一例Apert综合征患者的FGFR2基因突变分析

目的 确定1例Apert综合征患者是否存在成纤维细胞生长因子受体2(fibroblast growth factor receptor 2,FGFR2)基因突变.方法 收集患者及其父母的外周血,提取基因组DNA.采用PCR扩增FGFR2基因第7和第9外显子,对PCR产物进行双向测序检测基因突变.结果 发现患者FGFR2基因第7外显子的934 C→G突变,导致了FGFR2蛋白第252位丝氨酸被色氨酸取代(S252W),与国外报道的致病性突变一致.结论 FGFR2基因第7外显子的P34 C→G突变是该例Apert综合征的致病原因.     

一个掌跖角化牙周病变综合征家系的组织蛋白酶C基因突变分析

目的 探讨中国汉族掌跖角化牙周病变综合征[又称帕-勒氏综合征(Papillon-Lefevre syndrome,PIS)]的组织蛋白酶C(cathepsin C,CISC)[又称二肽肽酶I(dipeptidyl-peptidase I,DPPl)]基因的突变特点,为该基因的突变在PLS疾病的表型中所起的作用提供科学资料.方法 分析临床诊断为PIS的1例患者及其家庭成员的组织蛋白酶C基因的突变,分别提取患者和其父母、妹妹的基因组DNA,应用PCR和DNA直接测序的方法对该家族成员进行组织蛋白酶C基因突变的检测.结果 该例PIS患者存在组织蛋白酶C基因的复合型杂合突变,突变为:第1外显子的第116位碱基G缺失(P.V40S),并使随后的第40～50位氨基酸发生了移码改变;第6外显子的C255S杂合突变突变;第7外显子的F314S错义突变和E335E同义突变.这4个突变均为新的突变位点,健康对照组未发现基因突变.结论 组织蛋白酶C基因的突变是引起PLS临床显型的病因.     

Apert综合征患儿FGFR2基因突变分析

目的研究Apert综合征患儿成纤维细胞生长因子受体2（FGFR2）基因突变以及临床特点。方法采集1例Apert综合征患儿及其父母的外周血,提取基因组DNA,应用PCR扩增FGFR2基因第7和第9外显子,对PCR产物进行双向测序检测基因突变。检索PubMed和中国知网数据库中相关文献进行系统分析。结果在患）LFGFR2基因的第7外显子的937碱基发生杂合突变,由c转变为G,导致FGFR2蛋白第253位密码子由脯氨酸变为精氨酸（P253w）,患儿父母均未检测到该基因突变。文献检索国内外已报道15例Apert综合征患儿,其中6例进行FGFR2基因突变分析,5例为S252W突变,1例为外显子Ⅲb／Ⅲc之间杂合缺失突变。结论该例hpert综合征患儿由FGFR2基因937C-G的杂合突变所致。     

Hunter综合征患者IDS基因的一个新突变

目的研究Hunter综合征患者的艾杜糖-2-硫酸酯酶（iduronate-2-sulfatase,IDS）基因的突变情况,为产前基因诊断等打下基础。方法应用尿粘多糖含量检测、聚合酶链反应-变性高效液相色谱（polymerase chain reaction—denaturing high—perfommnce liquid chromatography,PCR-DHPLC）分析对1例Hunter综合征患者及其父母的IDS基因的突变热点第9、3、8外显子进行突变检测,并对PCR-DHPLC检出的突变样品进行直接测序。结果经PCR-DHPLC分析发现该患者的IDS基因第9外显子有明显异常峰形;DNA序列分析进一步发现该外显子发生一新的移码突变,突变部位在第482位密码子（TTA）内,即cDNA第1569bp的T后插入了2个T,致使新肽链提前在第483位遇上终止密码TAA,导致新肽链从原来的550个氨基酸缩短至482个。该患儿为这一突变的半合子,而其母为这一突变的杂合子。结论PCR-DHPLC和DNA序列分析是诊断Hunter综合征的有效方法,发现的移码突变（1569＋TT）导致肽链比正常的少了68个氨基酸,从而引起IDS酶活性明显降低,可能是该Hunter综合征患者的致病原因。     

Noonan综合征患者PTPN11基因突变分析

目的 研究中国人Noonan综合征患者非受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酯酶(protein-tyrosine phosphatase,nonreceptor-type 11,PTPN11)基因的突变.方法 收集遗传咨询门诊3例散发的Noonan综合征患者及其无症状父母,外周血提取基因组DNA,PCR产物直接测序法对患者PTPN11基因的全部15个编码区外显子及其邻接的内含子区域进行测序,检出突变后再对其父母的相应外显子区域进行测序,并通过限制性内切酶检测100名无亲缘关系的正常人相应碱基改变以排除多态性,利用网上ClustalW工具分析突变位点所在氨基酸在多个物种中的保守性.结果 在1例患者的第3外显子区域检出一杂合的c.181G＞A碱基取代,导致第61位的天冬氨酸改变为天冬酰胺(p.D61N),在其无症状父母和100名正常个体中无此突变;该位点在多个物种中高度保守.另外2例患者PTPN11基因的编码区未检到突变.结论 p.D61N突变在文献中已有报道,本例患者为新生突变.本研究进一步肯定了 p.D61N为Noonan综合征的致病突变,基因诊断的结果验证了该患者的临床诊断.另外两例Noonan综合征患者可能由其他基因的突变所致,反映了该病的遗传异质性.     

Crouzon综合征基因突变检测

目的 研究1个Crouzon综合征家系及1例散发的Crouzon综合征患者的成纤维生长因子受体2(fibroblast growth factors receptor 2,FGFR2)基因突变情况.方法 在1个Crouzon综合征家系的10名成员,和另一例散发者的外周血提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增FGFR2基因的第8和10外显子(部分家族成员仅扩增第8外显子),产物纯化后直接进行DNA测序检测突变.结果 家系中3名成员及另1例散发者FGFR2基因第8外显子的833位核苷酸发生G→T的转换突变,该突变为错义突变,使该位点所编码的氨基酸由半胱氨酸变为苯丙氨酸(C278F).该突变为杂合子突变.结论 FGFR2基因突变是Crouzon综合征致病原因.     

完全型雄激素不敏感综合征雄激素受体基因突变分析

目的 对完全型雄激素不敏感综合征一家系雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)基因进行突变检测;并对发现突变的基因进行分析.方法 应用PCR扩增、DNA序列测定等技术分析所有AR基因外显子及其邻近DNA序列片段;应用核苷酸内切酶诊断方法观察其是否存在于正常人群;应用跨物种比对方法探讨突变所在位置的保守性.结果 3例患者AR基因第4外显子均发生E681D(GAG→GAT)错义突变,患者母亲为此突变杂合子携带者;患者父亲未见异常;正常人群未发现AR基因E681D突变;681位谷氨酸在不同物种间高度保守.结论 AR基因E681D(GAG→GAT)突变可能是导致完全型雄激素不敏感综合征新的突变方式.     

一例ZEB2基因变异导致Mowat-Wilson综合征患者的遗传学分析

目的对1例特殊面容、精神运动发育迟缓、癫痫及胼胝体发育不全的患者进行全外显子组测序分析,探讨其可能的分子遗传学病因。方法抽提先证者及其家系成员外周血基因组DNA。应用二代测序技术对全外显子组基因序列进行突变检测,并对先证者及其父母的变异位点行Sanger测序验证。结果先证者ZEB2基因第8外显子检测到c.2824G>T(p.G942X)杂合变异,导致ZEB2基因第942位编码甘氨酸的密码子(GGA)突变为终止密码子(UGA),产生截短蛋白,影响蛋白质功能的正常发挥。患儿父母未检测到该变异。结论ZEB2基因c.2824G>T(p.G942X)杂合变异可能是先证者的遗传学病因,Mowat-Wilson综合征在国内尚未见报道。     

软骨发育不全1例基因突变检测

目的对1例临床诊断为软骨发育不全（achondroplasia,ACH）的患者及其父母的成纤维细胞生长因子受体3（fibroblastgrowthfactorreceptor3,FGFR3）进行基因突变检测。方法提取患者及其父母外周血DNA,对FGFR3基因的第10外显子区设计引物,进行PCR扩增,并对扩增产物进行限制性内切酶酶切分析。结果与父母及正常对照相比,此例患儿FGFR3基因第10外显子发生了第1138位G到A的点突变。结论FGFR3基因第10外显子G1138A杂合突变可能为该例软骨发育不全患者的主要病因。该检测结果与国内外研究结果一致,进一步说明该突变为热点突变。     

安徽汉族人肝豆状核变性基因突变的检测与分析

目的建立PCR-LIS-SSCP银染法,筛选WD基因外显子突变,并经DNA测序确定之。方法应用PCR-LIS-SSCP银染法,对34例WD患者及10例正常人的ATP7B基因第8、12外显子突变进行检测,并对部分突变样品DNA测序。结果安徽WD患者的WD基因第8外显子突变率为38.2%,第12外显子突变率为14.7%,是安徽汉人WD基因突变的相对热区。结论PCR-LIS-SSCP加DNA自动测序,是一种操作较便捷的基因突变检测方法,可用于临床检出WD先证者、杂合子及进行症状前诊断和产前诊断。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.