河北省农田土壤中重金属潜在生态风险评价

目的了解河北省农田土壤中重金属含量,评价重金属产生的潜在生态风险。方法采用标准方法对河北省2 700份农田土壤样本中铅、镉、铬含量进行测定;采用Hakansan潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果 2 700份土壤样品重金属铬、铅、镉含量平均值分别为39.63、18.52、0.4 mg/kg,13.74%的样品中镉含量超出国家二级标准,铅、铬含量均未超标,变异系数分别为镉(264.31%)、铅(70.40%)、铬(59.46%);重金属单因子生态风险指数分别为镉(160.98)、铅(4.64)、铬(1.24),铅、铬为低度生态风险水平,镉为重度生态风险水平,镉低度、中度、较重、重度、严重5个风险等级样品比例分别为49.63%、22.37%、14.93%、3.59%、9.48%;多因子潜在生态风险指数为166.86,处于中度风险,低度、中度、重度和严重4个风险等级样品比例分别为85.41%、4.81%、2.19%、7.59%,除两个城市外,其余市均为低度生态风险。结论河北省农田土壤中重金属以镉超标为主,总体表现为中度潜在生态危害。     

玉溪红塔区农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

目的 开展农田土壤重金属的潜在生态风险评估,为制定当地土壤环境与健康相关政策提供参考依据。方法 基于2017—2020年期间玉溪市红塔区农田土壤中重金属(铅、镉、铬)筛查数据,采用内梅罗指数和潜在生态指数进行评价,绘制风险评价等级地理信息导图。结果 农田土壤中重金属的超标率分别为：镉为22.5%,铅为3.7%,铬未检出超标。土壤监测点被镉污染比例占12.5%,本次调查期间土壤中镉含量中位数呈逐年上升,年度之间差异有显著性。内梅罗指数结果表明镉和铅分别为中度和轻度污染。农田土壤中重金属综合潜在生态指数为1.84～96.45,评价为轻微生态风险。结论 红塔区农田土壤铅、镉、铬3种重金属风险低,部分点位镉元素超标,需进一步加强对重金属镉污染的防控。     

常州市农田土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险

目的了解常州市农田土壤铅、镉、铬污染状况及其潜在的生态风险。方法于2013—2015年,采集常州市160块农田土壤样本并检测重金属铅、镉、铬含量。运用地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)对土壤重金属污染状况和生态风险进行评价。结果在160件农田土壤样品中,铅、铬的含量均合格;镉含量的超标率为8.75%(14/160)。铅、铬的土壤污染程度为无污染或轻度污染,4件土壤镉污染程度为中度污染,1件土壤镉污染程度为强污染。仅1件土壤综合潜在生态危害为强,其余土壤综合潜在生态危害为轻微。结论常州市部分农田土壤存在镉污染及潜在生态风险,应予以关注。     

广州市场食用鱼中5种重金属含量分析及评价

目的:评价市场上常见食用鱼的重金属(锌、铅、镉、铜、铬)污染状况和食用安全性。方法:采用硝酸-高氯酸消化和火焰原子吸收法对广州市场21种鱼中重金属含量进行分析及评价。结果:21种鱼中重金属含量符合以下规律:必需微量元素锌、铜、铬含量较高,非必需微量元素铅含量较低,镉未检出;根据《NY 5073-2006无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》,所测样品的铅、镉、铜未超标;鳗鱼中的铬含量超过"人体消费卫生标准"。结论:鳗鱼中的铬含量较高,经常食用存在潜在危害,应引起有关部门重视。     

烟台市农村土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

目的了解烟台市农村环境土壤中重金属污染状况,使用现有的风险评估方法对被调查地区土壤潜在生态风险进行评价。为土壤污染防控提供依据和支持。方法 2014—2017年按照《国家农村环境卫生监测项目方案》要求,每年随机抽取烟台市4个县市区20个乡镇80个行政村作为监测采样点。共采集样品320份,测定土壤中的重金属铅、镉和铬,并按照GB15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》评价重金属超标情况,应用地积累指数和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价农村土壤综合质量状况。结果 320份土壤样品中,土壤中铅、镉和铬中位数分别为23.78、0.22和63.89 mg/kg,镉超标率为22.81%。铅和铬元素的地积累指数均属于无风险范围,镉元素属于中度污染程度;Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价,铅和铬元素均属于无风险范围(指数均小于40),镉元素属于中度风险范畴,潜在生态综合污染指数63.02,表明土壤受到轻度生态危害。结论烟台市部分地区农村土壤受到轻度生态危害,镉元素为中度风险,应加强相关方面防控。     

土壤不同形态镉铅污染现状及对农作物的影响

目的 探讨土壤中不同形态镉、铅污染现状及对农作物的影响.方法 以定点采样方法选取河南省新乡市的农田土壤及其当地的农作物,参照GB/T 5009-2003标准方法中原子吸收光谱法对重金属镉、铅进行测定,用连续提取法获得不同形态镉、铅溶液.结果 土壤中不同形态镉含量以水溶态最高,为0.281 6 mg/kg,占26.1％.土壤中不同形态铅含量以铁锰氧化物结合态最高,为1.498 8 mg/kg,占46.9％.土壤样品中总镉的含量均超标,总铅的含量明显低于标准规定的限值.土壤中残渣态镉与非叶菜镉富集呈正相关(P＜0.05),交换态的铅与叶菜中的镉富集呈正相关(P＜0.01);残渣态的铅含量与非叶菜中镉富集呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 耕层土壤中Cd的形态具有较高的生物活性,土壤中Pb的形态以人为活动对环境的污染为主,土壤中镉、铅形态影响蔬菜中镉的富集.     

不同区域土壤中锰 铅和铬的化学形态分析研究

研究同一城市不同区域土壤中锰、铅和铬的化学形态分布情况。用BCR连续提取法提取土壤中锰、铅和铬的不同化学形态,用原子吸收光谱法测定各元素的总量及相关形态的含量。不同区域土壤中3种重金属总量的分布规律一致,大小依次为Mn>Pb>Cr。3种金属元素的形态分布有其各自规律,但均以不活泼的残渣态为主。     

2010年珠江广州段至出海口微表层水重金属污染状况监测

目的:了解2010年珠江广州段至出海口微表层水重金属污染状况。方法:从2010年1月开始,每月中旬在珠江流域广州段上、中、下游及出海口处设置24个固定采水点,采集珠江微表层水。用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)法测定水样中的砷、镉、铅、铬重金属含量。结果:Cd属轻微检出,As、Pb和Cr虽然整体含量稳定,但特定采样点、特定时间曾同时出现异常高含量。结论:珠江广州段及经广州的出海口微表层水受到以上4种重金属不同程度的污染,防控污染仍是当前刻不容缓的重任。     

深圳市河流底泥重金属的污染现状及生态风险评价

为了解深圳市河流底泥重金属的污染现状及其生态风险,笔者于2008年9月采集深圳市龙岗河、坪山河、观澜河、茅洲河、宝安西部流域、深圳湾陆域、深圳河流域、大鹏湾陆域、大亚湾陆域9个流域(陆域)的河流表层底泥样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铜、铅、锌、铬、镉、镍、汞、砷8种重金属的含量.结果显示,深...     

广东省农田土壤铅、镉、铬等重金属风险评估研究

目的了解广东省农田土壤中铅、镉、铬等重金属环境污染情况,并进行相关风险评估,为制定相关政策和防治措施提供科学依据。方法 2016年8—10月在广东省东部、西部、北部、南部和珠江三角洲地区共抽取480个行政村作为监测点,每个监测点采集土壤样品1份,检测铅、镉、铬等重金属含量,基于Hakanson潜在生态风险指数(RI)法、经典"四步法"开展潜在生态风险和健康风险评估。结果 480份农田土壤中铅、镉、铬的浓度分别为:(47.27±46.30)、(0.27±0.74)、(49.30±46.12)mg/kg,超标点位率分别为0.42%(2/480)、18.13%(87/480)、3.75%(18/480),超背景值点位率分别为58.33%(280/480)、86.88%(417/480)、35.42%(170/480)。重金属综合潜在生态风险指数多数处于中等以上的风险状态,单项潜在生态风险指数排序为镉铅铬。三种重金属各种途径下儿童慢性非致癌风险均大于成人,但对儿童、成人均不存在显著的非致癌健康影响和非致癌健康总风险;重金属镉的致癌风险未超过10~(-6)~10~(-4),尚不具有致癌健康风险。结论广东省不同地区农田土壤铅、镉、铬等重金属潜在生态风险指数多处于中等风险以上水平,尚不具有非致癌健康风险和致癌风险。     

Distribution and Accumulation of Metals in Tadpoles Inhabiting the Metalliferous Streams of Eastern Chalkidiki, Northeast Greece

The present study investigates the accumulation of heavy metals [copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)] in tadpoles inhabiting the metalliferous streams flowing within the Asprolakkas River basin (northeast Chalkidiki peninsula, Greece) and the effect of potentially harmful elements in stream water and sediment on the corresponding levels in their tissue. Animals were collected from six sampling sites influenced by a wide range of surface water and stream sediment trace element concentrations. The results of the chemical analyses showed that tadpoles accumulated significant levels of all of the examined metals. The range of whole-body mean measured concentrations were (in dry mass) as follows: Cu (46-182?mg/kg), Pb (103-4,490?mg/kg), Zn (494-11,460?mg/kg), Mn (1,620-13,310?mg/kg), Cd (1.2-82?mg/kg), Ni (57-163?mg/kg), and Cr (38-272?mg/kg). The mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cd in Kokkinolakkas stream, which drains a currently active mining area, were the highest ever reported in tadpoles. Our results indicate that whole-body levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd increase with stream sediment concentrations and that these organisms tend to accumulate metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides. In addition, high dissolved concentrations and significant concentrations associated with more labile geochemical phases of sediments for specific metals were contributing factors determining whole-body levels. Given the observed bioconcentration factors, as well as the correlation with sediment concentrations, it is proposed that these organisms could be considered as bioindicators of environmental contamination and may be used for monitoring purposes within this metal-rich zone and, perhaps, within other rivers affected by metal mining.     

Comparison of heavy metals in marine sediments from coast areas in East and Southeast Asian countries during the years 2000--2010

Comparisons of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in marine sediments from coast areas in Southeast and East Asian countries during the years 2000-2010 are studied and discussed in this paper. The results indicate that the average compositions of Cd ranged from 0.13 to 0.89 mg/kg, and the average compositions of Cr ranged from 0.09 to 96.0 mg/kg. Moreover, the average compositions of Cu ranged from 3.00 to 148 mg/kg, and the average compositions of Ni ranged from 1.00 to 37.4 mg/kg. In addition, the average compositions of Pb ranged from 1.00 to 111 mg/kg. Finally, the average compositions of Zn ranged from 4.00 to 595 mg/kg. From the point of view of metals distribution areas for this study, the average highest metal of Ni occurred in East Asia, while the highest metals of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn occurred in Southeast Asian countries.     

公路旁土壤中重金属污染分布及潜在生态危害的研究

[目的]研究公路旁土壤中重金属污染的分布及潜在生态危害。[方法]以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为研究区,对耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr含量,并与对照区比较,同时采用Lars Hakanson指数法评价重金属的潜在生态危害。[结果]研究区表层土壤cd[(1.48±0.60)mg/kg]、Pb[(160.17±55.99)mg/kg]、cu[(38.44±12.16)mg/kg]、Zn[(80.35±6.60)mg/kg]、Cr[(79.50±23.58)mg/kg]含量显著高于对照区(P<0.001),Cd和Pb为重度污染(100％),Cu和Cr为轻微污染(分别占监测点位的55.8％和35.3％);土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度:Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>zn。潜在生态危害综合指数为253.0,主要污染为Cd,达到很强的生态危害,其次是Pb、Cu、Cr和Zn,均为轻微生态危害;潜在生态危害地带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为150 m。[结论]公路旁土壤中重金属以Cd、Pb污染为主,属于中等生态危害,污染物主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分。     

Sediment toxicity tests using benthic marine microalgae Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehremberg) Lewin and Reimann (Bacillariophyceae)

A new method for sediment toxicity testing using marine benthic pennate noncolonial diatom (Cylindrotheca closterium, formerly Nitzschia closterium) has been developed. This microalgae showed a good growth rate during the experimental period, even when low enriched media were used. Sediment spiked with heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb)] was employed to determine the EC(50) values, using microalgal growth inhibition as the endpoint. The obtained results were as follows: Three heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Pb), previously spiked on experimental sediment, were separately assayed in toxicity tests. The EC(50) values for these heavy metals in microalgal growth inhibition tests resulted to be 79 mg kg(-1) for Cd, 26 mg kg(-1) for Cu, and 29 mg kg(-1) for Pb (in experimental sediment). The influence of sediment granulometry on the growth of microalgal population was also studied, finding that the growth of the microalgal population on media containing sediment with a relation sand-size:silt size of 9:1 was not different from optimal growth (occurring in media containing 100% sand-sized sediment). The diatom C. closterium proved to be a suitable organism for sediment toxicity tests, due to its sensitivity and fast growth even in poorly enriched media.     

Heavy metals in sediment and their accumulation in commonly consumed fish species in Bangladesh

Six heavy metals (chromium [Cr], nickel [Ni], copper [Cu], arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], and lead [Pb]) were measured in sediments and soft tissues of eleven commonly consumed fish species collected from an urban river in the northern part of Bangladesh. The abundance of heavy metals in sediments varied in the decreasing order of Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cd. The ranges of mean metal concentrations in fish species, in mg/kg wet weight (ww), were as follows: Cr, 0.11–0.46; Ni, 0.77–2.6; Cu, 0.57–2.1; As, 0.43–1.7; Cd, 0.020–0.23; and Pb, 0.15–1.1. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and target carcinogenic risk (TR) showed the intake of As and Pb through fish consumption were higher than the recommended values, indicating the consumption of these fish species is associated with noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks.     

Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics in the Modern Sedimentary Environment of Northern Jiaozhou Bay,China

The particle size distribution characteristics of sediments and the concentrations of heavy metals in Jiaozhou Bay were investigated in this study. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg and As were 36.88, 29.60, 82.08, 77.48, 0.083, 0.048 and 11.00 mg/kg, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were highest in the eastern sediments, followed by those at the top of the bay, and the lowest concentrations were observed in the central region. Overall, a decreasing trend from the center of the bay to the periphery was observed. Additionally, the distribution of heavy metals in sediments was not completely controlled by sediment particle size. The degree of heavy metal contamination was evaluated using the geoaccumulation index and Hakanson’s method. The results revealed that the level of heavy metal pollution in the sediments was relatively low and that the main pollution elements were Cu and Hg. In addition, the sediments are associated with various levels of potential ecological risk due to the high pollution levels of Hg and Cd.     

Determination of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Canakkale and Balikesir Provinces Using Lichen (Cladonia rangiformis) as a Bioindicator

A regional study was conducted to assess the current level of atmospheric heavy metal pollution (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd) in the Canakkale and Balikesir provinces of Turkey, and also to establish a baseline for future studies of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. The lichen Cladonia rangiformis was used for determining the distribution of heavy metals in the atmosphere. The highest concentration of all these elements was observed in the vicinity of Balikesir province where there is an abandoned lead–zinc main. On the other hand, apart from the mining area, the concentration of heavy metals was similar to the data reported for unpolluted areas. Maximum values of Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Cd were 33.8, 47.6, 13.0, 5.29, and 0.69 mg/kg in dry weight, respectively. Spatial distribution of these elements, apart from Cr, was similar. Correlation coefficients between Zn–Pb, Cr–Zn, Cu–Pb, Cu–Zn, Cd–Zn, and Cd–Cr were high and positive, and indicated that they come from the same sources.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) from Pulicat lake, south east coast of India

The accumulation of six heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) in sediment, water and in tissue parts of Mugil cephalus and Crassostrea madrasensis was studied in two locations of Pulicat lake, Southeast coast of India, which receives considerable quantity of effluents from industries located in North Chennai coastal region. The results reveal that the metal concentration in water is decreasing in the following order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd both in lake and barmouth and highest concentration was observed for Zn (32.5 μg L(-1) in lake and 25.2 μg L(-1) in bar mouth). Metals were highly concentrated in sediments when compared to water and biota. Metals abundance in sediments has following sequential order of Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd and the accumulation pattern in barmouth showed minor variation indicating the following pattern of Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd. The geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) for Pulicat lake sediments indicate that the sediments are extremely contaminated with Cd and moderately contaminated with Cu and Ni. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Mugil cephalus and Crassostrea madrasensis showed marked differences in the accumulation patterns. It is observed that Zn, Cu and Pb are accumulated in elevated concentrations in various parts of the fish and oyster when compared with other metals.     

Distributions of metals in the food web of fishponds of Kolleru Lake,India

The distributions of trace metals (Pb, Cd, Cr Mn, Zn and Cu) in water, sediment, plankton and four fish species (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Pangasius pangasius and Cirrhinus mrigala) from fishponds of Kolleru Lake, India were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of lead (0.01–0.03 mg/l) and copper (0.01–0.08 mg/l) in water and cadmium (3.0–9.0 mg/kg), chromium (47–211 mg/kg) and copper (10–64 mg/kg) in sediment were above the EPA threshold effects level (TEL) and are of biological concern. The abundance orders of metals were Mn>Cd>Cu>Pb in water, Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu >Pb>Cd in sediment and Cu>Mn>Cr>Zn>Pb>Cd in plankton. The concentrations of the metals in the muscles of these four fish species apparently decrease in the order Zn>Cu>Cr>Mn=Pb>Cd and were well below WHO permissible limits that were safe for human consumption.     

Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals in the Indian Ocean Coast of Kenya

Water and surface sediment samples from Rivers Sabaki, Ramisi and Vevesi that flow into the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya were analysed for heavy metals. The sediment concentrations of exchangeable cations (in μg/g) for Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn ranged from 0.10 to 506.75 (for Mn at Sabaki), constituting between 2% and 20% of the total metal concentrations obtained by digestion with strong acid. Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were more leachable with 0.1 N HCl. The total dissolved metal in water and the total sediment concentrations for Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn are given in the text. For dissolved metals, the metal/Mn ratios indicated higher concentrations of Ag in Sabaki River, Cd in Ramisi, Ni in Sabaki and Pb in Ramisi, respectively. In sediments, the metal/Mn ratios showed higher enrichment of Ag in Ramisi, Cd in Sabaki and Vevesi, and Zn in Sabaki, respectively. Enrichment factors showed elevated levels of Cd, Pb and Zn in sediment in River Sabaki and River Vevesi that were due to anthropogenic inputs through Athi River. The total dissolved metal concentration ranges for the three rivers were comparable with those ranges reported in rivers in South Africa but the sediment concentrations were below those of rivers in Europe and Asia where anthropogenic addition of some of the toxic elements such as Cu, Pb and Cd is evidently higher.