大学生完美主义与自尊的相关研究

目的探究大学生完美主义与自尊的关系,为大学生的心理健康研究提供理论依据。方法采用Frost多维完美主义问卷(FMPS)中文版和自尊量表(SES)对河北省唐山市某高校141名大学生进行问卷调查,使用SPSS对数据进行统计分析。结果①大学生自尊在年级上存在显著差异(F=4.358,P<0.05);②大学生自尊与完美主义担心错误因子(r=0.393,P<0.05)、父母期望因子(r=0.173,P<0.05)存在显著正相关;与对行为的疑虑因子(r=0.342,P<0.01)、完美主义总分(r=0.223,P<0.01)存在显著正相关;与条理性存在显著负相关(r=-0.222,P<0.01)。结论大学生的自尊水平越高,完美主义的倾向性越强。     

大学生消费价值观与消费决策风格:从众心理的中介效应

目的:考察大学生消费价值观与消费决策风格之间的关系,以及消费从众心理在二者之间的中介效应。方法:采用消费决策风格问卷、消费价值观问卷与消费从众心理问卷对312名大学生进行调查。结果:①消费决策风格及其非理性导向在是否独生子女上差异显著(t=-2.095,-3.649;P0.01);享乐导向在年级(F=3.776,P0.05)上差异显著;消费决策风格(F=3.767,P0.05)及其享乐导向(F=5.072,P0.01)在月可支配零花钱水平上差异显著;②消费价值观分别与消费从众心理(r=0.42,P0.001)、消费决策风格(r=0.57,P0.001)存在显著正相关;消费从众心理与消费决策风格也存在显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.001);③消费从众心理在消费价值观与消费决策风格之间的部分中介效应显著(间接效应值=0.08,SE=0.02,95%置信区间:[0.04,0.13])。结论:大学生消费价值观影响消费决策风格,且部分影响通过消费从众心理起作用。     

大学生职业价值观、择业焦虑与择业效能感的关系

目的:了解大学生职业价值观、择业焦虑与择业效能感的关系。方法:以职业价值观问卷、择业焦虑问卷和择业效能感问卷测量180名在校大学生。结果:1大学生择业效能感和择业焦虑存在显著的性别差异,男生的择业效能(t=4.562,P0.01)和择业焦虑(t=6.947,P0.01)都显著高于女生;2大学生的职业价值观在性别和生源地上都不存在显著差异;3大学生的职业价值观和择业效能感有显著相关(r=0.314,P0.01);4大学生职业价值观中的发展因素能正向预测其择业效能感(t=5.333,P0.01)。结论:重视发展因素的个体有更高的择业效能感。     

大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式

目的 探讨大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式的关系.方法 翻译并修订英文版情绪调节策略问卷,采用父母教养方式问卷和修订的情绪调节策略问卷对360名大学生进行测查.结果 大学生使用认知重评的频率高于使用表达抑制,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.92,P＜0.01);男生比女生更多地应用表达抑制策略(t=3.842,P＜0.01);积极的情绪调节策略(认知重评)与父亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.133,P＜0.05),与母亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.130,P＜0.05);消极的情绪调节策略(表达抑制)与父亲拒绝否认呈显著正相关(r=0.135,P＜0.05),与父亲过度保护呈显著正相关(r=0.117,P＜0.05).结论 大学生情绪调节策略的使用与父母教养方式有关.父亲越多地使用拒绝否认、过度保护教养方式,大学生使用表达抑制策略越多;父亲母亲越多地使用惩罚严厉教养方式,大学生越少使用认知重评策略.     

大学生学习倦怠状况及其与压力性生活事件的关系

目的:探讨大学生学习倦怠的状况及其与压力性生活事件之间的关系。方法:采用压力性生活事件问卷和学习倦怠问卷对353名大学生进行调查。结果:(1)相关分析表明,学习压力、健康适应、其他均与学习倦怠总分存在显著的正相关(r=0.19,P0.001;r=0.13,P0.05;r=0.14,P0.05);人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、健康适应、其他均与身心耗竭存在显著的正相关(r=0.18,P0.001;r=0.27,P0.001;r=0.15,P0.01;r=0.16,P0.01;r=0.19,P0.001);人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、健康适应、其他均与低成就感存在显著的正相关(r=0.11,P0.05;r=0.18,P0.01;r=0.13,P0.05;r=0.14,P0.01;r=0.16,P0.01);(2)回归分析表明,学习压力显著正向预测学习倦怠(β=0.27,P0.01)。结论:压力性生活事件是大学生学习倦怠的风险因素。     

90后大学生职业价值观与一般自我效能感关系

目的探索90后大学生职业价值观与其一般自我效能感之间的关系。方法以云南昆明学院420名90后大学生为对象,采用大学生职业价值观问卷与一般自我效能感量表进行调查,对数据进行描述性统计分析和相关分析。结果 1不同性别90后大学生在职业价值观总量表(t=-3.36)、保健因素(t=-4.14)、自我发展因素(t=-3.32)上差异有统计学意义(P0.01);不同专业90后大学生在职业价值观总量表(F=4.51,P0.05)、声望地位因素(F=6.94,P0.01)上差异有统计学意义;兼职大学生与非兼职大学生在自我发展因素(t=2.97,P0.05)上差异有统计学意义;2一般自我效能感与职业价值观总量表及各分量表(保健因素、自我发展因素、声望地位因素)之间呈显著正相关(r=0.31,0.14,0.24,0.33;P0.01)。结论 90后大学生一般自我效能感越高,其对职业价值观问卷各维度的重视程度就越高。     

大学生亲子亲和与自我同一性:孤独感的中介作用

目的:考察大学生亲子亲和对自我同一性的影响,并探讨孤独感在二者之间的中介作用。方法:采用亲子亲和问卷、孤独感量表(UCLA)、自我同一性状态问卷对333名大学生进行问卷施测。结果:(1)亲子亲和与自我同一性获得状态显著正相关(r_(母亲)=0.11,r父亲=0.12;P0.05),扩散状态显著负相关(r_(母亲)=-0.18,P0.01;r父亲=-0.11,P0.05);(2)亲子亲和与孤独感显著负相关(r_(母亲)=-0.33,r_(父亲)=-0.30;P0.01);(3)孤独感与自我同一性获得状态显著负相关(r=-0.22,P0.01),与延缓(r=0.15,P0.01)、早闭(r=0.20,P0.01)、扩散(r=0.18,P0.01)显著正相关;(4)孤独感在亲子亲和与同一性获得状态、扩散状态的关系中起完全中介作用。结论:亲子亲和是大学生自我同一性发展的有效保护因子,且孤独感是两者关系的重要中介机制。     

父母教养方式与大学生职业期望的关系:独生子女的调节作用

目的:探讨父母教养方式与大学生职业期望的关系。方法:父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)与大学生未来职业期望调查问卷测量271名大学生。结果:1独生子女情感温暖理解、偏爱被试得分显著高于非独生子女(t=3.291,P0.01;t=2.055,P0.05),职业期望和声望显著低于非独生子女(t=-2.668,-3.161;P0.01);2职业期望与情感温暖理解(r=0.168,P0.01)呈显著正相关;声望因子与拒绝否认(r=-0.199,P0.01)、惩罚严厉(r=-0.145,P0.05)呈显著负相关;发展因子与情感温暖理解(r=0.235,P0.01)、惩罚严厉(r=0.121,P0.01)呈显著正相关;福利因子与情感温暖理解(r=0.214,P0.01)、偏爱被试(r=0.136,P0.05)呈显著正相关;3独生子女对父母严厉惩罚和职业期望具有显著调节作用(β=0.842,t=2.087,P0.05)。结论:根据独生与非独生子女情况调整教养方式有利于大学生职业期望的发展。     

大学生生活事件与自杀意念:生命价值观的中介与调节作用

目的:研究大学生生命价值观在生活事件和自杀意念之间的中介与调节作用。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、大学生生命价值观问卷(CSLVQ)和自杀意念量表(SIOSS),对4120名大学生进行测量。结果:生活事件与自杀意念呈显著正相关(r=0.226,P0.01),生活事件与生命价值观呈显著负相关(r=-0.137,P0.01),生命价值观与自杀意念呈显著负相关(r=-0.488,P0.01)。有自杀意念组在生活事件各维度上都显著高于无自杀意念组,有自杀意念组在生命价值观各维度上都低于无自杀意念组。大学生生命价值观在生活事件和自杀意念间起调节效应和部分中介效应。结论:帮助大学生建立积极生命价值观,有利于缓解和降低自杀意念。     

大学生创新素质与人格特征的相关研究

目的探讨大学生创新心理素质与其人格特征的关系。方法采用威廉斯创造力倾向量表和龚耀先修订的艾森克人格问卷对河南某高校600名大学生进行调查。结果创造力得分与神经质显著负相关(r=-0.24,P0.01),与精神质显著负相关(r=-0.27,P0.01)。大学生的冒险性与EPQ的E量表得分正相关(r=0.30,P0.05),与N得分显著负相关(r=-0.23,P0.05),与P得分显著正相关(r=0.35,P0.01);好奇心同N得分负相关(r=-0.11,P0.05),挑战性与N得分显著负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01),与P得分呈负相关(r=-0.24,P0.05)。外向稳定、外向不稳、内向稳定和内向不稳4种人格类型的创新心理素质存在显著差异。N得分、E得分对大学生创新素质有较好的预测作用。结论大学生创新心理素质和人格特征关系密切。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.