大学生中庸思维与宽恕倾向的相关研究

为考察大学生中庸思维与宽恕倾向的关系,使用问卷对583名南京大学生进行调查。结果显示：宽恕倾向与中庸思维有显著的正相关关系。中庸处世信念/价值可以显著地正向预测宽恕倾向。结合文献分析发现,在不同文化背景下,同一工具测量的心理特质存在一定的性质上的差异。     

医学生自我宽恕与心理健康的相关研究

研究医学生的心理健康及其自我宽恕现状。了解影响医学生自我宽恕的因素。探索医学生自我宽恕与心理健康的相关性。方法:使用分层随机抽样法抽取300名医学生作为被试,发放症状自评量表及自我宽恕倾向量表进行测量。采用相关分析及回归分析法进行数据分析。结果显示:(1)医学生自我宽恕水平在性别上差异有统计学意义,在年级上有部分维度差异有统计学意义,在是否独生子女和生源地上差异无统计学意义;(2)医学生心理健康水平与自我宽恕水平存在显著相关。医学生心理健康与自我宽恕呈正相关。医学生自我宽恕水平在一定程度上能预测其心理健康水平。     

高职大学生宽恕水平的现状调查

目的 了解高职大学生的宽恕水平现状.方法 采用中国-Mullet宽恕问卷对502名高职大学生进行问卷调查.结果 ①高职生总体的宽恕得分为(101.87±48.46);②不同专业、学校的宽恕得分差异均无统计学意义;③女生的宽恕得分显著低于男生(t=2.35,P＜0.05),非独生子女的宽恕得分显著低于独生子女(t=2.57,P＜0.05);④不同类别的高职生宽恕得分差异显著(F=7.43,P＜0.001),单纯性经济贫困的高职生得分最低,双重贫困得分最高.结论 高职大学生的宽恕水平总体上相对较高,同时受性别、是否独生、贫困状况的影响.     

女大学生宽恕水平以及影响因素的分析

目的 分析女大学生宽恕行为及相关的影响因素,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用宽恕倾向量表、自尊量表、多维一多向归因量表、艾克森人格问卷、症状自评量表分析女大学生宽恕行为及相关的影响因素.结果 经过t检验得知,文科大学生的宽恕水平在性别上存在显著性差异(t=2.297,P=相似文献   

大学生宽恕心理的调查研究

目的 了解当代大学生宽恕心理的现状、特点及相关影响因素,为高校心理健康教育内容及形式的不断创新提供参考.方法 采取随机、分层抽样方法选择山西医科大学192名在校大学生为被试,Hearland宽恕量表测评.结果 大学生宽恕他人得分为（57.09±9.493）,宽恕自己得分为（51.57±7.993）;女生宽恕他人水平显著高于男生（t=-3.070,P=0.002）;在年级主效应上,LSD法多重比较结果为大二学生与大三学生在宽恕他人水平上存在显著差异（F=3.607,P=0.002）,同时大二学生宽恕水平最高,大三学生宽恕水平最低;得到他人道歉时宽恕他人的水平显著高于没有他人道歉时（t=2.974,P=0.003）.结论 大学生宽恕水平总体较高,但仍有小部分学生处于低宽恕水平,需要高校心理健康教育给予积极的干预;女生宽恕他人的水平高于男生;年级主效应上,宽恕水平呈现波动变化趋势.     

奖惩作用对初中生宽恕倾向的影响

目的:探讨奖惩作用对初中生宽恕倾向的影响。方法:采用修改后的Taylor攻击行为范式进行研究,选取96名初中生为研究被试,其中有效被试91名,被试的年级、性别比例相等。探究在对侵犯者进行奖励或惩罚两种条件下,对初中生宽恕倾向的影响。结果:(1)初中生群体更倾向于宽恕受到惩罚的侵犯者(F=4.12,P0.05);(2)女生较男生更倾向于宽恕侵犯者(F=5.06,P0.05);(3)初中生群体给予受到奖励的对手更多的高强度惩罚(F=5.67,P0.05);(4)年级主效应显著(F=4.01,P0.05)。其中,初一学生选择高强度惩罚的次数显著低于初二、初三学生。结论:侵犯事件发生后,对侵犯者进行奖励或惩罚,会对初中生的宽恕行为产生影响:初中生更容易宽恕受到惩罚的侵犯者;初中女生比男生更容易宽恕侵犯者;初一学生比初二、初三学生更容易宽恕侵犯者。     

大学生自尊与宽恕倾向的关系:归因的中介作用

目的:探讨自尊与宽恕倾向的关系,并验证归因在自尊和宽恕倾向的关系中起中介作用.方法:采用SES、MMCS和Heartland宽恕量表调查了193名大学生.结果:自尊与人际宽恕、自我宽恕呈显著正相关;高自尊者容易宽恕他人和自己,且高自尊者更倾向于内控归因,从而容易宽恕他人.对于男生群体,自尊完全通过归因影响人际宽恕,但这一中介作用在女生群体中并没有体现.结论:需进一步研究自尊与宽恕的关系、归因的中介作用以及性别差异.     

大学生人际宽恕与报复心理研究

目的：综合探讨影响大学生人际宽恕和报复行为的因素。方法：采用沉思量表、移情量表、报复动机量表和宽恕倾向量表对194名大二学生进行问卷调查。结果和结论：①在报复倾向和对侵犯的沉思程度上，男女大学生存在显著的性别差异。②人际侵犯行为较多的发生于同学之间。③宽恕行为和受伤害感、报复倾向、沉思程度显著负相关。同移情程度显著正相关：报复行为和受伤害感、报复倾向显著正相关，同宽恕倾向、移情程度显著负相关。进一步的回归分析表明报复倾向、沉思程度和移情程度对宽恕行为皆具有显著的负向预测作用，而受伤害感和报复倾向对于报复行为具有显著的正向预测作用。     

自我宽恕对服刑人员攻击性的影响:应对方式的调节作用

目的:探讨自我宽恕对服刑人员攻击性的影响,以及应对方式在自我宽恕和服刑人员攻击性关系中的调节作用。方法:采用Heartland宽恕量表、攻击性量表、简易应对方式量表对294名服刑人员进行测查。结果:服刑人员的自我宽恕与攻击性显著负相关(r=-0.252,P0.001);积极应对(β=0.080,P0.05)和消极应对(β=0.117,P0.05)均对服刑人员的自我宽恕与攻击性的关系有显著调节作用,自我宽恕对多采用积极应对方式的服刑人员的攻击性有更显著负向影响,且仅对少采用消极应对方式的服刑人员的攻击性有显著负向影响。结论:自我宽恕对服刑人员的攻击性有显著负向影响;应对方式可以调节自我宽恕与服刑人员攻击性的关系。     

自我宽恕对服刑人员冲动性的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

目的:探讨自我宽恕对服刑人员冲动性的影响,以及心理健康和人生意义感在服刑人员自我宽恕与冲动性关系中的中介和调节作用。方法:采用Heartland宽恕量表、冲动性量表(BIS-11)、总体健康量表(GHQ-20)及人生意义感量表对292名服刑人员进行测查。结果:自我宽恕与心理健康(r=-0.318,P0.001)、冲动性(r=-0.235,P0.001)显著负相关,与人生意义感显著正相关(r=0.183,P0.001);心理健康与冲动性显著正相关(r=0.500,P0.001),与人生意义感显著负相关(r=-0.378,P0.001);人生意义感与冲动性显著负相关(r=-0.360,P0.001)。自我宽恕对服刑人员冲动性有显著负向预测作用(总效应值=-0.269,P0.001),心理健康在两者的关系中起了部分中介作用(间接效应值=-0.148,P0.01);人生意义感对自我宽恕和冲动性的关系(B=0.086,t=-1.961,P0.05)、心理健康与冲动性(B=-0.105,t=0.105,P0.05),以及自我宽恕与心理健康(B=0.127,t=-1.998,P0.01)的关系均具有调节作用。结论:自我宽恕对服刑人员的冲动性有抑制效应,心理健康和人生意义感在服刑人员自我宽恕与冲动性的关系中分别起了中介和调节作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.