初中生自杀意念影响因素分析

目的探索初中生自杀意念的相关影响因素,为关注初中生心理健康提供实证依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,对上海市松江区15所初中的2265名初中生进行一般情况问卷、自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、中学生抑郁量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)施测,以SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果 1初中生1年内自杀意念检出率为13.47%;2学习成绩差、同伴关系差、有自杀家族史、父亲职业是农民、与父亲关系差、与母亲关系差、家庭经济状况差的初中生自杀意念检出率较高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.768,82.119,11.035,13.956,84.731,79.218,7.172;P0.05);3有自杀意念组初中生的抑郁、焦虑、人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、健康适应因子、其他因子分均高于无自杀意念组,差异有统计学意义(t=-30.853,-25.108,-20.663,-18.947,-14.508,-11.480,-14.474,-19.018;P0.001);4多因素Logistic回归分析表明,初中生自杀意念的影响因素包括性别、年级、家庭状况(是否是单亲家庭)、同伴关系、家庭经济状况、抑郁、焦虑、人际关系因子、受惩罚因子。结论初中生自杀意念与多因素有关,应加强对初中生群体的心理健康教育。     

初中生自杀意念与抑郁的相关性

目的探讨初中生自杀意念与抑郁的相关性,为早期心理干预提供依据。方法分层整群抽取上海市松江区10所中学的1250名初中生,进行自杀意念自评量表(S IOSS)和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)施测,以SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果①初中生年自杀意念检出率为13.1%。其中,女生、初一年级、来自农村、非独生子女、单亲家庭学生的年自杀意念检出率偏高,分别为15.5%,17.2%,16.3%,13.9%,13.8%(χ2=4.792,5.447,4.986,0.951,0.246;P>0.05);②初中生抑郁检出率为39.5%。其中,女生、初一年级、来自农村、非独生子女、单亲家庭学生的抑郁检出率偏高,分别为43.7%,52.4%,50.8%,47.7%,50.0%(χ2=8.326,38.261,28.458,10.438,5.289;P<0.05);③初中生自杀意念与抑郁呈正相关(r=0.370,P<0.001);④抑郁是初中生自杀意念的一项重要危险因素(R2=126.469,F=27.175,P<0.001)。结论初中生自杀意念与抑郁呈正相关,抑郁是自杀意念的一项重要危险因素。     

初中生应对方式与自杀意念的关系

目的:了解初中生自杀意念的现状,探讨初中生应对方式与自杀意念的关系。方法:从我校每个年级的10个班中,采用分群随机抽样的方法抽取5个班共864人。采用自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、中学生应对方式量表进行调查。通过筛选有无自杀意念学生,然后根据不同年级、性别从自杀意念检出率和平均分进行比较,用应对方式各因子的得分与自杀意念量表得分做相关分析。结果:初中生自杀意念的检出率为16.32%。自杀意念检出率女生显著高于男生(χ~2=9.024,P0.01),初二年级学生显著高于初一、初三年级学生(χ~2=10.912,P0.01);在自杀意念的平均得分上女生显著高于男生(t=-5.252,P0.01),初三年级、初二年级学生显著高于初一年级学生(t=8.992,P0.01)。问题解决、积极合理化与自杀意念有显著负相关(r=-0.232,-0.194;P0.01);忍耐、逃避、发泄及幻想否认等指向情绪的应对方式与自杀意念有显著的正相关(r=0.324,0.250,0.296,0.393;P0.01)。结论:初中生应对方式与自杀意念有显著相关。     

在沪藏族初中生自杀意念与抑郁的现况及相关性

目的了解在沪藏族初中生自杀意念和抑郁的现况及其相关性。方法整群抽取290名在沪藏族初中生,使用流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)进行施测,以SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果①在沪藏族初中生中,自杀意念发生率为11.6%,抑郁发生率为60.7%;②单亲家庭初中生自杀意念发生率高于完整家庭(χ2=4.130,P<0.05);初二年级、单亲家庭初中生抑郁发生率分别为67.1%,84.0%(χ2=8.804,6.236,P<0.05);③在沪藏族初中生自杀意念与抑郁呈正相关(r=0.749,P<0.001);④影响自杀意念的相关因素有抑郁、家庭状况及成长环境。结论在沪藏族初中生抑郁发生率较高,有抑郁情绪的初中生易产生自杀意念。     

医学院学生自杀意念与希望特质、抑郁情绪的关系以及希望特质的调节作用

目的:探讨医学院学生的自杀意念与希望特质和抑郁情绪的关系,以及在其中希望特质的调节作用。方法:选择某医学院各年级学生按比例进行分层整群随机抽样调查,发放自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、希望特质量表(DHS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)。回收有效问卷148份。结果:样本中自杀意念检出率为8.1%,其中有自杀意念组抑郁得分高于无自杀意念组(t=8.699,P0.001),希望特质评分低于无自杀意念组(t=-6.077,P0.001);抑郁得分与自杀意念得分成正相关(t=0.681,P0.01),希望特质得分与自杀意念得分成负相关(t=-0.328,P0.01)。并且分层回归显示,抑郁自评量表得分与希望特质的交互作用显著(t=-4.727,P0.01),即希望特质在抑郁情绪与自杀意念之间有显著的调节作用。结论:自杀意念与抑郁情绪消极相关,与希望特质积极相关。关注大学生抑郁情绪,提高大学生希望特质水平,可以增强危机因素的抵抗作用,有助于对大学生自杀危机干预工作提供科学参考。     

生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响

目的:探讨生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响,为大学生自杀预防提供依据。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、自尊量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表、贝克抑郁自评量表—"自杀想法"条目对2802名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:自杀意念检出率为16.95%,有自杀意念组的生活事件各因素得分及总分、抑郁总分显著高于无自杀意念组,人际关系(t=-17.039,P0.001)、学习压力(t=-13.000,P0.001)、受惩罚(t=-11.000,P0.001)、丧失(t=-8.800,P0.001)、健康适应(t=-15.631,P0.001)、其他(t=-12.240,P0.001)、生活事件总分(t=-16.060,P0.001)、抑郁总分(t=-29.821,P0.001),有自杀意念组的自尊总分(t=-3.92,P0.001)显著低于无自杀意念组;生活事件、抑郁与自杀意念呈显著正相关(r=0.179,0.638,P0.01),自尊与自杀意念呈显著负相关(r=-0.259,P0.01);生活事件通过自尊和抑郁的中介效应间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值分别为0.054和0.255),生活事件通过自尊作用于抑郁,又通过抑郁间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值为0.112)。结论:减少负性生活事件,消除抑郁情绪,提高自尊水平,能够有效降低大学生自杀意念的发生率。     

六安市某乡村留守初中生自杀意念现状及相关因素的研究

目的:探讨六安市乡村留守初中生自杀意念的现状及自杀意念与负性生活事件、家庭环境特征及焦虑抑郁情绪的关系。方法:采用自杀意念自评量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、家庭环境量表、青少年生活事件量表调查六安市乡村留守初中生共255人。结果:初中生年自杀意念检出率为36.5%,且随着年级的增加呈上升趋势。大家庭或核心家庭的初中生自杀意念检出率显著低于寄养家庭和单亲家庭的初中生(χ~2=12.174,P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,自杀意念与负性生活事件各因子相关呈显著性(r=0.205~0.386,P0.05)。自杀意念与家庭环境量表中的亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、知识性、娱乐性和组织性等因子相关呈显著性(|r|=0.091~0.328,P0.05)。自杀意念与焦虑抑郁情绪相关呈显著性(r=0.527,0.536;P0.05)。自杀意念的影响因素包括:人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、其它因子、亲密性因子、矛盾因子、知识性因子、娱乐性因子、组织性因子、焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪。结论:初中生自杀意念的发生与不良的家庭环境、负性生活事件、焦虑抑郁情绪有密切的关系。     

精神科医护人员心理健康状况调查与相关干预

目的 对精神科医护人员的心理健康状况进行调查并探讨心理干预的作用.方法 30名精神科医护人员作为研究组和34名一般人群作为对照组,对两组焦虑、抑郁情绪和幸福感进行评估,比较两组间的差异.对研究组进行5周的心理干预,比较其情绪和幸福感在干预前后的差异,并与一般群体相比较.结果 ①研究组焦虑程度显著高于对照组(t=3.21,P＜0.05);总体幸福感量表(GWB)得分低于对照组且差异具有统计学意义(t=5.78,P＜0.05);抑郁自评量表(SDS)分数没有显著性差异(t=0.96,P＞0.05);②研究组在心理干预后焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和总体幸福感量表(GWB)分数均有所改变,其中,SAS分数显著性降低(t=3.52,P＜0.05);GWB分数提高且有统计学意义(t=4.28,P＜0.05);③研究组经心理干预后与对照组相比,焦虑和抑郁水平没有显著性差异,幸福感仍较低且有统计学意义(t=4.81,P＜0.05).结论 精神科医护人员心理健康状况较一般人群差,心理干预可提高其心理健康水平.     

大学生社会性无聊感、生命意义感与自杀意念

目的:调查大学生社会性无聊感、生命意义感与自杀意念的关系。方法:采用无聊倾向量表、生命意义感量表、自杀意念问卷对646名大学本进行调查。结果:1大学生社会性无聊感得分在性别、就读地区、年级、是否独生等几方面的差异均无统计学意义;2大学生社会性无聊感与生命意义感存在显著负相关(r=-0.336,P0.001),大学生社会性无聊感与自杀意念存在显著正相关(r=0.382,P0.001);3生命意义感中的部分维度如成就、快乐、信仰和人际关系等4个维度对大学生社会性无聊感有负性预测作用(R2=-0.136,P0.001;R2=-0.165,P0.001;R2=-0.179,P0.01;R2=-0.187,P0.05),大学生社会性无聊感对自杀意念有正性预测作用(R2=0.146,P0.001);4大学生社会性无聊感在生命意义感与自杀意念存在显著中介作用。结论:生命意义感的提高,有助于降低大学生社会性无聊感,减少自杀意念的出现。     

企业员工工作倦怠与自杀意念的相关性

目的了解企业员工工作倦怠与自杀意念的相关性,为关注其心理健康提供依据。方法对上海市松江区2所企业247名员工施测Maslach工作倦怠量表(MBI-GS)与自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS),以SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果①男员工的情绪衰竭、玩世不恭均高于女员工,差异有统计学意义(t=3.381,2.714,P0.01);离异员工成就低落感最明显,差异有统计学意义(t=3.029,P0.05);普工的情绪衰竭、玩世不恭均高于干部,差异有统计学意义(t=2.333,2.130,P0.05);员工工龄越短,成就感低落越明显,差异有统计学意义(F=2.909,P0.05);②企业员工自杀意念阳性率为13.36%(33/247);受教育程度是小学者自杀意念阳性率最高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.197,P0.05);其余不同人口学特征有无自杀意念比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);③Pearson相关分析显示,企业员工情绪衰竭、玩世不恭与自杀意念呈正相关(P0.01);成就感低落与自杀意念呈负相关(P0.01);④多元回归分析显示,企业员工性别、工龄、自杀意念能够预测情绪衰竭20.9%的变异量;性别、自杀意念能够预测玩世不恭13.7%的变异量;工龄、自杀意念能够预测成就感低落8.8%的变异量。结论企业员工中,男性、离异者、普工、工龄越短者的工作倦怠较多见;受教育程度是小学者自杀意念多见。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.