Interference with the formation of the epididymal microenvironment-a new strategy for male contraception？

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or the small conductance cAMP-activated chloride channel encoded by the CFTR gene has been shown to play an important role in the formation of the epididymal fluid microenvironment. Recent work in our laboratory has shown that this protein is also expressed by developing germ cells indicating a role of this protein in spermatogenesis. In view of the fact that the CFTR gene has a far reaching and widespread effect on human reproduction, understanding the role of CFTR in the male reproductive tissues and its intervention by pharmacological agents can open a new avenue of research into the development of novel male contraceptives. ( Asian J Androl 2000 ; 2 : 39 - 45 )     

Does drinking cranberry juice produce urine inhibitory to the development of crystalline, catheter-blocking Proteus mirabilis biofilms?

OBJECTIVE: To test the recommendation that to avoid the complications of long-term indwelling bladder catheterization (e.g. encrustation and blockage by crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilms) patients should drink cranberry juice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine was collected from groups of volunteers who had drunk up to 2 x 500 mL of cranberry juice or water within an 8-h period. Laboratory models of the catheterized bladder were supplied with urine from these groups and inoculated with P. mirabilis. After incubation for 24 or 48 h, the extent of catheter encrustation was determined by chemical analysis for calcium and magnesium. Encrustation was also visualized by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The amounts of calcium and magnesium recovered from catheters incubated in urine pooled from individuals who had drunk 500 mL of cranberry juice was not significantly different from that on catheters incubated in pooled urine from control subjects who had drunk 500 mL of water. However, there was significantly less encrustation (P = 0.007) on catheters from models receiving urine from volunteers who had drunk 2 x 500 mL of water than on catheters incubated in models supplied with urine from volunteers who had drunk 2 x 500 mL of cranberry juice. The amounts of encrustation on these two groups of catheters were also significantly less than that on catheters incubated in models supplied with urine from volunteers who had not supplemented their normal fluid intake. (P < 0.001). Experiments in the models using artificial urine showed that increasing the low fluid intake (720 mL/24 h) characteristic of many patients undergoing long-term catheterization by factors of three and six, significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the amounts of calcium and magnesium that formed on catheters. At a simulated fluid intake of 720 mL/24 h, catheters blocked with encrustation after a mean of 42.5 h, while those supplied with urine produced from an intake of 4320 mL/24 h, drained freely for > 10 days. CONCLUSION: In this in vitro study, drinking cranberry juice did not produce urine that was inhibitory to the development of crystalline catheter-blocking P. mirabilis biofilms. The important factor in preventing catheter encrustation is a high fluid intake.     

Does the valve regulated release of urine from the bladder decrease encrustation and blockage of indwelling catheters by crystalline proteus mirabilis biofilms?

PURPOSE: We tested whether valve regulated, intermittent flow of urine from catheterized bladders decreases catheter encrustation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laboratory models of the catheterized bladder were infected with Proteus mirabilis. Urine was allowed to drain continuously through the catheters or regulated by valves to drain intermittently at predetermined intervals. The time that catheters required to become blocked was recorded and encrustation was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: When a manual valve was used to drain urine from the bladder at 2-hour intervals 4 times during the day, catheters required significantly longer to become blocked than those on continuous drainage (mean 62.6 vs 35.9 hours, p = 0.039). A similar 1.7-fold increase occurred when urine was drained at 4-hour intervals 3 times daily. Experiments with an automatic valve in which urine was released at 2 or 4-hour intervals through the day and night also showed a significant increase in mean time to blockage compared with continuous drainage (p = 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that crystalline biofilm was less extensive on valve regulated catheters. CONCLUSIONS: Valve regulated, intermittent flow of urine through catheters increases the time that catheters require to become blocked with crystalline biofilm. The most beneficial effect was recorded when urine was released from the bladder at 4-hour intervals throughout the day and night by an automatic valve.     

Early results of a prospective study on the pyrolytic carbon (pyrocarbon) Amandys? for osteoarthritis of the wrist

INTRODUCTION

The preliminary results of a pyrocarbon interpositional radiocarpal implant in a small cohort of patients were reviewed. As it is currently only a limited release product, we describe to potential users early complications and negative outcomes.

METHODS

Patients were assessed using pain levels, ranges of motion, grip strength, type of and time to return to work as well as pre-operative and post-operative DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores. Radiographs were taken and patient satisfaction was recorded.

RESULTS

All six patients were contacted. One was not satisfied. Three had reduced motion. None experienced squeaking. There were no immediate or late post-operative complications. There was one early volar displacement of an implant.

CONCLUSIONS

Although our early results are somewhat encouraging, further and longer studies are warranted before supporting the use of this particular pyrocarbon implant as a primary procedure.     

Is the length of follow-up evaluation in published reports on the treatment of infrainguinal occlusive disease decreasing?

Background

There is increasing pressure for the rapid development and implementation of new techniques and procedures. This study examined whether or not there has been a trend toward increasingly short follow-up times for studies evaluating the treatment of lower-extremity occlusive disease.

Methods

A search was performed of PubMed using the term “femoropopliteal occlusive disease” from 1976 to 2006. Reports describing the open and/or endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease were classified according to the number of patients, method of treatment, and follow-up time.

Results

A total of 103 of the 435 reports met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up times from 1976 to 1986 were a mean of 43.3 months and a median of 38.8 months, from 1986 to 1996 were a mean of 32.4 months and a median of 16.9 months, from 1996 to 2006 were a mean of 22.6 months and a median of 16.5 months.

Conclusions

The number of reports on femoropopliteal occlusive disease treatment has increased. The length of follow-up period was 2- to 3-fold longer for reports on open procedures compared with those on endovascular procedures. Whether length of follow-up evaluation and reporting intervals should be standardized warrants further investigation.     

Is there any predictive value of the ratio of the upper to the lower diameter of the ureter for ureteral stone impaction?

Background:We aimed to determine if the ratio of the upper to the lower diameter of the ureter could have any predictive value for ureteral stone impaction.Materials and methods:Patients who had a solitary unilateral ureteric stone, determined by noncontrast computerized tomography, were assessed if they had undergone ureteroscopic lithotripsy. A total of 111 patients, 84 males (76%), and 27 females (24%), were recruited to the study. Demographic data of the patients and preoperative radiological parameters based on noncontrast computerized tomography were recorded. The impaction status was also assessed during the operation.Results:Of the 111 patients, ureteral stones in 63 (57%) patients were determined to be impacted, and ureteral stones in 48 (43%) were nonimpacted. Impacted stones were more common in older patients, female patients, and patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 2.Conclusions:Significant relationships were found between the impaction status and transverse stone length, longest stone length, upper diameter of the ureter, ratio (upper diameter of the ureter/lower diameter of the ureter), and anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis. These parameters were higher in patients with impacted stones.     

VAC therapy with long term continuous saline infusion for secondary septic peritonitis: A new strategy for the reduction of perioperative risks?

BackgroundThe management of a septic peritonitis open abdomen is a serious problem for clinicians. Open surgery is associated with several complications such as bleeding and perforation of the bowel.Case presentationThe authors report a case of a 59-years-old female who underwent a sigmoid resection with an latero-terminal (L-T) anastomosis for the perforation of a diverticulum. After a few days the patients developed a new widespread peritonitis. At the emergency re-laparotomy, surgeons found dehiscence of the posterior wall of the anastomosis with fecal contamination. At admission in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) the patient had open abdomen with dehiscence of cutaneous and subcutaneous layers.ConclusionConservative therapy with antibiotic therapy and use of the Vacuum-Assisted Closure^® (VAC) Therapy with a long term continuous saline infusion led to the resolution of the septic shock and to the wound healing.     

Does tamsulosin change the management of proximally located ureteral stones?

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocking agent on the spontaneous passage of proximal ureteral calculi ≤10 mm. 92 patients having single radio-opaque proximal ureteral stone ≤10 mm were randomized into two groups. Group 1 patients (n = 50) were followed with classical conservative approach and patients in Group 2 (n = 42) additionally received tamsulosin, 0.4 mg/day during 4 weeks follow-up. The stone passage rates, stone expulsion time, VAS score, change in colic episodes, and hospital re-admission rates for colicky pain were compared. The patients were furthermore stratified according to stone diameters <5 and 5–10 mm. The data of these subgroups were also compared. Stone expulsion rates showed statistically significant difference between tamsulosin receivers and non-receivers (35.7 vs 30%, p = 0.04). Time to stone expulsion period was also shortened in those receiving tamsulosin (8.4 ± 3.3 vs 11.6 ± 4.1 days, p = 0.015). Likewise, the mean VAS score and renal colic episodes during follow-up period were significantly diminished in Group 2 patients (4.5 ± 2.3 vs 8.8 ± 2.9, p < 0.01 and 66.6 vs 36%, p = 0.001, respectively). Among the stones <5 mm, tamsulosin receiving patients had higher spontaneous passage rate (71.4 vs 50%, p < 0.001). The prominent effect of tamsulosin on the 5–10 mm stones was the relocation of the stones to a more distal part of ureter (39.3 vs 18.7%, p = 0.001). Administration of tamsulosin in the medical management of proximal ureteral calculi can facilitate the spontaneous passage rate in the stone <5 mm and the relocation of the stones between 5 and 10 mm to more distal part of the ureter.