

先天性矫正大动脉转位解剖矫治手术后早期并发症的处理

目的:回顾性分析先天性矫正大动脉转位(cTGA)解剖矫治手术后的早期并发症及处理经验。方法:2002年4月至2007年10月我科行双调转手术治疗cTGA合并心内畸形患儿15例。全组均在全麻中度低温、低流量体外循环下行心内直视解剖矫治手术。手术方式包括改良Senning+Rastelli13例,Mustard+Rastelli+双向Glenn术1例、改良Senning+Switch术1例。结果:术后早期死亡3例(20%),死亡原因为低心排出综合征和左心功能衰竭。术后低心排出量综合征1例,交界性心律或伴室性早搏二联律6例;交界性心律伴Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞及阵发性室速1例;室上性心动过速1例;Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞1例,右上肺不张1例,引流管留置时间10d2例,胸腔积液1例。结论:加强矫正大动脉转位解剖矫治术后监护及综合治疗措施,及时纠正术后低心输出量综合征,积极防治术后心律失常等均为提高手术成功率的关键因素。早期行双调转手术可解剖矫治cTGA合并心内畸形,死亡率低,中、远期心功能效果好。     

保留全瓣膜二尖瓣置换术五例报告

从1990年5月到1992年4月,我院行全瓣膜保留二尖瓣置换术5例。一律采用单根线连续缝合。简化了手术操作。术后无低心输出量综合征发生。5例左室舒张末径平均缩小25.5%,但左室射血分数均有不同程度下降。     

危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗

目的总结危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗经验。方法对187例危重心脏瓣膜病患者先行强心利尿治疗控制心衰后,行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）44例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）27例,主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣置换术（DVR）111例,三尖瓣置换术（TVR）1例,同时行三尖瓣成形术（TVP）129例,冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）17例,房间隔缺损修补术（ASD）＋二尖瓣置换术4例;术后调整心脏前后负荷,适当延长呼吸机使用时间,加强呼吸道管理,维持水电解质平衡,加强抗凝。结果本组死亡17例,其中术中心脏复跳困难2例,低心排7例,肾功能衰竭2例,术后突发心律失常5例,机械瓣失功能1例。139例术后随访1~60个月,心功能Ⅰ级112例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级2例;仍存在心绞痛1例,心脏瓣周漏2例。结论恰当的围手术期处理、合理的术式选择是手术治疗重症心脏瓣膜疾病的关键。     

急诊心脏瓣膜替换25例报告

目的:探讨急诊心脏瓣膜替换手术时机和围手术期处理措施。方法:1995年1月至2009年5月,对急性心脏瓣膜功能障碍致急性心肺功能衰竭施行急诊瓣膜置换25例,其中男性15例,女性10例,年龄12～64岁,术前心功能均为Ⅳ级。二尖瓣病变17例,其中二尖瓣机械瓣替换术后血栓形成致人工瓣膜功能障碍7例,人工瓣膜性心内膜炎并瓣周漏4例,感染性心内膜炎致急性二尖瓣腱索及乳头肌断裂并二尖瓣重度关闭不全5例,二尖瓣关闭不全并预激症1例。主动脉瓣病变8例,其中感染性心内膜炎并主动脉穿孔致急性心力衰竭(心衰)3例,血栓形成致人工瓣功能障碍2例,主动脉关闭不全并主动脉窦瘤破裂致急性心衰2例,外伤性主动脉瓣撕裂致主动脉瓣重度关闭不全1例。二尖瓣替换18例,其中再次心脏瓣膜替换11例,同时施行三尖瓣成形9例,异常传导束旁路切断1例。主动脉瓣替换8例。置入机械瓣22例,生物瓣3例。主动脉阻断时间34～80 min,转流时间70～160 min。结果:早期死亡1例,死于术后严重低心排综合征(低心排),其余病例术后恢复顺利,随访1～13年,心功能恢复良好。结论:及时、准确诊断,果断抉择手术时机,合理选择术式及良好围术期处理是进一步提高手术疗效的关键。     

复发性心脏瓣膜病再次外科治疗效果及其相关因素

目的:回顾性分析对二尖瓣闭式扩张术、瓣膜成形术、瓣周漏、人工机械瓣功能障碍、生物瓣衰坏等原因引起的复发性瓣膜病变进行再次手术的效果和相关因素。方法: 复发性瓣膜病患者331（男143,女188）例,年龄12～73(46±12)岁,两次手术间隔时间2月～25(17±8)年。其中二尖瓣闭式扩张术后再狭窄143例,二尖瓣或主动脉瓣成形术后瓣膜病变复发53例,生物瓣衰坏32例,瓣周漏26例,换瓣术后其它瓣膜病21例,人工瓣膜替换或瓣膜成形术后心内膜炎17例, Ebstein畸形矫治术后三尖瓣关闭不全15例,人工瓣膜机械功能故障9例,室间隔缺损修补术并行瓣膜成形术后心内膜炎7例,完全或部分性心内膜垫缺损和矫正性大动脉转位术后二尖瓣或三尖瓣关闭不全6 例,二尖瓣球囊扩张术2例。再次手术方式为二尖瓣替换术,主动脉瓣替换术,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣替换术,三尖瓣替换术,瓣周漏修补术及三尖瓣成形术等。结果: 全组共死亡27例,占8.2％,早期主要死亡原因为低心排出量综合征、室性心律失常、多脏器功能衰竭、左心室破裂、感染性心内膜炎、肾功能衰竭。随访259例,随访期6月～21（10±7）年,心功能恢复至Ⅰ～Ⅱ级189例。复发性心脏瓣膜病再次手术的危险因素包括术前心功能差、重要脏器功能不全、急诊手术、主动脉阻断时间和体外循环时间长等。结论: 针对再手术相关的危险因素进行积极防治,适时而妥善的外科手术和围手术期处理仍可获良好效果。     

心脏瓣膜病巨大左心室病人的瓣膜置换

目的：探讨瓣膜病巨大左心室病人的临床特点，及影响手术疗效的主要因素，提高瓣膜置换术后的疗效。方法：共47例瓣膜病巨大左心室病人行瓣膜置换术，其中主动脉与二尖瓣双瓣置换35例，二尖瓣置换5例，主动脉置换7例，同时行三尖瓣成形42例，左房折叠4例。结果：术后早期并发症14例(349／6)，死亡2例(4．259／6)，影响瓣膜置换手术早期疗效的主要因素是严重左室扩大，严重左室收缩功能下降，射血分数(EF)＜0．40，左室短轴缩短率(FS)＜0．25和严重低心输出量综合征，和围术期室颤。结论：掌握合适手术时机，注意心肌保护措施，最大限度地保留心内结构是巨大左心室病人瓣膜置换手术成功的重要因素。     

主动脉根部瘤合并二尖瓣病变的外科治疗

目的:总结主动脉根部瘤合并二尖瓣病变的外科治疗经验。方法:2009年2月至2011年12月,我科实施主动脉根部替换手术合并二尖瓣置换/成形术38例。主动脉根部2例行Wheat术,其余均行Bentall术;二尖瓣6例行二尖瓣成形术(MVP),32例行二尖瓣置换术(MVR)。同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)2例,孙氏手术4例。结果:围手术期死亡1例,病死率2.6%(1/38);1例患者发生Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞,术后植入永久起搏器;1例患者接受主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)治疗,2例患者接受连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT),1例患者并发真菌感染。2例患者因术后引流多行二次开胸探查术。术后超声心动图:左心室舒张末期内径(55±11)mm(36-83mm),较术前明显缩小。结论:主动脉根部联合二尖瓣手术治疗是安全有效的,对于主动脉瓣环较大的患者,经主动脉瓣口行二尖瓣手术能够取得满意的结果。     

Prolapse of the "floppy" aortic valve as a cause of aortic regurgitation. A clinico-morphologic study

A clinico-pathologic study was performed in 25 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement because of regurgitation, caused by myxoid degeneration of the valve leaflets. Associated cardiac anomalies were floppy mitral valve (2 cases), floppy mitral valve and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (1), left atrial myxoma (1), and aortic coarctation at the isthmus (1). Three patients died (2 immediately and 1 on the 30th postoperative day). Pathological studies of the explanted valves showed deformities characterized by redundant thin leaflets which appeared soft and gelatinous. On histologic examination the fibrous layer of the leaflets was seen to be infiltrated by myxomatous tissue. Echocardiography showed the aortic root to be dilated in 13 patients and normal in the others. In those with normal aortic root, the histological examination of aortic wall disclosed minimal cystic medial necrosis in two cases. In contrast, more severe forms of cystic medial necrosis were evident in all patients having a dilated aortic root. Aortic valve replacement was performed in all cases. It was accompanied by a Bentall procedure (1 case), repair of ascending aorta dissection (2), replacement of the ascending aorta (1), mitral valve replacement (2), mitral valve replacement and apico-ascending aorta conduit (1) and excision of a left atrial myxoma (1). Our experience suggests that prolapse of the aortic valve due to floppy leaflets is a common degenerative disease which is generally associated with noninflammatory aortic root degeneration. This, together with aortic root dilatation, contributes to valve insufficiency. Nevertheless, the disease, when isolated (with normal aortic root), is liable in itself to produce aortic regurgitation. The need for early diagnosis is stressed, so as to be able to perform valve replacement.     

大左室心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的:以回顾性研究总结大左室心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法:84例大左室心脏瓣膜病患者行外科手术治疗,二尖瓣置换术55例,主动脉瓣置换术7例,二尖瓣置换+主动脉瓣置换术22例。术前充分准备,术中采用低温冷血停搏液灌注,加强心肌保护,注意保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构,术后积极防治并发症。结果:本组术后早期发生并发症(低心排,肺部感染,肝肾功能不全等)22例,治愈出院62例。结论:大左室心脏瓣膜病患者行外科手术治疗风险大,术后并发症多;全面综合的外科治疗是大左室心脏瓣膜病患者顺利康复的关键。     

Echocardiographic studies of left ventricular wall motion and dimensions after valvular heart surgery

Echocardiograms obtained from 50 patients after valvular heart surgery (in 33 cases within 2 months of the procedure) were examined to study patterns of interventricular septal motion and left ventricular dimensional changes. Preoperative echograms were available in 28 cases. Before and after mitral commissurotomy septal motion and left ventricular diameters as well as the percent systolic shortening of the echocardiographic transverse axis were within normal limits. Before operation, aortic and mitral regurgitation were associated with increases in end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, septal motion and percent systolic shortening of the left ventricular diameter. Septal dyssynergy, defined as paradoxical motion or marked hypokinesia, was seen within 2 months of operation in 91 percent of patients after aortic valve replacement and in 42 percent after mitral valve replacement. Of subjects studied more than 2 months postoperatively, none with mitral valve replacement and only 33 percent with aortic valve replacement manifested septal dyssynergy. After valve replacement for aortic or mitral regurgitation there were significant decreases in end-diastolic diameter, septal excursion and total and percent left ventricular systolic shortening. Two subjects not having valve replacement also demonstrated paradoxical septal motion postoperatively. The cause of septal dyssynergy after valvular surgery was not apparent although the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was an essential condition.We conclude that echocardiography can be utilized to follow up changes in left ventricular wall motion and dimensions after surgery for valvular heart disease, and that it may be of value in assessing the early and late postoperative results.     

Radionuclide ventriculography in aortic and mitral valve insufficiency. Pre- and post-operative studies of valve replacement surgery

Radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) is now a well-established procedure for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac hemodynamics, including the detection and quantification of valvular regurgitation. 46 patients undergoing aortic or mitral valve replacement were examined by RNV pre- and postoperatively. The specificity of RNV in the diagnosis of aortic or mitral incompetence was high. All cases of moderate to severe aortic regurgitation were identified. This, however, was not true for mitral incompetence. A significant overlap between the left atrium and the left ventricle in the LAO view is held responsible for this decrease in sensitivity. The quantification of aortic regurgitation and the assessment of left ventricular function by RNV appears to hold promise in the preoperative workup. This diagnostic approach yields important additional information, which may be essential in the appropriate timing of surgical intervention. Aortic valve replacement for incompetence as well as for stenosis was accompanied by a significant improvement in global left ventricular ejection fraction. No postoperative change in ejection fraction was found in cases of mitral incompetence, while a slight increase was observed following operative therapy for mitral stenosis. The radioisotope findings were correlated to the results obtained by cardiac catheterization and noninvasive techniques such as echocardiography. The place of RNV in the pre- and postoperative management of valvular heart disease is delineated in this paper. It is of special value in the evaluation of aortic incompetence and may be an important diagnostic adjunct in the approach to the patient with mitral valve disease or aortic stenosis.     

巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换手术治疗体会

目的 :提高巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换术手术效果。方法 :回顾性分析 79例巨大风湿性心脏患者 ,心胸比 >0 7。根据心脏大小分为四型 :Ⅰ型为左右心房扩大及右心室扩大 11例 ;Ⅱ型全心扩大 ,左心室舒张末期直径 (LEVDd) 4 5～ 6 9mm 14例 ;Ⅲ型双心房扩大及右心室扩大 ,小左心室 ,LEVDd <4 4mm 19例 ;Ⅳ型左心房扩大或 加右心扩大及大左心室 (LVEDd≥ 70mm) 35例。术前心功能Ⅲ级 5 4例 ,Ⅳ级 2 5例。二尖瓣置换术 (MVR) +三尖瓣成形术 (TVP) 32例 ,MVR +主动脉瓣置换术 (AVR)+TVP 4 7例。结果 :早期死亡率为 5 1%。发生低心排 39例 ,心律失常 4 1例。术后随访 3个月～ 4年 ,长期生存 75例 ,心功能Ⅰ级 2 1例 ,Ⅱ级 32例 ,Ⅲ级 19例 ,Ⅳ级 3例。晚期死亡 3例。Ⅲ型术后早期低心排发生率高 (P <0 0 2 )。Ⅳ型术后心律失常发生率高 (P <0 0 0 1)。大左室远期效果较差。结论 :巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病并非都是危重病人 ,但是小左室 (Ⅲ型 )和大左室 (Ⅳ型 )手术风险大 ,应加强术中心肌保护和置换适宜的人工瓣。术后加强正性肌力药物使用。当发生瓣膜性心肌病者 ,是否换瓣手术值得商榷。