胸部创伤诊治的进展

胸部创伤无论在战时或平时 ,在创伤中均占有非常重要的地位。本文收集了近几年胸部创伤的有关诊断及治疗文献 ,对急诊室剖胸的价值及适应证 ,连枷胸、肺挫伤及穿透性心脏伤的诊断和救治以及电视胸腔镜 (VATS)在胸部创伤的应用等作了重点介绍     

胸部创伤的电视胸腔镜手术

电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）是近年来诊治胸外伤的一项新技术,其创伤小、术后恢复快。目前VATS已广泛应用于创伤性血胸、创伤性气胸、创伤性膈肌破裂、心脏大血管损伤、创伤性乳糜胸、创伤后脓胸和多发性肋骨骨折等胸部创伤。对其适应证的选择、围手术期的处理和手术操作方法等进行规范具有重要意义。     

电视胸腔镜在胸部创伤中的应用

胸部创伤是创伤死亡的重要原因,大约15%的病人需要手术。本文对电视胸腔镜技术在胸部创伤手术中的应用进展进行了综述,总结了电视胸腔镜辅助手术(VATS)治疗胸部创伤的适应证、禁忌证及可能并发症。在胸部创伤病人的治疗中,采用VATS可部分甚至大部分代替常规开胸手术,并已在胸部创伤的早期处理、减轻疼痛和减少死亡率等方面显现出其优势。但是,VATS不能完全取代常规开胸手术。     

X线平片和CT扫描对胸部创伤的诊断价值

目的：探讨X线平片和CT对胸部创伤的临床诊断价值。方法：总结分析386例严重胸部创伤患者的影像检查,以临床诊断和影像复查为金标准,对X线平片与CT对胸部创伤的诊断价值进行对比分析。结果：386例中,胸壁骨折328例,气胸82例,血胸98例,血气胸136例,肺挫伤265例,肺撕裂伤150例,肺不张75例,支气管损伤11例,胸主动脉损伤8例,纵隔血肿9例,心包心脏损伤12例,膈肌损伤17例,创伤后呼吸窘迫综合症（ARDS）52例。X线平片分别漏诊22,22,20,22,133,72,36,4,6,9,11,17,28例,CT除17例肋骨骨折外均准确诊断。结论：X线和CT联合检查能够明确胸部创伤病变的部位、性质、程度,为临床提供可靠诊断,可监测病情演变,评价治疗效果。     

胸部外伤328例治疗体会

目的．分析胸部外伤患者的临床特点和治疗。方法对328例胸部外伤患者的致伤原因、损伤类型及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果致伤原因以交通事故、锐器伤及高处坠落伤为主（86．6％）;损伤类型主要表现肋骨骨折（69．2％）,合并肺挫伤及血气胸;全组以非手术及胸腔闭式引流治疗为主（79．3％）,治愈319例（97．3％）,死亡9例（2．7％）。结论大部分胸部外伤经非手术及胸腔闭式引流治疗可治愈;电视胸腔镜（VATS）手术创伤小并可及时明确诊断,应早期选用;及早有效治疗多脏器复合伤、连枷胸、肺挫伤以及急性呼吸窘迫综合征等严重并发症,能提高严重胸部外伤患者的生存几率。     

电视胸腔镜手术诊断探查及外科治疗胸部创伤56例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）在胸部创伤中的手术探查要点和围手术期处理经验。方法对2010年1月~2014年3月我院救治的56例胸部创伤采用VATS进行诊断探查和外科治疗,并通过观察术中、术后并发症和术后康复情况,总结手术适应证、手术探查要点与围手术期处理经验。结果 56例均顺利完成手术,其中因活动性出血进行止血5例（8.9%）,凝固性血胸清除19例（33.9%）,凝固性血胸清除联合肺楔形切除6例（10.7%）,联合肋骨骨折内固定11例（19.6%）,联合肺大泡切除4例（7.1%）,联合膈肌修补4例（7.1%）,联合心包修补2例（3.6%）,创伤后脓胸清除5例（8.9%）。全组无手术死亡,无中转开胸,术后非计划二次手术1例（1.8%）,心功能不全2例（3.6%）,各种不同程度的心律失常6例（10.7%）,肺部感染4例（7.1%）,中量胸腔积液3例（5.4%）,肺膨胀不全和肺不张4例（7.1%）。所有患者均经积极处理后顺利度过围手术期。结论 VATS具有创伤小,疼痛轻,恢复快,避免较严重的二次手术损伤等优点,应用于胸部创伤诊治,可缩短住院时间。     

单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗凝固性血胸12例

分析12例胸部创伤患者经胸腔镜（VATS）采用单操作孔治疗凝固性血胸,清除血凝块及剥除增厚的胸膜。所有患者手术均成功完成,无中转开胸,术后胸液培养均未见细菌感染,镜下操作时间平均49min,出血平均80ml,平均3．5d拔除胸管,6．5d出院。术后1个月胸片随访均提示患肺复张良好,3例胸部CT提示胸膜轻微增厚。胸腔镜可治疗凝固性血胸且单操作孔完全能够完成。     

胸心血管损伤后晚期并发症和后遗症

严重胸心血管损伤的诊治常是一复杂的问题。有时患者虽经急救处理暂获缓解或康复，仍不免因不同创伤类型和原因、急救处理不当、诊断治疗延误、病理、病理生理变化发展或异物存留等因素，出现晚期并发症或后遗症。不论是闭合性或开放性胸部损伤都可以引起胸心血管损伤，有...     

胸部创伤影像学诊断（附84例报告）

目的：探讨胸部平片及CT表现在胸部创伤中的诊断价值。方法：84例胸部创伤均行胸部平片及CT检查，8例胸部重度损伤行床旁片检查。结果：84例均有不同程度的胸廓损伤，16例气胸，23例血胸，19例血气胸，56例肺挫裂伤，14例肺撕裂伤，3例气管及支气管损伤。结论：常规胸部平片特别是近来CR及DR摄片系统应用是胸部创伤的首选方法，同时胸部平片复查病情变化以及危重病人床旁片创片是一种有效的方法，CT扫描尤其是螺旋CT扫描，对肺栓裂伤的早期诊断，气管及支气管损伤以及胸部重度损伤病人是一种更好的方法。为外科手术的成功提供更可靠的诊断依据。     

肋骨骨折治疗策略、操作技术以及未来方向

胸部创伤是目前创伤致死的第二大病因,肋骨骨折是其最常见的表现形式,目前对手术内固定治疗肋骨骨折连枷胸获益方面越来越受到关注和重视。本文通过文献复习,对肋骨骨折手术治疗的适应证、手术操作技术进行总结,分析连枷胸死亡与年龄、损伤严重度评分(ISS)和肋骨骨折数量的关系,并探讨损害控制、快速康复外科在胸部创伤治疗中的应用。     

Imaging of blunt pediatric thoracic trauma

The imaging evaluation of thoracic trauma is a central feature of the acute assessment and management of injured children. A reliable early clinical diagnosis of chest injury often is difficult. Cardiopulmonary symptoms may not be present in the first 24 hours, and there is no consistent relationship between external chest wall injury and underlying abnormalities. This is particularly evident in children, in whom increased compliance of the bony thorax allows major internal injury to occur without associated skeletal injury. Additionally, unlike the examination of injuries to the head and abdomen, which are often evaluated with computed tomography in the initial posttraumatic period, chest radiography remains the primary method for evaluation of chest injuries, although it may not demonstrate or may underestimate many abnormalities. This essay reviews the imaging appearance of common and uncommon thoracic injury in children.     

Epiphyseal Injuries in Sports

In brief: About 10% of skeletal trauma in childhood involves epiphyseal injury, which can result in major skeletal growth disturbances. Limb-length discrepancies and joint angle deformities can be prevented by understanding (1) the mechanism and patterns of longitudinal bone growth, (2) the significance of skeletal maturational variances at different ages, (3) the probable locations of epiphyseal injuries, (4) the physical and radiographic signs of epiphyseal injury, and (5) the procedures available for treating deformities that result from epiphyseal injuries. Salter-Harris type I and II injuries are usually successfully treated by closed manipulation and adequate immobilization. Type III, IV, and V injuries often require surgery to achieve satisfactory alignment.     

Imaging of chest trauma: radiological patterns of injury and diagnostic algorithms

In patients after chest trauma, imaging plays a key role for both, the primary diagnostic work-up, and the secondary assessment of potential treatment. Despite its well-known limitations, the anteroposterior chest radiograph remains the starting point of the imaging work-up. Adjunctive imaging with computed tomography, that recently is increasingly often performed on multidetector computed tomography units, adds essential information not readily available on the conventional radiograph. This allows better definition of trauma-associated thoracic injuries not only in acute traumatic aortic injury, but also in pulmonary, tracheobronchial, cardiac, diaphragmal, and thoracic skeletal injuries. This article reviews common radiographic findings in patients after chest trauma, shows typical imaging features resulting from thoracic injury, presents imaging algorithms, and recalls to the reader less common but clinically relevant entities encountered in patients after thoracic trauma.     

Incidental finding of lung hernia in a patient with a remote history of empyema status post video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

Lung hernia, the protrusion of pulmonary tissue outside of the thoracic cage, is a rare radiologic finding. The exact incidence of this condition is not well documented. The etiology is either secondary to underlying congenital conditions which weaken the supporting structures of the thoracic wall or more commonly, post-surgical changes. In this report, we describe the case of a 58-year-old male trauma patient who was involved in a motor vehicle collision. Computed tomography of the head, neck, body, and upper extremities was negative for acute injury, but an incidental left-sided herniation of the lingula between the fifth and sixth intercostal spaces was identified. Computed tomography is superior for identifying imaging lung herniations as chest radiographs may not visualize the defect. Upon further investigation, the patient had a remote history of pneumonia complicated by empyema treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). This history, coupled with the absence of traumatic injury to the thorax as well as the presence of pulmonary scarring suggests that the lung herniation was likely chronic and secondary to the VATS procedure. The patient was discharged home without surgical intervention. Asymptomatic lung herniations are typically managed conservatively, but patients and physicians should be aware of the risk of lung hernia after VATS as well as associated complications including strangulation or pulmonary infarct.     

Nonvascular mediastinal trauma

This article discusses the radiologic and clinical features of nonvascular mediastinal trauma, and focuses on the tracheobronchial tree, the esophagus, and the thoracic duct. Blunt chest and penetrating trauma account for most of the causes of such nonvascular injuries, but iatrogenic and inhalation injuries are other well-known causes. The injury distribution and clinical manifestations are different for each structure. In our combined experience at a level 1 trauma center, the overall prevalence of injury in each organ is low compared with vascular injuries. As such, and given the frequent nonspecific nature of clinical signs and symptoms of nonvascular mediastinal injuries, the diagnosis often is delayed and results in poor treatment outcome.     

Multidetector CT of blunt traumatic venous injuries in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Venous injuries as a result of blunt trauma are rare. Even though current protocols for multidetector computed tomography (CT) of patients with trauma are designed to evaluate primarily the solid organs and arteries, blunt venous injuries may nevertheless be identified, or at least suspected, on the basis of the multidetector CT findings. Venous injuries are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Diagnosis of a possible venous injury is crucial because the physical findings of a venous injury are nonspecific and may be absent. This article aims to make the radiologist aware of various venous injuries caused by blunt trauma and to provide helpful hints to aid in the identification of venous injuries. Multidetector CT technology, in combination with interactive manipulation of the raw dataset, can be useful in the creation of multiplanar reconstructed images and in the identification of a venous injury caused by blunt trauma. Familiarity with direct and indirect signs of venous injuries, as well as with examples of blunt traumatic venous injuries in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, will help in the diagnosis of these injuries.     

Chest injury in children with blunt abdominal trauma: evaluation with CT

One or more significant chest injuries were identified in 62 of 512 children (12%) examined with computed tomography (CT) after blunt abdominal trauma. Thirty-eight percent of all abnormalities identified on CT scans were underestimated or missed on the initial chest radiograph. Pleural and parenchymal abnormalities were missed in 50% and 34% of initial chest radiographs, respectively. Chest injuries occurred more frequently in children less than 7 years of age than in older children (62% vs 38%, P less than .02). Children with chest injuries tended to be more physiologically unstable than children without, as determined with lower (worse) mean trauma scores (P less than .001). Both the presence and severity of chest injuries strongly affected outcome. Mortality was 1.3% in children with no chest injury, 10.8% in children with significant unilateral chest injury, and 40% in children with significant bilateral or mediastinal chest injury (P less than .0001). Significant unsuspected or underestimated thoracic injuries are relatively common in children, and CT scans of the chest obtained while examinations of the upper abdomen are being performed can be helpful in the early recognition of such injuries.