术中脑电图监测手术治疗难治性癫痫

目的:观察应用术中脑电图监测手术治疗顽固性癫痫的临床疗效,方法:9例患者术前以脑电生理、影像学资料和临床表现为依据初步定位,手术均为全麻,术中再进行脑电图监测,直视下进一步确认癫痫灶的部位和范围,根据不同的监测情况,选择.不同的术式:单纯癫痫灶切除术3例,前颞叶切除+多软脑膜下横切术4例,单纯前颞叶切除术1例,一侧大脑半球切除术1例。癫痫灶切除后再进行脑电图检测,反复数次直至脑电图显示痫样放电全部或大部消失,背景明显好转为止。结果:9例术后病理检查为:胶质增生或变性6例,微血管畸形1例,纤维组织增生或疤痕形成2例。本组随访1～2年,手术后治疗结果按谭启福等提出的愈后标准分级,总有效率88.9％,满意率33.3％。结论:在术中脑电图定位系统的监测下,准确的定位癫痫灶,采用不同的术式切除是手术治疗难治性癫痫的有效途径。     

小儿症状性癫痫的外科治疗

目的探讨小儿症状性癫痫的病因、临床特点及手术方法。方法对1994年1月至2003年8月手术治疗的27例小儿症状性癫痫病例进行回顾性分析。结果全组无手术死亡及严重并发症。随访26例,时间为6个月～8年,18例(66.7%)癫痫发作消失,6例(22.2%)发作减少75%以上,3例(11.1%)发作减少50%～75%。结论术前综合评估对症状性癫痫患儿致痫灶的定位有较大应用价值,皮层脑电图监测下多种手术方法结合治疗小儿症状性癫痫安全有效。     

难治性癫痫162例的外科治疗

目的总结难治性癫痫外科治疗过程中对痫灶群的定侧与定位、术前评估、术中痫灶定位和多种手术方式的组合选择。方法回顾性分析162例难治性癫痫患者的术后随访结果。临床表现单纯部分性发作18例,单纯部分性发作继发全身强直阵挛性发作25例,全身强直阵挛性发作36例,复杂部分性发作34例,复杂部分性发作伴全身强直阵挛性发作32例,失神发作伴全身强直阵挛性发作17例。患者术前均经神经电生理检查如脑电图（EEG）、视频脑电监护系统（V-EEG）和影像学检查（CT、MRI）,其中有16例还行发作间期单光子发射型计算机断层显像仪（SPECT）检查,5例行正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET）检查。所有病例均在皮层脑电监护系统（EcoG）及深部电极监测下进行手术。手术方式包括局部癫痫灶切除64例,前颞叶切除术32例,颞叶加杏仁核和大部分海马切除27例,额叶切除25例,额叶加颞叶前部切除7例,功能性大脑半球切除4例,致痫灶部分切除加胼胝体切开3例。结果46例患者术后癫痫发作完全消失,73例发作显著改善,22例改善较好,15例改善较差,6例发作无改善,手术总有效率为87．7％,大部分患者生活质量较术前提高,人际关系改善,恢复工作和学习。结论外科手术是治疗难治性癫痫的一种有效方法,但手术前应准确定位致痫灶,并选择适当的手术方式,以取得最佳的治疗效果。     

基于立体脑电图技术治疗难治性颞叶癫痫的研究进展

颞叶癫痫在所有局灶性癫痫中发病率最高, 具有病因学、症状学及电生理特征多样, 进展为难治性癫痫率高的特点。手术是治疗难治性颞叶癫痫的有效手段, 但传统方法通常难以对致痫区进行准确定位, 立体脑电图技术为致痫区的准确定位提供了有效手段。基于立体脑电图的射频热凝和MRI引导的激光间质热疗, 为手术风险高、难度大的难治性癫痫患者的外科治疗提供了精准、微创的新选择。     

异丙酚复合麻醉在致痫灶精确定位手术中的应用

近年来功能神经外科在ECoG(皮层脑电图)监测下行顽固性癫痫致痫灶切除术取得了较大进展,使难治性癫痫得到了完全控制或显著改善。此类手术对麻醉有特殊要求,我们试用了不同的药物组合,减少全麻药物对ECoG致痫灶定位的影响,提高了ECoG确定大脑皮质切除范围的精确程度,现报告如下。     

安氟醚用于癫痫致痫灶切除手术麻醉的临床观察

癫痫致痫灶切除需在脑皮质电图 (ＥＣｏＧ)的指引下进行 ,要求麻醉不影响ＥＣｏＧ的变化和对致痫灶的准确定位。本文就安氟醚用于癫痫致痫灶切除术的可行性进行探讨 ,现报告如下。资料与方法一般资料　选择经头皮质脑电图 (ＥＥＧ)确诊、有明确的范围较局限的致痫灶 ,并经长期系统抗癫痫药物治疗仍不能有效控制发作的顽固性癫痫患者 1 87例 ,男性 1 1 8例 ,女 69例 ,年龄 4 5～ 58岁 ,病程 3～ 38年。随机分成两组 :Ⅰ组 ,94例 ,吸异氟醚 ;Ⅱ组 ,93例 ,吸安氟醚。术前准备　术前 1周停用抗癫痫治疗药物。常规检查肝功能、血常规和网织红细胞…     

药物难治性癫痫外科治疗的临床研究

目的本研究旨在探讨并完善对药物难治性癫痫的外科手术治疗方法，并对影响疗效的因素进行统计学分析，期望确定影响预后的相关因素和各种癫痫发作的最佳治疗方案。方法采用脑电图、CT、MRI等影像学技术，对53例不同发作类型需要手术治疗的难治性癫痫患者进行术前致痫灶定位，分别对患者行不同方法的手术治疗。结果经过1～6年的随访，总有效率达90％。术后疗效与手术方式、癫痫的发作类型、起病年龄、发作次数、脑电图背景及智商等因素之间显著相关。结论手术是解除或减轻药物难治性癫痫患者痫性发作的有效方法之一。     

软脑膜下多处横切术治疗癫痫的护理

本文总结了软脑膜下多处横切术，治疗１７例顽固性功能区癫痫的护理体会。简要介绍了该种新手术的适应证、方法及原理。总结了致痫灶定位检查，采用自制硬脑膜下条片电极埋藏，作皮层脑电图，术后观察一过性神经功能缺失症状、预防颅内并发症及癫痫发作等护理要点。     

难治性癫痫显微外科治疗的疗效分析

目的 报道应用显微外科治疗难治性癫痫的临床效果。方法应用三维痫灶定位诊疗计划对163例顽固性癫痫患者进行术前、术中致痫灶三维精确定位，然后在显微镜下采用几种术式结合的方法手术处理致痫灶、致痫网。术后随访1～2年，回顾性分析显微外科手术治疗的临床效果。结果结果发现术后癫痫发作完全消失52例（31．90％），发作显著改善83例（50．92％），改善较好10例（6．13％），改善较差15例（9．20％），发作无改善3例（1．84％），手术总有效率为88．96％，无效率为11.04％，术后88．96％以上的患者生活质量均有一定程度的提高。结论应用显微外科技术切除癫痫病灶可以明显减少术后并发症，提高临床疗效。     

右美托咪定用于电生理监测下颞叶癫痫病灶切除手术的临床观察

<正>癫痫严重影响患者的工作生活及整体健康情况,30%~40%的患者对于药物治疗的反应不佳[1]。目前癫痫灶切除术已被药物难治性癫痫患者广泛接受。手术中麻醉要求能通过皮层脑电图(Electrocorticography,EcoG)定位致痫灶,避免麻醉药物干扰癫痫波的监测,同时保持良好的镇静镇痛。右美托咪定的主要作用靶点是脑干蓝斑的α2肾上腺素能受体(α2-AdRs)[2]。独特的清醒镇静特性成为右美托咪定用于功能神经外科手术麻醉用药的考虑之一。本文在颞叶癫痫病灶切除手术中应用右美托咪定,观察其在全麻时对电生理监测的影响。     

Surgical treatment for extratemporal epilepsy

Opinion statement Partial seizures of extratemporal origin may present unique challenges in the patient with medically refractory seizures. The efficacy of an extratemporal focal cortical resection may be less effective than an anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy. The potential operative complications may be increased in individuals with extratemporal epilepsy because of functional cerebral cortex involvement and the need for a large cortical resection to significantly reduce seizure tendency. Partial seizures of extratemporal origin are predominantly associated with frontal lobe epilepsy. The most effective treatment for intractable partial epilepsy is a focal cortical resection with excision of the epileptogenic zone, that is, an area of ictal onset and initial seizure propagation. The preoperative evaluation and operative strategy in patients with partial epilepsy of extratemporal origin associated with pharmacoresistant seizures is determined by the anatomic localization of the epileptogenic zone and the presence of a substrate-directed disorder. The goals of surgical treatment in extratemporal epilepsy include rendering the patient seizure-free, avoiding operative morbidity, and allowing the individual to become a participating and productive member of society. Before surgical treatment, the individual with extratemporal epilepsy will require a comprehensive preoperative evaluation, including routine electroencephalogram (EEG), long-term EEG monitoring, neuropsychologic studies, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients with a normal MRI study, conflicting preoperative evaluation, or involvement of suspected functional cerebral cortex would require chronic intracranial EEG monitoring. The rationale for intracranial EEG includes localization of the ictal onset zone or intraoperative functional mapping, or both. Two-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies are usually unremarkable in patients with extratemporal epilepsy and normal MRI scans. Subtraction ictal single photon emission computed tomography coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) study may be useful to demonstrate a localized cerebral perfusion alteration in patients with intractable partial epilepsy. The diagnostic yield of SISCOM has been confirmed in patients with extratemporal epilepsy undergoing surgical treatment. The results of the SISCOM study may tailor the placement of intracranial EEG electrodes and affect the operative strategy. Patients with extratemporal epilepsy overall are less favorable operative candidates than individuals with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, individuals with MRI-identified lesional pathology of SISCOM-identified perfusion alterations concordant with the epileptogenic zone may be considered for surgical treatment. Chronic intracranial EEG monitoring may be necessary to confirm the localization of the ictal onset zone before epilepsy surgery. Patients with normal neuroimaging studies and extratemporal epilepsy are unlikely to be rendered seizurefree with focal cortical resection and should be considered candidates for other alternative forms of treatment for intractable partial epilepsy. Patients with non-substrate-directed extratemporal epilepsy should undergo a preoperative evaluation and surgical treatment at a comprehensive epilepsy center with extensive experience in chronic intracranial EEG monitoring and contemporary neuroimaging procedures because of the inherently high acuity associated with the operative management clinical disorder.     

Surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy caused by cavernous angioma in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere--three case reports

The surgical treatment modality for intractable epilepsy with cavernous angioma in the dominant hemisphere is still unclear. Three patients with medically intractable seizures associated with cavernous angioma in the dominant hemispheric temporal lobe underwent tailored resection based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), electroencephalography monitoring (from scalp and sphenoidal electrodes), and neuropsychologic assessment. Epileptogenic zones were located in the area surrounding the angioma in all patients and mesial temporal dysfunction in two patients. The adjacent cortex and gliotic tissues containing hemosiderin were resected, in conjunction with either total or partial resection of the nidus. Intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) was then performed. Additional resection of the mesial temporal structures or multiple subpial transection was performed as indicated by the ECoG findings. All three patients have been seizure free and showed no language or cognitive deterioration for 30, 18, and 14 postoperative months, respectively, while receiving tapered antiepileptic medication. Tailored resection based on electrophysiological data, MR imaging, SPECT, and intraoperative ECoG is effective for the treatment of medically intractable seizure associated with cavernous angioma in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere.     

颞叶癫痫的诊断和外科治疗

目的　探讨颞叶癫痫的诊断和治疗方法。　方法　利用EEG和MR对 3 0例颞叶癫痫(TLE)病例的癫痫灶进行定位诊断 ,依据诊断结果对其中 15例实施前颞叶切除术 ,另 15例接受选择性海马杏仁切除术 ,并分析其近期疗效及随访结果。　结果　 3 0例病例中手术疗效满意 18例 ;显著11例 ;良好 1例 ,术后无并发症发生。　结论　MR有助于对TLE的定位诊断 ;手术是治疗顽固性TLE的重要手段 ,对于EEG和MR提示为颞叶内侧癫痫的病例应选用选择性海马杏仁核切除 ,采用经颧弓颞底入路使手术更为安全。     

Microtumor presenting with temporal lobe epilepsy--a case report

A 15-year-old girl was admitted to our clinic on July 16, 1985 with the epilepsy which had been resistant to various anticonvulsant therapies. At the age of 10 years automatism seizure, characterized by purposeless movement of arms and head of which the patient was unaware, began to occur and became as frequent as two to three times each day. From the age of 13 years, there were also grand mal seizures several times a year in spite of medical treatment. She had normal delivery and no history of febrile convulsion. There was no family history of epilepsy or mental disease. When examined on admission, she had normal personality and intelligence. There was no neurological abnormality. She complained of sleepiness and hirsutiness. Fit of automatism occurred two to three times a day during admission, though the blood levels of anticonvulsant drugs such as phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine reached to therapeutic concentration. EEG examination including infratemporal lead recording showed right temporal spike focus. But all the neuroradiological studies such as skull X-rays, CT, cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance imaging failed to show abnormal finding. Right temporal lobectomy was carried out under general anesthesia on Aug 22, 1985, and anterior two-thirds of the middle and the inferior temporal gyri were resected deeply to anterior hippocampus. To the naked eye, no abnormal finding was noted during the operation. In the surgical specimen, macroscopically nothing abnormal was found. Microscopically, serial sections of the lobe revealed clusters of oligodendroglial cells in cortical to subcortical region of the medial basal part of the temporal lobe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Complications of invasive subdural grid monitoring in children with epilepsy

OBJECT: This study was performed to evaluate the complications of invasive subdural grid monitoring during epilepsy surgery in children. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 35 consecutive children with intractable localization-related epilepsy who underwent invasive video electroencephalography (EEG) with subdural grid electrodes at The Hospital for Sick Children between 1996 and 2001. After subdural grid monitoring and identification of the epileptic regions, cortical excisions and/or multiple subpial transections (MSTs) were performed. Complications after these procedures were then categorized as either surgical or neurological. There were 17 male and 18 female patients whose mean age was 11.7 years. The duration of epilepsy before surgery ranged from 2 to 17 years (mean 8.3 years). Fifteen children (43%) had previously undergone surgical procedures for epilepsy. The number of electrodes on the grids ranged from 40 to 117 (mean 95). During invasive video EEG, cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in seven patients. Also, cerebral edema (five patients), subdural hematoma (five patients), and intracerebral hematoma (three patients) were observed on postprocedural imaging studies but did not require surgical intervention. Hypertrophic scars on the scalp were observed in nine patients. There were three infections, including one case of osteomyelitis and two superficial wound infections. Blood loss and the amounts of subsequent transfusions correlated directly with the size and number of electrodes on the grids (p < 0.001). Twenty-eight children derived significant benefit from cortical resections and MSTs, with a more than 50% reduction of seizures and a mean follow-up period of 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that carefully selected pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy can benefit from subdural invasive monitoring procedures that entail definite but acceptable risks.     

The results of the surgical treatment of occipital lobe epilepsy

Summary Out of 502 patients with surgically treated drug-resistant chronic epilepsy (tumour cases excluded) in 12 (2%) a clear occipital focus was found. The pattern of seizures was in most cases nonspecific and polymorphic. EEG examination and neuroradiological findings led to proper localization of the epileptogenic focus. Partial or total occipital lobectomy was performed. Follow-up from 4 to 20 years revealed a satisfactory result in 11 of the surgical cases. One patient was lost to follow-up. Brain scarring was found in the histological examination of specimens in 9 out of 12 patents. The results of the surgical treatment of occipital lobe epilepsy are much better than in other localizations of epileptogenic foci.     

Epilepsy surgery in France

We report here the results of the first survey on epilepsy surgery activity in France. Data from a questionnaire sent to 17 centers practicing epilepsy surgery were analyzed. All centers responded; however, all items were not completely documented. Over 50 years, more than 5000 patients have been operated on for drug-resistant epilepsy and more than 3000 patients underwent some invasive monitoring, most often SEEG. Currently, nearly 400 patients (including more than 100 children) are operated on yearly for epilepsy in France. Over a study period varying among centers (from two to 20 years; mean, 9.5 years), results from more than 2000 patients including one-third children were analyzed. Important differences between adults and children, respectively, were observed in terms of location (temporal: 72% versus 4.3%; frontal: 12% versus 28%; central: 2% versus 11%), etiology (hippocampal sclerosis: 41% versus 2%; tumors 20% versus 61%); and procedures (cortectomy: 50% versus 23%; lesionectomy: 8% versus 59%), although overall results were identical (seizure-free rates following temporal lobe surgery: 80.6% versus 79%; following extratemporal surgery: 65.9% versus 65%). In adults, the best results were observed following temporomesial (TM) resection associated with hippocampal sclerosis or other lesions (class I: 83% and 79%, respectively), temporal neocortical (TNC) lesional (82%), while resections for cryptogenic temporal resections were followed by 69% (TM) and 63% (TNC) class I outcome. Extratemporal lesional resections were associated with 71% class I outcome and cryptogenic 43%. In children, the best results were obtained in tumor-associated epilepsy regardless of location (class I: 80%). A surgical complication occurred in 8% after resective surgery - with only 2.5% permanent morbidity - and 4.3% after invasive monitoring (mostly hemorrhagic). Overall results obtained by epilepsy surgery centers were in the higher range of those reported in the literature, along with a low rate of major surgical complications. Growing interest for epilepsy surgery is clearly demonstrated in this survey and supports further development to better satisfy the population's needs, particularly children. Activity should be further evaluated, while existing epilepsy surgery centers as well as healthcare networks should be expanded.     

Surgery after intracranial investigation with subdural electrodes in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy: outcome and complications

Video-EEG monitoring with intracranial subdural electrodes is a useful assessment tool for the localization of the epileptogenic zone in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. We aimed at assessing the morbidity related to electrode implantation and the surgical outcome in patients who underwent epilepsy surgery after intracranial EEG monitoring. All patients (N?=?58) admitted to our Epilepsy Surgery Centre for drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent resective surgery after intracranial monitoring with subdural electrodes and were followed up for at least 2?years were included in the study. Their mean age was 30.4?years (range 8-60?years), 25 (43?%) were female, and 44 (76?%) had a preoperatively detected structural lesion. The mean duration of invasive recording was 2.3?days (range 1-14?days). Extraoperative ECoG allowed the identification of the epileptogenic focus in all cases. The temporal lobe was involved in 21 (36?%) patients, whereas extratemporal foci were identified in 24 (41?%) patients. Thirteen patients (23?%) had multilobar involvement. Functional brain mapping was performed in 15 (26?%) patients. Transient complications related to electrode implantation occurred in three patients. Among patients with evidence of lesion on preoperative MRI, lesionectomy alone was performed in 12 cases (27?%), while it was combined with tailored cortical resection in the remaining cases. Tailored cortical resection was also performed in patients without evidence of lesion on MRI. After resective surgery, transient neurological deficits occurred in five cases, while another patient experienced permanent lateral homonymous hemianopia. At the last follow-up observation, 34 (57?%) patients were seizure-free (Engel class I). This study suggests that invasive EEG recording with subdural electrodes may be useful and fairly safe for many candidates for epilepsy surgery.     

术中皮层脑电图监测下癫痫手术21例治疗分析

目的对手术中皮层脑电图监测下癫痫手术的治疗效果进行观察和评估。方法对术中皮层脑电图监测下手术治疗21例癫痫患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果本组患者的手术基本上比较顺利,无死亡现象出现,在术后随访10个月～3年中,术后癫痫没有发作的占52.4%,术后仅有先兆发作的占19.0%,发作次数得到减少或者发作的形式发生改变的占23.8%,术后无效的占4.8%。结论对于癫痫手术来说,应用皮层脑电图监测系统来实施手术能够显著减少手术并发症,使手术效果提高。