Danger areas of the posterior rhinobasis. An endoscopic and anatomical-surgical study.

In 52 cadaveric half-heads, an endoscopic sphenoethmoidectomy was performed. Then, an anatomical preparation with registration of specific data like bulging of the optic canal, thickness of the bony wall covering the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery was achieved, followed by histological sections in specially selected cases. Thus the two key areas of major surgical hazard in the posterior rhinobasis could be clearly demonstrated: the immediate topographic relation of the optic canal and the internal carotid artery to the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus and the cells of the posterior ethmoid respectively. Onodi cells of varying degrees were found in 42% of all cases. The thickness of bony wall over the maximum bulging of the optic canal averaged 0.28 mm. Bony dehiscences could be demonstrated in 12% of the cases. The technique of data acquisition, the anatomical and histological findings as well as their clinical and surgical relevance are discussed.     

An anatomical,histological and magnetic resonance imaging study of the nasal septum

Considerable variations are present in the thickness of the normal nasal septum. These were studied and measured in cadavers and from MR1 scans. In addition, a histological analysis was performed to determine whether cavernous tissue is present at any point in the septum. The nasal septum reaches maximum thickness antero-superiorly where the mucosa may be as thick as 5.0 mm (average 3.5 mm) and the minimum thickness lies inferiorly where the mucosa is often thinner than 0.5 mm. The area of maximum septal thickness lies at the region of the nasal valve and its contribution towards nasal airway resistance must be significant. No cavernous tissue was identified in the nasal septum.     

经鼻内镜鼻后神经切断治疗嗜酸性粒细胞型慢性鼻窦炎的短期疗效观察

目的 探讨内镜鼻窦手术结合鼻后神经切断术(posterior nasal nerve,PNN)治疗嗜酸性粒细胞型慢性鼻窦炎(eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis,ECRS)的临床效果。方法 选择2018年1～12月在宁波大学医学院附属医院就诊的ECRS患者34例。所有患者分为两组,对照组17例单纯采取经内镜鼻窦手术方法治疗,观察组17例采用经内镜鼻窦手术结合PNN治疗。应用视觉模拟量表、鼻炎相关生活质量问卷及DIP内镜评分、Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT扫描病变范围评分来对术前、后随访资料收集分析评估,对患者治疗前和治疗结束后随访情况做自身对比,记录治疗前、手术后1年的数据。结果随访>1年。结果 观察组及对照组病例治疗前主客观评分差异均无统计学意义。治疗后观察组病例流涕症状VAS评分(1.72±0.89)较对照组(2.89±1.08)显著好转(P<0.01),DIP内镜评分中分泌物评分(2.33±1.14)和鼻窦黏膜水肿或息肉评分(3.22±1.52)分别较对照组(3.56±1.65、4.33±1.41)显著好转(P<0.05),其他...     

Osteochondroma of the posterior nasal septum managed by endoscopic transnasal transseptal approach

A case of osteochondroma of the posterior nasal septum is presented. A 57-year-old female patient presented with a history of bilateral nasal obstruction for 20 years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported case of an osteochondroma of the nasal septum. It was treated by endoscopic transnasal transseptal surgery.     

Endoscopic anatomy of the sphenopalatine and posterior nasal arteries: implications for the endoscopic management of epistaxis

BACKGROUND: Refractory posterior epistaxis is a challenge for otolaryngologists. Most algorithms for managing this condition ultimately call for interrupting the arterial blood supply to the nasal mucosa. Traditionally, this was accomplished either by transantral arterial ligation or by arteriographic-guided embolization. More recently, the endonasal endoscopic approach has also been described. Because the primary blood supply to the posterior nasal cavity is derived from the terminal branches of the sphenopalatine and the posterior nasal arteries, we conducted this anatomic study to examine and describe the anatomic relationship of these two arteries as they exit the pterygopalatine fossa and enter the nasal cavity. METHODS: We performed endoscopic dissections of this anatomic region in nine fresh and one formalin-preserved cadaver specimens. A total of 19 sides were examined. RESULTS: In 3 of 19 specimens (16%), the sphenopalatine artery branched from the sphenopalatine artery within the sphenopalatine canal, allowing the two arteries to exit together. In 8 of the 19 specimens (42%), the sphenopalatine artery exited much more posteriorly, yet from within a shared posteriorly elongated sphenopalatine foramen. In the remaining eight specimens (42%), the sphenopalatine artery exited through a distinct foramen directly posterior to the larger sphenopalatine foramen. CONCLUSION: Understanding this anatomic relationship is important in performing endoscopic arterial ligation. If the sphenopalatine artery is not specifically identified and ligated, an important component of the posterior nasal circulation will not be addressed adequately by this surgical approach.     

Comparative endoscopic and histological findings in chronic sinusitis (author's transl)

Comparative studies between endoscopic and histological findings in 93 patients with chronic sinusitis showed that the diagnosis based upon endoscopic mucosal appearances does not compare necessarily with the histological findings. Therefore the endoscopic findings are questionable indications for surgery without histological confirmation.     

影像导航技术在鼻及颅底和鼻眼相关疾病内镜手术中的应用

目的 对影像导航技术在鼻及颅底和鼻眼相关疾病内镜手术中的实际应用进行评价。 方法 回顾性分析使用影像导航系统的751例实施鼻内镜手术的病例,其中565例应用美敦力Stealth Station^TM红外线导航系统,186例应用美敦力Fusion电磁导航系统。对导航系统的精确性、 术前导航准备时间、 术者对使用导航辅助的价值认知度、 导航手术中发生的不良事件,以及术中、 术后的并发症进行详细记录。 结果 红外线导航应用解剖标志法注册可提供0.5~2.0 mm的定位误差,电磁导航应用轮廓(Tracer)注册法均能达到<1 mm的注册误差。应用VAS评分评价术者对导航辅助的价值认知度为(8.3±1.2)分。其中,额窦、视神经管、颈内动脉管被认为是应用导航辅助价值最大的解剖部位。导航手术中发生的不良事件主要为影像漂移、定位器械无法实时定位、注册失败。全部病例均能顺利手术,无颅内和眶内并发症出现。 结论 影像导航与内镜手术的结合,为术者提供了更精确的解剖指引;能辅助提高内镜手术的准确性,消除内镜下可能出现的解剖错觉,尤其是在处理涉及额窦、视神经、颈内动脉的鼻颅底及眼眶手术中。导航手术中不良事件的发生率较低,此时术者的设备操作经验和内镜手术经验尤为重要。     

Comparative study of endoscopic aided septoplasty and traditional septoplasty in posterior nasal septal deviations

Patients with deviated nasal septum are advised surgery, which has seen several modifications since its inception. This recent technique of using nasal endoscopes gives better illumination and access to posterior septal deviations. The aim of the study was to identify the nasal septal pathology in relation to lateral nasal wall in a precise way and to correct this with minimal exposure, limited manipulation and least resection. Twenty five patients underwent endoscope aided and 25 conventional septoplasty. Results were graded on subjective and objective improvement. Endoscopic aided septoplasty (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1999; 120, 678; Laryngoscope 1994, 104, 1507; J Laryngol Otol 1998, 112, 934; Ear Nose Throat J 1997, 76, 622) was found to be safe, effective and conservative approach with better patient compliance, shorter recovery time and greater stability of remaining septum.     

鼻内镜下颅底恶性肿瘤切除的初步探讨

目的探讨鼻内镜下切除侵犯颅底或原发于颅底的鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤的可行性。方法回顾性分析1998年1月～2007年5月我院收治的40例鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤侵犯颅底或原发于颅底恶性肿瘤患者,鼻内镜或鼻内镜辅助下手术切除病灶。结果4例患者术后6个月至2年内症状复发,再次鼻内镜手术效果满意。所有病例随访1年以上,死亡3例,失访7例,其中随访3年以上9例。结论鼻内镜下手术切除鼻腔鼻窦侵犯颅底或颅底原发性恶性肿瘤切实可行,但必须严格选择适应证。     

鼻颅底肿瘤患者内镜手术后心理学变化的分析

目的 分析鼻颅底肿瘤患者在内镜手术前后的心理变化.方法 对62例鼻颅底肿瘤患者采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、攻击问卷(AQ)以及"空鼻综合征"症状问卷(ENS6Q),评估其在手术前、术后3个月及术后1年的心理状态变化.结果 患者术前SAS评分(42.29±9.24)高于国内常模,术后3个月和术后1...     

Topical liquid nasal gel, its anatomical distribution and transport

The objectives of this study are: 1) to assess the anatomical distribution of a topical liquid nasal gel in patients with and without rhinitis using a metered dose nasal pump, and 2) to determine whether the distribution pattern is influenced by dosage and delivery technique. Thirty-nine volunteers were evaluated, 26 without nasal inflammation and 13 with rhinitis. Patients self-administered the nasal spray according to the specifications in one fossa and incorrectly in the other one (sniffing and double doses). The findings showed that the nasal gel delivered by spray did not penetrate beyond the inferior part of the middle turbinate, regardless of delivery technique (double dose with sniffing or single dose without sniffing) and the presence or absence of inflammation.     

Congenital nasal hemangiopericytoma: intrauterine, intraoperative, and histologic findings.

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin. To date, 91 cases of nasal or paranasal hemangiopericytoma and 59 congenital hemangiopericytomas have been reported in the literature. A congenital hemangiopericytoma arising from the nasal cavity and skull base has not yet been described. We report a case of a male newborn with a highly vascular nasal tumor diagnosed by in utero sonography with three-dimensional surface reconstruction. The tumor extended to the right anterior skull base, the right nasal cavity, and the right side of the nasal pyramid. A complete resection by neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet-potassium titanyl phosphate ("Nd:YAG-KTP") laser was performed on the day of cesarean section at 33 weeks' gestation. The tumor was diagnosed as hemangiopericytoma by histologic and immunohistochemical findings. Postoperative nasal flow, feeding, and sight were unimpaired. At the 9-month follow-up, the infant remained free of disease.     

Esthesioneuroblastoma: endoscopic nasal and anterior craniotomy resection

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to illustrate the use of endoscopic techniques as an evolving surgical modality in excision of esthesioneuroblastoma. The authors advocate this method with excision with anterior craniotomy for removal of cribriform plate or anterior cranial fossa tumor extension. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated surgically at a tertiary care institution from 1991 to 2002 using this surgical paradigm. METHODS: Patients were excluded for nonsurgical treatment or nasal and sinus tumor excision by nonendoscopic techniques. Patient demographics, tumor histological findings, presenting signs and symptoms, staging (Kadish and Dulguerov), postoperative complications, adjunct therapy, and recurrence were examined. RESULTS: Seven of 13 patients with esthesioneuroblastoma met all inclusion criteria. The average patient age was 47 years, with a male-to-female distribution of 4 to 3. Patients were grouped by tumor stage using Kadish (stages A, B, and C included three, one, and three patients, respectively) and Dulguerov (stages T1, T2, and T4 included three, two, and two patients, respectively) methods. Average follow-up was 62.3 months. All patients had an endoscopic excision of the nasal and sinus component with anterior craniotomy. The most common postoperative complication was temporary mental status change, which was seen in two patients. There were no postoperative deaths. All patients received radiation therapy, and one also received chemotherapy. Two of the seven patients had recurrences. At last follow-up, six patients had no evidence of disease and one was alive with disease. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic excision of the nasal and sinus component with anterior craniotomy for cribriform or anterior cranial fossa extension is an effective treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma.     

3D技术在鼻内镜手术精准治疗鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤中的应用

目的 探讨3D技术在鼻内镜手术精准治疗鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤及颅底功能重建手术中的作用。 方法 对21例鼻颅底恶性肿瘤患者术前行鼻窦冠状位CT或MRI扫描,并行3D影像重建及模型打印,根据3D成像及模型了解鼻颅底恶性肿瘤侵及范围、颅底及眶壁骨质的缺损大小形状,制定鼻内镜手术术式、肿瘤精准切除范围及颅底功能精准重建方法。 结果 患者肿瘤均一次手术全切除,其中6例行颅底功能精准重建术,无脑脊液鼻漏及颅内感染并发症。术后病理示鳞癌9例,嗅母细胞瘤5例,腺样囊腺癌3例,横纹肌肉瘤4例。术后行正规放疗,横纹肌肉瘤患者加化疗。经平均随访36个月,未发现肿瘤复发及与本肿瘤相关的死亡。 结论 3D成像及打印模型能清楚显示鼻颅底恶性肿瘤范围、颅底及眶壁骨质缺损的大小及形状,并有助于术者选择最佳内镜手术入路及手术方案,有重要临床指导作用。     

A surgical view of the superior nasal turbinate: anatomical study

Differences of the superior nasal turbinate (SNT), presence of the supreme nasal turbinate (SpNT) and measurements of opening sphenoid sinus (OSS) are consistent anatomical landmarks that allow for safe entrances, such as posterior ethmoidectomy and sphenoid sinusotomy. The purpose of study was to investigate the anatomical details of the SNT for approaching the OSS on 20 specimens of adult cadavers under an operating microscope. The SNT and SpNT were localized more perpendicular than parallel to their axes. The SpNT structure was observed in 12 specimens (60%) and it was classified into three types. Type A SpNT was shortest of all turbinates (58.3%). In types B and C, SpNT was equal or larger than the SNT. These types were seen in 41.7% of specimens. In 11 specimens, posterior ethmoidal cells opened to supreme nasal meatus. In 7 specimens, there was one opening to supreme nasal meatus, while 2 openings were detected in 12 specimens, and 3 openings were seen in 1 specimen. All these openings belonged to posterior ethmoidal cells. To determine the position of the OSS, distances between some anatomical points were measured. In cases where the SpNT is present or the SpNT is bigger than the SNT, it is certain that a different method will be applied during the procedure in the nasal cavity. The SNT and the SpNT may easily be injured by unrecognized dissection in types B and C, leading to the disruption of its olfactory neuroepithelium and possibly to postoperative hyposmia.     

一种新型简易鼻腔通气管在鼻内镜手术后的应用

目的　探讨一种新型简易鼻腔通气管在鼻内镜手术后的应用。方法　采用前瞻性分析的方法,把43例鼻内镜手术后的患者随机分为两组,通气管组和对照组,通气 管组患者于鼻内镜术后,鼻腔填塞通气管和止血海绵,对照组则仅填塞止血海绵,分别于术前和术后5 d用视觉评分量表评估患者的鼻堵等症状,并记录术后患者使用止痛药的情况,将两组进行比较。结果　术前两组患者间的症状无明显差异（P >0.05）。术后1～3 d,大部分症状评分均差异显著（P <0.05）,少数症状评分无显著差异。术后4～5 d,仅少数症状评分差异显著。两组患者在术后使用止痛药方面无显著差异。结论　这种简易鼻腔通气管在鼻内镜术后能很好的缓解患者的不适,改善其生活质量,值得临床推广。