鼠拟胚体来源细胞向肝细胞及心肌细胞分化的初步观察

目的观察微重力生物反应器内拟胚体（EBs）的形成及其EBs来源细胞的肝细胞与心肌细胞分化。方法将未分化鼠胚胎干细胞（Es细胞）以1×10^6／mL移人微重力反应器内旋转培养，6d后取出反应器内形成的EBs接种于培养板培养，使用含DMSO、地塞米松等IMDM培养液继续培养10d。动态观察EBs形成和EBs来源细胞分化细胞形态特征，采用Western blot、免疫荧光染色方法检测EBs来源细胞肝细胞及心肌细胞标志物的表达。结果生物反应器旋转培养6d形成均一的拟胚体，接种后移行细胞中出现肝细胞特征样细胞和自发性搏动细胞，Western blot检测到EBs来源细胞肝细胞标志物Alb表达，免疫荧光染色分别检测出肝细胞标志物Alb、AFP和心肌细胞标志物GATA4的表达。结论微重力生物反应器可加快EBs的形成。EBs来源细胞可有效地向肝细胞及心肌细胞分化，两种细胞之间可能存在相互作用。     

维生素C促进小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的:利用经典的悬滴培养法形成拟胚体(EBs),诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞(m ESCs)在体外分化为心肌细胞,观察维生素C作为诱导剂对m ESCs体外诱导分化为心肌细胞的影响,进而寻找一种高效、安全的诱导方法。方法:复苏m ESCs,传代培养后,利用悬滴法使m ESCs形成拟胚体,用含0.1mg/m L维生素C的分化培养基对其进行诱导分化,以不添加任何诱导剂作为对照组,观察出现搏动拟胚体的时间,搏动拟胚体的数量,计算分化比率,统计搏动频率,并进行免疫荧光染色测定心肌肌钙蛋白T(c Tn T)的表达。结果:小鼠胚胎干细胞可自发分化为心肌细胞,但效率较低,0.1mg/m L的维生素C能明显提高m ESCs分化为心肌细胞的效率,约83.3%的EBs出现搏动,显著高于未添加任何诱导剂组,搏动频率为(81.2±7.8)次/分钟。两组搏动心肌细胞c Tn T免疫染色阳性。结论:维生素C能够显著提高m ESCs向心肌细胞分化效率,应用维生素C体外诱导m ESCs向心肌细胞分化是一种较为理想的体外诱导方式。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞体外定向心肌细胞分化的研究

目的：小鼠胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ES细胞）体外定向心肌细胞分化模型的建立。方法：通过悬滴培养技术定向诱导ES细胞分化为拟胚体,进而分化为心肌细胞,并用RT－PCR对四种肌肉肌动蛋白在EBs中的表达进行了鉴定。结果：在拟胚体和进一步分化的ES细胞中观察到自发节律性收缩的心肌细胞,α－平滑肌肌动蛋白（血管和胃肠道平滑肌）以及纹状肌肉肌动蛋白（心肌和骨骼肌）在这些心肌细胞样的细胞中均能表达。结论：小鼠胚胎干细胞体外定向心肌细胞分化模型的建立,可用于研究相关基因在心肌发育过程中的直接或间接作用,有助于胚胎干细胞衍生的心肌细胞用于临床治疗作用的研究。     

悬浮培养诱导人胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞的研究

目的:利用不加任何诱导剂的悬浮培养法,体外诱导人胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞并检测其分化效率。方法:人胚胎干细胞克隆用200U/mL胶原酶Ⅳ,370C处理10min后,挑起克隆碎片转移到低黏附性培养皿中悬浮培养以形成EB(拟胚体),4d后将EB转移到基质胶处理过的6孔板中贴壁培养(1-3EBs/cm2),显微镜下观察记录出现跳动心肌细胞的时间和跳动频率,并计算跳动克隆百分比,24孔板一组,共记录4组96孔;免疫荧光染色检测心肌细胞特异标志物cTnT;膜片钳实验检测心肌细胞自发性动作电位;跳动心肌细胞经过24h缺氧刺激后,用凋亡试剂盒检测心肌细胞凋亡比例。结果:在悬浮培养14d左右开始出现大量的自发跳动心肌细胞,分化出现自发跳动心肌细胞的平均时间(13.9±0.9)d,百分比为20.8%,平均跳动频率为(63.8±5.6)次/min;跳动心肌细胞cTnT染色阳性;跳动心肌细胞检测到自发性动作电位;跳动心肌细胞缺氧24h的凋亡比例为(8.1±0.4)%。结论:不加诱导剂的悬浮培养可以诱导人胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞,分化效率达到20.8%,分化时间14d左右。为进一步的干细胞移植治疗动物心肌梗死模型提供种子细胞。     

ES细胞的三维培养与肝细胞分化的初步研究

目的 探索用生物材料三维培养胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ES细胞)并向肝细胞分化的可行性.方法 胰酶消化悬滴法形成5 d的鼠拟胚胎,将1×106/mL鼠ES细胞与细胞外基质MatrigelTM1:1混合接种于聚乳酸(poly-L-lactic acid,PLLA)和聚乙醇酸(polyglycolic acid,PGA)共聚合三维支架内,用DMSO、地塞米松、HGF、FGF4、胰岛素等诱导ES细胞向肝细胞分化,动态观察ES细胞的培育和生长情况,并用RT-PCR、免疫荧光染色检测其肝细胞标志物白蛋白(ALB)和甲胎蛋白(AFP)的表达.结果 立体显微镜见ES细胞及分化细胞在聚合支架材料上呈三维立体状态生长,并保持细胞活力,随培养时间延长不断增殖.RT-PCR检出分化细胞表达ALB mRNA和AFP mRNA,同样免疫荧光染色也证实表达ALB和AFP.结论 ES细胞可在生物材料聚合三维可降解支架及MatrigelTM上生长,并在诱导剂的作用下向肝细胞分化.     

Iws1参与小鼠胚胎干细胞中胚层分化发育

目的揭示Iws1在小鼠胚胎干细胞分化发育中的作用。方法利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑建立稳定敲除Iws1的小鼠胚胎干细胞细胞系后,利用悬滴法诱导培养拟胚体(embryoid body,EB),在体外探究该基因是否会影响中胚层的发育。同时分离分别出生1天、7天、21天、56天的小鼠心肌细胞进行该基因的定量检测。并使用GeneMANIA数据库确定该基因的潜在靶标。此外,使用WebGestalt进行基因功能(gene ontology,GO)与信号通路(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)富集分析。结果在小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导分化体系中,Iws1敲除抑制EB中胚层的发育。该基因在出生后21天的小鼠心肌细胞表现出高表达。Iws1具有19种潜在靶向基因。GO和KEGG分析表明,这些潜在靶基因与氧化还原反应,C型瘦蛋白受体信号通路和其他生理过程有关。结论Iws1参与小鼠胚胎干细胞中胚层分化,可能潜在调控中胚层源性终末分化器官的发育。     

全反式维甲酸联合Ⅳ型胶原促进胚胎干细胞向平滑肌细胞分化

目的探讨全反式维甲酸(atRA)联合Ⅳ型胶原(collagenⅣ)能否更好的促进小鼠胚胎干细胞(m ESC)向平滑肌细胞分化。方法体外培养m ESC,通过碱性磷酸酶染色、SSEA1染色和在体成瘤实验检测m ESC全能性。制作胚胎小体(EB)并悬浮3天后分别分为:无诱导(对照组)、atRA诱导组、Ⅳ型胶原诱导组、atRA联合Ⅳ型胶原诱导组,使其贴壁分化。通过平滑肌细胞抗体(SM-αactin)的Western blot检测及SM-αactin与平滑肌肌球蛋白重链(SM-MHC)免疫荧光双染结果观察比较不同组别的细胞分化为平滑肌细胞的情况并进行比较。结果经m ESC全能性鉴定,提示小鼠胚胎干细胞的培养成功。发现在第7天及第14天atRA联合Ⅳ型胶原诱导组细胞SM-αactin蛋白表达量均明显高于其他3组,同时观察第14天的SM-αactin与SM-MHC双荧光染色,发现atRA联合Ⅳ型胶原诱导组的SM-αactin与SM-MHC表达量也是最高,表明细胞的分化成熟度是最好的,atRA诱导组和Ⅳ型胶原诱导组次之,对照组最差。结论全反式维甲酸联合Ⅳ型胶原能够更好的促进胚胎干细胞向平滑肌细胞分化。     

高浓度青-链霉素诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化

目的研究青-链霉素(双抗)对小鼠胚胎干细胞(mouse embryonic stem cells,mESCs)向心肌细胞分化的影响。方法采用常规悬滴法培养mESC形成拟胚体(embryonic body,EB),在分化培养基中加入不同浓度的双抗(1.0%、5.0%和10.0%)培养贴壁的EB,选择不同的时间点分化的细胞通过流式细胞术(FCM)、细胞免疫荧光、westem blotting等分析心肌特异性蛋白表达水平的差异。结果小鼠多能干细胞表面标志物SSEA-1表达呈阳性(绿色),H.E染色显示核质比1。正常自分化细胞免疫荧光显示cTnT、‘MLC2阳性(绿色),肌节清晰可见。高浓度双抗组,cTnT+阳性细胞率高于对照组和低浓度(1.0%)双抗组,western blotting显示其心肌特异性蛋白cTnT、cTnI、MLC2、connexin43等表达增加(p0.05)。结论高浓度双抗促进mESCs向心肌细胞分化,且有浓度依赖性。     

aFGF、HGF体外诱导小鼠ESC向肝细胞定向分化及标志物研究

目的观察酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(acid fibroblast growth factor,a FGF)、肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)对小鼠胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)体外定向诱导分化作用及诱导后肝细胞标志物的表达水平。方法体外培养小鼠ESC使其发育成拟胚体,然后加入a FGF、HGF诱导ESC定向分化成肝细胞。收集培养上清液,RIA法测定甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)浓度。PCR和免疫印迹法检测ALB、细胞角蛋白8(CK8)以及细胞角蛋白18(CK18)在细胞内mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 ESC培养5 d后发育成为拟胚体,加入不同浓度a FGF继续培养,5 d后AFP浓度降低,ALB浓度升高,与对照组相比有显著性差异。细胞内ALB、CK8及CK18表达水平明显升高。一次诱导后加入HGF,继续诱导5 d,上清液中AFP浓度降低,ALB浓度升高,具有浓度依赖性。ALB、CK8及CK18在细胞内表达升高。结论体外培养小鼠ESC,加入a FGF、HGF后可诱导其向肝细胞定向分化。肝细胞标志物AFP水平明显降低,ALB、CK8以及CK18表达水平明显升高。     

血管类器官的构建及鉴定

目的 探讨人诱导多能干细胞(hiPSC)培养血管类器官的方法并进行鉴定。方法 体外培养hiPSC,先诱导hiPSC形成拟胚体,再诱导分化中胚层和血管祖细胞后,在Ⅰ型胶原蛋白-基质胶介质中分化形成血管网,分离单个血管网,形成血管类器官;倒置显微镜观察分化过程中拟胚体,血管网及血管类器官的生长情况;免疫荧光染色检测血管类器官的内皮细胞特异性抗体CD31,平滑肌细胞特异性抗体α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA),血小板衍生生长因子受体β(PDGF-β)蛋白表达。结果 构建血管类器官3D细胞模型,免疫荧光染色显示,CD31阳性,α-SMA阳性,PDGF-β阳性,与人体血管组织结构特征相似。结论 初步构建了血管类器官3D细胞模型,将为心血管疾病的基础研究和靶向药物的筛选提供新的模型。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.