阿尔兹海默症患者照顾者人格特征对知觉压力的影响

目的:观察阿尔兹海默症(AD)患者照顾者的人格特征及其对压力知觉水平影响。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)和压力知觉量表中文版(CPSS)对63名AD患者照顾者和80名非AD患者照顾者进行调查。结果:①AD患者照顾者EPQ-RSC-E显著低于非AD患者照顾者(t=2.596,P0.05),但显著高于全国常模组(t=3.457,P0.05);AD患者照顾者EPQ-RSC-P显著高于非AD患者照顾者(t=3.708,P0.01),AD患者照顾者EPQ-RSC-N显著高于非AD患者照顾者(t=3.524,P0.01);②AD患者照顾者CPSS总分显著高于全国常模和非AD患者照顾者(t=4.682,5.786;P0.01),健康危险性压力(CPSS总分≥26分)的发生率为68.25%,显著高于非AD患者照顾者的28.75%(χ~2=22.13,P0.01);③CPSS得分与EPQ-RSC-N成正相关(r=0.285,P0.05);④多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,影响AD照顾者心理健康的主要因素是性别(β=2.291,P0.05)。结论:AD患者照顾者心理健康水平低于非AD患者照顾者,性格内向,情绪不稳定,女性照顾者易出现心理问题,AD照顾者的知觉压力水平受神经质特性的影响。     

进食障碍患者父母的生命质量及相关因素

目的:探讨进食障碍患者父母的生命质量及其相关因素。方法:选取进食障碍患者的父母192例(父亲67例,母亲125例),使用自编人口学问卷、生命质量评定量表(SF-12)、照顾负担量表(CBI)和简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)进行测评。结果:进食障碍患者父母的SF-12生理健康分(PCS)[(42±7) vs.(51±7)]和心理健康分(MCS)[(41±11) vs.(50±8)]均低于中国常模(P0.001)。患者父亲PCS分高于母亲(P0.001)。逐步线性回归分析显示,患者父母的MCS分与CBI总分负向关联(b'=-0.49,P0.01),与SCSQ的积极应对维度(b'=0.25,P0.01)、住院治疗(b'=0.20,P0.01)、患者的病程(b'=0.13,P0.05)正向关联。结论:进食障碍患者父母生命质量受照料负担、应对方式、患者病程和治疗状况影响较大。     

医院职工个性特征、职业应激、应对方式与心理压力的相关性

目的:分析医院职工个性特征、职业应激、应对方式与心理压力的相关性。方法:采用分层随机抽样法选择我院在职职工为研究对象,共发放130份问卷,实际纳入分析120份,采用中文版知觉心理压力量表(CPSS)评价心理压力,采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评价个性特征[精神质(EPQ-P)、内外向(EPQ-E)、神经质(EPQ-N)],采用职业应激量表(OSI)评价职业应激,采用简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)评价应对方式,并采用Spearman相关性分析CPSS心理压力评分与个性特征、职业应激、应对方式的相关性。结果:120例调查者CPSS评分显著高于全国常模,差异有统计学意义(t=8.738,P0.05);其中CPSS评分≥26分者65例(54.17%),将其纳为压力组。余下CPSS评分26分者55例(45.83%),将其纳为非压力组;压力组EPQ-P评分、职业应激评分、每日紧张感评分及积极应对评分显著高于非压力组,EPQ-E评分及消极应对评分显著低于非压力组,差异有统计学意义(t=-8.830,-10.306,-10.756,9.280,8.960,-6.729;P0.05);Spearman相关性分析显示,CPSS心理压力评分与EPQ-P(r=0.488)、职业应激(r=0.571)、每日紧张感(r=0.633)及消极应对(r=0.495)呈正相关关系(P0.001),与EPQ-E(r=-0.595)及积极应对(r=-0.633)呈负相关关系(P0.001)。结论:高水平心理压力可导致医院职工情绪不稳定,社交主动性降低,并出现职业应激反应,采用消极应对方式面对工作。     

开滦煤矿井下矿工心理状况及应对方式的对照研究

目的:了解矿工心理健康现状,比较不同职能井下矿工在心理健康状况、知觉压力和应对方式方面的差异。方法:使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)、中文版知觉压力量表(CPSS)对132名井下一线矿工和110名井下辅助矿工进行问卷调查。结果:(1)井下一线矿工SCL-90的各因子分均高于井下辅助矿工,总分(t=2.21,P0.05)、人际关系障碍(t=2.27,P0.05)、焦虑(t=2.52,P0.05)、偏执(t=2.32,P0.05)、其它因子(t=2.51,P0.05)有显著性差异,恐怖因子有极显著性差异(t=2.93,P0.01);(2)在应对方式上,一线矿工的得分均低于辅助矿工,其中积极应对具有显著差异(t=-2.28,P0.05),知觉压力的得分无显著差异;(3)SCL-90各因子、知觉压力与积极应对存在显著负相关,与消极应对存在显著的正相关(P0.05)。结论:井下一线矿工的心理健康水平、应对方式状况明显不如井下辅助矿工。     

有精神病风险综合征的大学生的压力知觉和应对方式

目的:探讨有精神病风险综合征的大学生的压力知觉、应对方式特征及其与症状间的关系。方法:采用两阶段评估方法对3160名本科生用精神病前驱期问卷16项版本(PQ-16)进行初筛,对阳性者(PQ-16≥9)进行精神病风险综合征结构式访谈(SIPS)并识别出精神病风险综合征(PRS)个体22例(PRS组)。从PQ-169分者中随机选取年龄、性别、教育程度相匹配的正常对照22例(对照组)。使用压力知觉量表(CPSS)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)测查PRS组和对照组的主观压力、应对方式和抑郁症状。结果:PRS组CPSS总分[(34±8)vs.(22±8)]及失控感[(16±5)vs.(10±4)]、紧张感[(18±4)vs.(12±5)]得分高于对照组(均P0.05),TCSQ的积极应对[(31±6)vs.(37±4)]得分低于对照组(P0.05),消极应对[(35±5)vs.(28±7)]得分高于对照组(P0.01)。PRS组CPSS总分与TCSQ的消极应对得分呈正相关(r=0.57,P0.01),CPSS得分、TCSQ的消极应对得分与SDS得分呈正相关(r=0.86、0.66,P0.01),CPSS、TCSQ得分与SIPS中精神病风险症状得分相关无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:有精神病风险综合征的大学生存在高压力知觉并倾向于消极应对方式,压力知觉和消极应对方式与抑郁症状呈正相关。     

炎性肠病患者知觉压力和应对方式与抑郁水平的相关性

目的探讨炎性肠病(IBD)患者知觉压力和应对方式与抑郁水平相关性。方法用便利抽样的方法抽取于2018年7月至2018年12月在北京协和医院消化内科住院的173例IBD患者;用知觉压力量表中文版(PSS-C)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)进行横断面调查。结果 IBD患者知觉压力总分为(25. 23±6. 01)分;积极应对平均分为(1. 79±0. 62)分;消极应对平均分为(1. 24±0. 56)分;抑郁水平总分为(53. 43±9. 64)分。IBD患者知觉压力评分与患者积极的应对方式(r=0. 253,P0. 01)及抑郁症状分级(r=0. 323,P0. 01)均存在相关性。结论医务人员应重视IBD患者情绪与压力的管理,指导患者在面对疾病时采取积极的应对方式,从而提高IBD患者生活质量。     

应对方式对特种工压力与SCL-90各因子的中介作用

目的:探讨应对方式对井下特种工压力知觉与SCL-90各因子的中介作用。方法:采用分层随机抽样方法选取了某煤矿企业井下特种工1013人为被试,使用90项症状清单(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)和压力知觉量表(CPSS)测量。结果:(1)积极应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著负相关(r=-0.095、-0.092、-0.043、-0.051、-0.085、-0.084、-0.079、-0.118、-0.045、-0.086);消极应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关(r=0.224、0.205、0.281、0.264、0.296、0.187、0.262、0.203、0.262、0.355);压力知觉SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关(r=0.315、0.302、0.346、0.324、0.352、0.274、0.320、0.304、0.320、0.396);压力知觉与积极应对显著负相关(r=-0.314)与消极应对显著正相关(r=0.275),差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);(2)一元回归结果显示,积极应对和消极应对方式对矿工SCL-90总分及各因子均有影响(P0.05);(3)多元回归分析结果显示,考虑积极应对方式中介变量后,特种工在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性6个因子上的标准回归系数受到影响(P 0.05);加入消极应对方式中介变量后,特种工SCL-90总分及各因子分的标准回归系数均明显受到影响(P0.01)。结论:井下特种工心理健康水平显著差于一般人群;压力知觉通过直接和间接两个途径影响井下特种工心理健康状况。压力知觉与SCL-90各因子之间应对方式具有中介作用。     

煤炭企业高管知觉压力、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的:对煤炭企业高管的知觉压力、应对方式与心理健康的关系进行研究。方法:对238名国有煤炭企业高管实施症状自评量表(SCL-90)和知觉压力量表、简易应对方式问卷测试,将测试结果进行统计分析。结果:(1)煤炭企业高管的SCL-90总分、人际关系障碍、抑郁、焦虑、敌对性、恐怖和偏执因子得分低于全国常模,具有统计学意义(t=-3.074~-7.654,P0.001);(2)高管知觉压力状况得分低于全国常模,具有统计学意义(t=-17.559,P0.001)。高管积极应对维度得分高于常模,具有统计学意义(t=9.758,P0.001);消极应对维度得分低于常模,具有统计学意义(t=-16.320,P0.001);(3)高管知觉压力和SCL-90总分及其各因子呈显著正相关,具有统计学意义(r=0.304~0.502,P0.01);积极应对方式与抑郁、焦虑和饮食睡眠障碍因子呈显著负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.059~-0.190,P0.05);消极应对方式与SCL-90总分及其各因子呈显著正相关,具有统计学意义(r=0.151~0.255,P0.05)。知觉压力与积极应对呈显著负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.267,P0.01);(4)知觉压力与消极应对方式对煤炭企业高管的心理健康水平具有较显著的影响和较好的预测作用(F=28.224,P0.001)。结论:煤炭企业高管的心理健康水平良好,与其知觉压力水平低及良好的应对方式密切相关。     

煤炭井下矿工心理问题的主成分分析

目的:利用主成分分析探讨煤炭井下矿工心理问题的特点。方法:对煤炭企业1013名矿工进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)、压力知觉(CPSS)和简易应对(SCSQ)测验,其中有125名矿工SCL-90总分超过160分,选取这部分员工作为研究对象,对其SCL-90的90个项目得分进行主成分分析,并将此结果与SCL-90总分进行回归分析及与CPSS和SCSQ测验结果进行相关分析。结果:SCL-90原始数据经由主成分分析获得27个主成分,累积方差为77.489%。SCL-90总分与各主成分回归分析的F值为251.860(P0.01),且第一主成分、第二主成分、第三主成分、第四主成分、第六主成分、第八主成分、第十主成分对SCL-90总分的回归效应达到显著性水平(t=81.580,5.959,6.566,2.262,3.543,4.059,2.409;P0.05)。所获得27个主成分与CPSS及SCSQ相关分析中,压力值与第一主成分,第二主成分,第四主成分呈显著正相关(r=0.342,0.232,0.255;P0.05);积极应对与第五主成分,第十八主成分呈显著正相关与第二十四主成分呈显著负相关(r=0.235,0.200,-0.186;P0.05);消极应对与第一主成分,第九主成分呈显著正相关与第十七主成分呈显著负相关(r=0.219,0.257,-0.224;P0.05)。积极应对与压力值呈显著负相关(r=-0.361,P0.01)。结论:矿工心理问题的特点:矿工心理问题的背后存在潜在的心理原因;超负荷及缺乏有效的社会支持提升压力知觉敏感度;有效的行动力与积极应对呈正相关,行为紊乱降低积极因对;负性情绪及固着于内在不良感受导向消极应对。     

晚期癌症患者家属生活质量现状与家庭功能的关系

目的:了解晚期癌症患者家属生活质量现状及其与家庭功能的关系。方法:采用家庭功能量表(FAD)和生存质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BRIEF)对174名晚期癌症患者家属进行调查。结果:晚期癌症患者男性家属生活质量高于女性家属(t=2.616,P0.05),患者身体状况不同的晚期癌症患者照顾者在生活质量总分存在显著差异(F=7.176,P0.01),不同患者病情知情程度的晚期癌症患者照顾者在生活质量总分存在显著差异(F=7.656,P0.01);不同FAD组生活质量差异有统计学意义(F=20.641,P0.001);家庭功能和生活质量总分表现出显著负相关(r=-0.456,P0.01)。结论:晚期癌症患者家属生活质量不容乐观,在性别、患者身体状况、患者病情知情程度方面的差异有统计学意义,并且家庭功能是影响生活质量的重要因素,不容忽视。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.