Factors Determining Prenatal HIV Testing for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Mpumalanga,South Africa

This study assessed factors associated with participation in HIV counseling and testing and reported reasons for not taking part in Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing among 930 pregnant women attending clinics for antenatal care in South Africa. Results indicate that from 930 clients interviewed 87% had agreed to participate in individual pre-test HIV counseling and 81.2% had received their test results in post-test counseling. Fear for taking the test, lack of confidentiality and knowing one’s HIV status were the main reasons why women refused to test. In multivariable analysis trust of HCT provider was associated with participation in HIV pre-test counseling and no risky drinking was associated with participation in HIV post-test counseling. These findings suggest mistrust towards HCT providers should be reduced and screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems provided.     

"Knowledge, attitude, behavior and practice (KABP) regarding HIV/AIDS among pregnant women attending PPTCT programme in New Delhi"

In India, several thousand HIV-infected babies are expected to be born every year. Despite effective intervention, the identification of HIV infected pregnant women prior to delivery is a major problem. KABP and acceptance of rapid screening of women for HIV among pregnant women attending ANC clinic and availing Voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing services was assessed. The study was done among 90 pregnant women. There was no significant difference between one's husbands's job and income with respect to pregnant women's awareness of risk factors except that of tattooing. Education level had significant bearing on awareness level. Attitude about PLWHA indicates that 29% of the participants believed individuals with HIV shouldn't be allowed to get married, while 31% saying that they should not be allowed to have children. Participants supported compulsory HIV testing for pregnant women (39%) and couples before marriage. Almost 96% of participants had unprotected sex, though 41% casually used condom. All denied herself or her husband indulging in extramarital sex. The country is about to embark on its prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programme. This study throws some light on the level of knowledge acceptability and adoption of VCT and other PMTCT strategies among potential beneficiaries.     

The basics of counseling and testing pregnant women

Two years after the breakthrough study, ACTG 076, showed that zidovudine (AZT) therapy can dramatically reduce HIV transmission from mother to child, the U.S. Public Health Service has issued guidelines for health care workers that stress non-directive, volunteer counseling and testing for all pregnant women. Highlights of the recommendations include: pre-test counseling following guidelines for HIV counseling; consent for testing obtained according to prevailing legal requirements; and post-test counseling which includes an explanation of the clinical implications of testing positive and the need for early intervention services. In addition, recommendations for HIV-infected pregnant women include assessing patients in the same way as other HIV-infected persons as to their need for antiretroviral therapy, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and other treatment; advisement against breast-feeding; counseling about possible negative effects of HIV infection; and encouragement to obtain HIV testing for any children born after infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 7,000 HIV-infected women in the United States bear children each year. Up to one-third of these children may become infected after birth. Transmission from mother to child can occur during labor, delivery, and after birth through breast-feeding. Two known factors that decrease the chances of transmission are cesarean-section delivery and administration of AZT therapy during pregnancy.     

HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits, and risks of HIV testing among pregnant women in rural Southern India

The rising prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in rural India is of great concern. Prenatal voluntary counseling and HIV testing (VCT) is critical to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). We surveyed 202 pregnant women attending a rural antenatal clinic in Southern India to investigate HIV-related knowledge, attitudes toward infant feeding practices, and perceived benefits and risks of HIV testing. Of the total of 202 women surveyed, 189 women (94%) had heard of HIV/AIDS and 60% of them had relatively good knowledge regarding risk factors for HIV transmission. However, 48% did not know that there are "means to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission." If women were not to breastfeed her baby, negative attitudes expected from the partner would include 84% thinking that that the mother is harming the baby, 78% thinking she is not a good mother, 74% thinking she has HIV, and 66% thinking she has been unfaithful. Ninety-seven percent of women did not perceive themselves at risk for HIV and only 57% had been tested for HIV. Although, 85% of women expressed their willingness to be tested, most were concerned about confidentiality and disclosing HIV serostatus because of fear of negative reactions from their husbands, parents, and community. Many social and cultural barriers confront pregnant women when they decide to opt for HIV testing. If VCT and PMTCT interventions are to be successful, urgent attention must be focused on education, development of innovative culturally appropriate interventions that empower women to make decisions about HIV testing, involvement of men, and addressing stigma and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS.     

Providing HIV counseling and testing services in methadone maintenance programs

Counseling about AIDS and optional confidential testing for antibody to HIV-1 have been available in state-supported methadone maintenance programs in Connecticut since 1 January 1987. In the first 2 years of the program, 2118 people received pre-test counseling. Overall, 1521 people agreed to anti-HIV-1-antibody testing and 1010 received post-test counseling. Other than the pre- and post-test counseling sessions, a total of 1600 HIV counseling sessions were conducted. This is the first statewide program for providing HIV counseling and testing in methadone maintenance programs in the United States. Our experience suggests that the prevention of both drug use and HIV-1 transmission can be integrated in drug treatment centers.     

Evaluation of 2 techniques of HIV pre-test counselling for pregnant women in west Africa. DITRAME Study Group.

This study compares the effect of group and individual pre-test counselling on uptake of HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) by African pregnant women and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in 2 antenatal clinics of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Pre-test counselling was offered to 3958 pregnant women, 927 by group counselling and 3031 by individual counselling. Acceptance of the test improved with individual counselling, which was already high with group counselling (93.3% versus 89.4%). The return rate for results was independent of the pre-test counselling technique. At post-test session, knowledge about HIV/AIDS was better after group than individual counselling, except for reporting the existence of an asymptomatic stage of HIV infection. At a public health level, group pre-test counselling can be easily integrated into existing sessions of antenatal care counselling, routinely performed by the current clinic staff. Our findings may help programme managers in the field of maternal and child health to choose optimal options of pre-test counselling adapted to local circumstances in resource-poor settings.     

Knowledge and perception of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ogun State,Nigeria

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) is responsible for more than 90% of the cases of HIV infection in infants and children in sub-Saharan Africa. Accurate data on the knowledge and perceptions of HIV/AIDS among women attending antenatal clinics in Nigeria are scarce. A cross-sectional survey of 804 women attending antenatal clinics in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria was done using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Approximately 90% of the women respondents had heard of HIV/AIDS, but only about 27% knew HIV could be transmitted from mother to child; of those, almost 94% believed in the reality of HIV disease; in contrast, the majority (64%) believed they were not at risk of HIV infection, and a slightly greater proportion (70%) did not understand the benefits of voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT). Nonetheless, almost 90% of respondents were willing to know their status following health education about VCT. Those that were older, attending public hospitals, and with a higher level of education had more knowledge and better perceptions about HIV. The results suggest an urgent need for public health education on HIV/AIDS and the benefits of VCT to control MTCT, particularly targeting young women and those with little or no education.     

深圳市宝安区预防与控制HIV/AIDS母婴传播的研究

目的　了解深圳市孕产妇艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染情况 ,探索阻断艾滋病 (AIDS)母婴传播的方法。方法　采取政府行为 ,建立监测网络 ,对全部首次做孕期检查的孕产妇免费进行HIV检测及规范化的干预措施。结果　 2 0 0 2年、2 0 0 3年的监测率分别为 95 .0 9%、95 .12 % ;孕产妇HIV感染率分别为 0 .0 0 2 %、0 .0 0 9%。通过健康教育干预 ,孕产妇AIDS预防知识知晓率从项目实施前的 2 8.5 %～ 5 8.6 %上升到实施后的 85 .6 %～ 10 0 .0 % (P <0 .0 0 1% )。结论　深圳市孕产妇的HIV感染率远低于云南等省 ,但有逐年升高的趋势 ;建立监测网络 ,免费对首次孕期检查的孕产妇做HIV检测并实施预防性干预 ,以阻断HIV垂直传播的方法是成功可行的。     

兰州市孕妇AIDS/STI健康教育及相关知识分析

目的 了解兰州市孕妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况和艾滋病／性传播感染(AIDS／STI)及相关知识的现状。方法 对2所妇幼保健医院的孕妇进行匿名问券调查，同时进行HIV抗体检测。结果 共调查300名孕妇，未检出HIV阳性者。孕妇平均年龄27岁，以汉族、高中及以上文化程度、本地户口、工人和干部占大多数，安全套为首选避孕措施。对一般性AIDS／STI知识及性、血液、母婴三个传播途径知晓率较高。但对游泳、同厕、蚊虫叮咬认识有偏差。部分调查对象及配偶有吸毒、有偿供血、患过性病、流动性等高危行为存在。绝大多数未参加过AIDS／STD知识的宣传，其相关知识的获得以广播、电视等大众传媒为主。结论 HIV已由特殊人群向一般人群扩散蔓延，应有针对性的加强宣传，提高认识，改善检测条件，并进行大样本调查以明确事实。     

Desire for motherhood: exploring HIV-positive women's desires, intentions and decision-making in attaining motherhood

With access to prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT) and antiretroviral therapy (ARV), people living with HIV/AIDS are better able to consider childbearing and parenthood. However, there is limited understanding of the reproductive healthcare needs and the impact of infection on the fertility desires of women living with HIV/AIDS. Research on the relationship between fertility and HIV/AIDS has been largely clinical, focusing on the ability of women living with HIV/AIDS (WLHA) to conceive or their pregnancy outcomes. This paper describes the findings of a qualitative study undertaken in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India that aimed to explore fertility desires, intentions and fertility decision-making in WLHA and the barriers they face in fulfilling these desires. In-depth interviews were held with selected 43 currently married WLHA aged 18-35 years and 10 key informants. The women were classified according to whether or not they had living children and, within that, whether they had experienced abortion, wanted more or any children or were pregnant. The main factors distinguishing women who wanted to have a child and those who did not were their levels of anxiety about the future and available family support. Women who indicated that they did not have family support and were stigmatised by the family were reluctant to opt for a pregnancy as they were not sure of the future, including child care in event of parental death. In contrast, those women who decided to have a child did so based on family support, especially when family members offered to take care of the child in the future in the event of parental death. Awareness and access to PPTCT and ARV was another key factor guiding the final decision on child bearing. Findings highlight the need for further research on issues faced by WLHA in fulfilling their fertility desires and intentions and for programmes that both enable WLHA to exercise informed choice in meeting their fertility desires and sensitise healthcare providers about these needs.     

感染HIV的孕产妇预防艾滋病母婴传播服务利用及影响因素分析

目的了解感染艾滋病病毒（HIV）的孕产妇对预防艾滋病母婴传播（PMTCT）服务的利用状况，分析影响因素。方法在河南、广西、新疆、云南省（自治区）的15个县／市／区，对2004年1月至2006年6月检测发现的感染HIV的孕产妇346人，通过问卷调查方式，结合相关医疗记录在孕期、产时和产后分阶段完成调查。调查内容包括人口学特征、相关行为、感染途径、PMTCT服务的利用情况等。结果346名感染HIV的孕产妇中94.80％接受过产前检查，95．95％住院分娩，其希望住院分娩的原因是医院医疗技术水平高（58．28％），服务质量好（47．27％），收费低（33．33％），能够提供PMTCT服务（33．03％），保密性好（26．97％），交通方便（23.33％）等。87．57％的母婴应用抗艾滋病病毒药物，规范应用抗病毒药物者占46.82％。感染HIV的孕产妇所娩婴儿中，89．02％采取人工喂养方式，满18月龄时进行HIV检测者占93.75％。检测后咨询包含PMTCT内容、民族和文化程度对规范应用抗病毒药物有影响作用（P〈0.05）。结论感染HIV的孕产妇对PMTCT服务的需求特殊，PMTCT服务利用尚不足，检测后咨询及咨询内容影响抗病毒药物的规范应用。建议加强HIV／ADIS高发地区基础妇幼保健服务，提高妊娠妇女早期和孕中期HIV抗体检测水平，重视感染HIV孕产妇抗病毒药物的规范应用和安全助产，为感染HIV的孕产妇及所娩婴儿提供个性化的、综合的PMTCT服务。     

北京市孕妇人群AIDS认知程度与健康教育干预的研究

目的：了解北京市孕妇对艾滋病(AIDS)的预防知识、态度，以便为在该人群中采取切实可行的AIDS干预措施提供依据。方法：将孕妇分为干预组和对照组，两组均进行干预前问卷调查，然后对干预组采取讲课、发放AIDS预防宣传资料和小组咨询等干预措施，时间为6个月；对对照组不采取任何措施。6个月后，对两组分别进行问卷调查，与干预前调查内容相同。结果：干预组孕妇于干预前调查时，对AIDS有关知识的正确认识率与对照组差异无显著的统计学意义。但采取措施6个月后，干预组正确认识率由干预前的65．5％上升至80．5％，两者差异有非常显著的统计学意义(X^2＝31.678，P＜0．01)，但对照组干预前后差异无显著的统计学意义(X^2＝3．284，P＝0．063)。结论：孕妇在干预前，对AIDS已有一定程度的了解，但对其传播途径认识模糊。因此，有必要对该人群开展AIDS预防的健康教育。     

河南省2005-2007年孕产妇HIV检测情况分析

目的了解河南省孕产妇艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,为开展预防艾滋病母婴传播工作提供决策依据。方法对2005年1月-2007年5月,河南省艾滋病疫情相对集中的31个县（区）孕产妇的HIV检测结果进行分析。结果共对31个艾滋病重点县720605名孕妇和产妇检测HIV抗体,检测率93.11%;检测出HIV抗体阳性541例,阳性率0.08%。其中364例为阳性孕妇,223例自愿终止妊娠（占61.27%）,5例失访（1.37%）,136例选择继续妊娠待分娩（占37.36%）。3年间选择继续妊娠的HIV阳性孕妇,分别为31.51%（46/146）、36.31%（57/157）、54.10%（33/61）,呈逐年上升趋势。284例分娩阳性产妇中,250例（88%）采取了母婴阻断预防措施。结论加强孕产妇HIV检测和阳性育龄妇女的孕检工作,早期发现、早期管理HIV阳性孕妇,可以进一步提高HIV阳性产妇的药物阻断率。     

新疆伊宁市孕妇HIV流行情况及KABP调查

目的 了解伊宁市孕妇的HIV感染情况。方法2000年4月～2001年1月对在伊宁市妇幼保健院妇产科产前体检的孕妇进行问卷调查,同时进行HIV抗体检测。结果 共调查507名孕妇,查出HIV感染者1人,感染率为0.2％。随着文化程度的增高被调查孕妇对艾滋病的知晓率上升（趋势性检验x2=45.75,P<0.01）。文化程度越高对艾滋病知识的需求更高（趋势性检验x2=13.95,P<0.01）。孕妇认为产前应该进行艾滋病病毒检测的占 88.2％（447/507）。结论 伊宁市 HIV已从高危人群波及到一般人群,夫妻间性传播可能是新疆伊宁市孕妇感染HIV的主要途径。在HIV感染率高的地区对孕妇进行艾滋病知识宣传并开展产前HIV抗体检测势在必行。     

HIV/AIDS knowledge, beliefs, and behavior among women of childbearing age in India.

This study investigated the relationships of health beliefs and HIV/AIDS knowledge with frequency of condom use among women of childbearing age in four major Indian cities. Surveys were completed by 210 women attending six primary health care centers. Among the sexually active women (N = 139), 68% noted rare or no use of condoms during intercourse. Perceived benefits (p < .05) and normative efficacy in requesting condom use (p = .01) were related to a greater frequency of condom use. About 54% of women knew that breast milk could transmit HIV, but fewer than a third were aware that an HIV-positive mother does not always infect her infant at delivery. Most participants endorsed HIV testing for women prior to pregnancy. Approximately three fourths of participants advocated abortion for HIV-seropositive pregnant women. Intervention efforts may benefit from dispelling misconceptions about AIDS (particularly regarding vertical transmission), emphasizing perceived benefits and women's efficacy in requesting condom use, increasing the availability of HIV testing, and highlighting choices for seropositive women of reproductive age as alternatives to abortion.     

北京市石景山区某社区外来流动人员艾滋病知识现状调查及连续宣教效果评价

目的了解北京市石景山区某社区流动人员的来源、构成、文化水平、艾滋病（HIV/AIDS）相关知识、对AIDS病人的态度,以及在为期1年的连续宣教后其知识、态度的改变情况。方法对某社区内外来流动人员在为期1年时间内（每2个月1次,共6次）进行问卷调查与AIDS相关知识宣教,问卷包括流动人员人口学现状、HIV/AIDS相关知识知晓情况、对待HIV感染者的态度等方面。结果 6次宣教后,受访者对HIV/AIDS的性、血液和母婴3种传播途径的知晓率达到或超过90%,较宣教前提高20个百分点;对HIV感染者的态度改善,但对疾病普遍存在恐惧。结论针对北京市石景山区某社区流动人员的连续艾滋病宣教取得良好效果,应当进一步加强教育,改善流动人员对HIV感染者的态度。     

云南省4个地区780名孕产妇预防HIV/AIDS母婴垂直传播知识态度调查

目的 了解云南省艾滋病病毒(HIV)不同流行地区孕妇时艾滋病(AIDS)的知识、态度及行为，为开展宣传教育、阻断母曼垂直传播自愿咨询、检测提供依据。方法 选择省、地区、县不同地理分布，孕妇HIV感染率高、中、低的4个地区孕产妇为调查对象，用问卷调查表收集关于AIDS，特别是母婴垂直传播有关的知识、态度及行为方面资料。结果 4个地区共调查780名孕产妇，其中641人听说过AIDS，占82．2％，有关三种传播途径的正确回答率为55．0％一83．7％，但73％的孕产妇认为日常生活中共餐、接吻、握手或入厕等会传播，37．2％的人对婚前姓行为的观念表示接受，77．2％一81．8％的孕产妇认为婚检及产前检查中应加入HIV检测，91．4％的孕产妇愿意医生为其提供有关HIV知识宣传；83．6％一84．5％孕产妇愿意接受人工流产术、剖腹产及降低垂直传播的药物治疗。62．1％的孕产妇认识到安全套可预防AIDS传播。结论 孕产妇对AIDS的认识比较低，但愿意积极参与降低HIV垂直传播的工作。应加强预防AIDS宣传教育，特别是尽快在重点地区探索开展降低孕妇HIV垂直传播的工作，以预防AIDS的母婴垂直传播。     

陕西省女性服刑人员艾滋病知识态度及其影响因素的调查研究

目的了解陕西省女性服刑人员关于艾滋病知识和态度现状及相关的影响因素。方法问卷调查法调查837名女性服刑人员并进行分析。结果94%的女性服刑人员听说过艾滋病,对艾滋病基本知识的正确回答率为19.8%~87.3%,对艾滋病传播途径的正确回答率为11.6%~87.6%,对非传播途径的正确回答率为23.4%~48.6%;对预防知识的正确回答率为36.7%~57.5%。46.6%~55.7%的女性服刑人员对艾滋病表现为恐惧心理;26.6%~90.0%对艾滋病和艾滋病病人/感染者怀有偏见。影响艾滋病知识水平的因素包括婚姻状况、职业、文化程度、家庭人口数。影响对艾滋病或艾滋病病人态度的因素包括年龄、文化程度。结论女性服刑人员对艾滋病知识表现为广泛知晓但缺乏深入了解,并表现出过度的恐惧,对艾滋病病人的态度也不宽容。     

嘉兴市292507例孕产妇HIV感染状况

目的为了解嘉兴市孕产妇艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,探索适合当地的预防艾滋病母婴传播的运行模式和服务方式,最大程度地减少母婴传播。方法对孕产妇检测HIV抗体,初筛阳性标本进行确认试验;对感染HIV的孕产妇进行监测与管理。结果2006—2012年,孕产妇HIV抗体阳性率为0．19‰（57／292507）,其中本地户籍为0．02％（3／130 299）,流动人口为0．33％0（54／162208）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。分娩的22例活产婴儿中追踪到18个月的有12例,其中11例HIV抗体阴性,1例阳性。结论嘉兴市孕产妇HIV感染处于较低水平,流动人口是艾滋病防治的重点人群。妇幼保健机构和疾病预防控制中心要明确各自职责、加强合作,加强对感染HIV的孕产妇进行监测管理。