新疆生产建设兵团2011年碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)居民食用盐碘含量状况,为制定消除碘缺乏病防治策略提供科学依据。方法根据国家相关监测方案的要求,采用随机抽样调查和重点抽样调查方法对兵团14个师居民碘盐食用情况进行监测分析。结果随机抽取14个师的115个团场,共检测盐样4 128份,盐碘含量均值为(32.42±5.66)mg/kg,中位数为32.30mg/kg,合格盐样4 048份,不合格碘盐27份,非碘盐53份,碘盐覆盖率为98.72%,合格碘盐食用率为98.06%,非碘盐率为1.28%;同时,重点抽样32个团场检测盐样9 329份,非碘盐97份,非碘盐率1.04%,碘盐覆盖率98.96%。结论兵团居民户碘盐合格率总体上已经达到标准要求,但仍有部分南疆团场存在非碘盐,应加强综合干预措施和健康促进来提高合格碘盐食用率。     

2004～2008年开化县碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握开化县碘盐现况,为进一步推动持续消除碘缺乏病工作提供科学依据。方法根据卫生部《全国碘盐监测方案（修订）》和《浙江省碘盐监测实施细则》进行抽样,采用直接滴定法（GB/T13025.7-1999）对采集的碘盐进行定量检测。结果2004~2008年共监测第一层次碘盐60批,批质量合格率100%,盐碘均值37.1 mg/kg,变异系数2.9%,标准差1.08 mg/kg 第二层次共监测18个乡（镇）居民食用盐1 440份,碘盐覆盖率99.4%,碘盐合格率98.8%,合格碘盐食用率98.2%,各年度的居民碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率达到90%以上。结论开化县总体上处于碘缺乏病可持续消除状态,但非碘盐冲击问题在局部地区依然存在,要进一步加强碘缺乏病的健康教育工作,确保居民正确食用合格碘盐。     

2009年山西省大同市食用盐监测结果分析

目的全面、准确地了解和评价2009年山西省大同市居民食用盐状况,及时发现问题并采取相应的干预措施。方法按《山西省2009年碘盐监测方案》规定的抽样方法及碘盐监测方法进行。结果监测大同市11个县（区）居民食用盐3204份,碘盐合格率为97.68%,合格碘盐食用率95.95%,非碘盐率1.77%,盐碘中位数为31.08mg/kg。结论与2008年相比,大同市非碘盐率下降,合格碘盐食用率略下降,监督部门应继续加大监测工作力度,确保2010年全市实现消除碘缺乏病目标。     

2011—2014年甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐监测分析

目的分析2011—2014年甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐监测结果,掌握居民食用碘盐质量及合格碘盐食用情况,为全市持续消除碘缺乏病提供参考依据。方法根据《全国碘盐监测方案》的要求,对甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐采取随机分层抽样方法抽样。结果近四年全市共检测居民户食用盐5 940份,其中合格碘盐5 807份、不合格碘盐112份、非碘盐21份,碘盐覆盖率99.65%(5 919/5 940)、碘盐合格率98.11%(5 807/5 919)、合格碘盐食用率97.76%(5 807/5 940)、非碘盐率为0.35%(21/5 940)。结论甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐监测数据表明,食用盐已经达到国家碘盐标准,应继续开展居民户碘盐监测。     

云南省第五次碘缺乏病实验室检测结果分析

目的 了解云南省居民食用碘盐情况及人群碘营养状况.方法 盐碘、尿碘检测采用国家标准.结果 全省共检测居民食用盐1 208份,盐碘中位数为32.3 mg/kg ,碘盐合格率为93.2%,碘盐覆盖率为99.1%,合格碘盐食用率92.4%,非碘盐率为0.9 %.检测儿童尿样374份,尿碘中位数为337.6 μg/L,其中尿碘值小于100 μg/L的占4.8%,100～499 μg/L 的占83.4%,尿碘值大于500 μg/L的占11.8%.结论 云南省现阶段食盐加碘水平能够满足人群的碘营养需求,人群碘营养状况良好.     

2004年山东省日照市居民户食用碘盐调查报告

目的了解山东省日照市阶段消除碘缺乏病(IDD)后居民户食用盐现状,评价IDD干预措施与效果可持续性机制。方法采取横断面抽样调查方法,随机抽查定量检测本居民户食用盐样本。结果调查3个区县27处乡镇864户居民,检测食用盐样864份。盐碘含量0 mg/kg~58.2mg/kg,均值(30.5±7.4)mg/kg,变异系数为24.3%,中位数29.7mg/kg;精制盐826份(95.6%),原盐38份(4.4%),其中碘盐859份(99.4%),合格碘盐817份(94.6%),非碘盐5份(0.6%);每个区县碘盐覆盖率均高于98%,合格碘盐食用率均高于90%。结论日照市居民合格碘盐食用率符合国家消除IDD标准要求,但对碘盐的监督、监测和宣传教育工作仍不能放松。     

2006年山西省居民食用盐现状分析

目的 全面、准确了解和评价2006年山西省居民食用盐现状,及时发现问题并采取相应的干预措施.方法 每县按东、南、西、北、中5个方位选取9个乡镇,每个乡镇选取4个村,每个村采取8户居民户盐样,送各县疾病预防控制中心(CDC)实验室检测盐碘含量.结果 全省119个县(市、区)除高碘乡镇外监测居民食用盐33 773份,非碘盐率2.95%,碘盐合格率97.34%,合格碘盐食用率94.51%,盐碘均数30.9±8.0 mg/kg,盐碘中位数31.2 mg/kg.结论 与2005年相比,非碘盐率上升,合格碘盐食用率下降,距2010年95%的县实现消除碘缺乏病目标尚有差距.     

2008～2011年凯里市居民食用碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握凯里市居民食用碘盐的基本情况,及时了解我市碘营养状况,为我市防治碘缺乏病提供科学依据,对提高我市人口素质具有重要的意义。方法依照《全国碘盐监测方案》及《黔东南州碘盐监测方案》要求进行抽样并进行监测。结果 2008～2011年共监测1 153份样品,合格1 136份,不合格17份,非碘盐1份。2008～2010年每年抽样288份,非碘盐为0份;2011年共抽样289份,非碘盐为1份。2008～2011年碘盐覆盖率为99.91%、合格率为98.61%、合格碘盐食用率为98.53%,达到国家标准。结论 2008～2011年凯里市碘盐覆盖率、居民户合格碘盐食用率达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准,但2011年市场出现了非碘食盐的供应,因而要加强我市盐业市场的管理,严格打击非碘盐的供应,杜绝非碘盐流入市场,加大对居民户碘缺乏病防治知识的宣传力度、指导居民科学食用碘盐,这样才能实现可持续消除碘缺乏病的目标。     

2007年山西省居民食用盐监测结果分析

目的全面、准确了解和评价2007年山西省居民食用盐状况,及时发现问题并采取相应的干预措施。方法按《山西省2007年碘盐监测方案》规定的抽样方法及碘盐测定方法进行。结果全省119个县（市、区）除高碘乡镇外监测居民食用盐35039份,非碘盐率1．77％,碘盐合格率97．75％,合格碘盐食用率96．04％,盐碘均数31．6±7．54mg／kg,盐碘中位数31．8mg／kg。结论与2006年相比,非碘盐率下降,合格碘盐食用率升高,继续加大监测工作力度,确保2010年全省95％的县实现消除碘缺乏病的目标。     

广西钦北区2006～2011年居民食用碘盐监测结果分析

目的监测广西沿海地区的钦北区各乡(镇)居民近几年食用碘盐状况,为持续消除碘缺乏病及防治工作的决策提供科学依据。方法根据《食盐卫生标准》要求进行随机抽样检测,2006～2011年每年在全区9个乡(镇)36个行政村每村随机抽取8户居民家中的食用盐样品1份。结果 6年中共抽取和检测居民家中食用盐样品共1 740份,其中非碘盐44份,非碘盐率为2.53%,不合格62份,合格1 634份。该区碘盐覆盖率、碘盐合格率及合格碘盐食用率分别为97.47%、96.34%和93.91%。结论该区已经达到2010年全国合格碘盐食用率≥90%的目标。但该沿海地区所检测出的非碘盐率高于广西边远山区的非碘率。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.