线粒体DNA A1555G和961 insC双重突变导致的非综合征型遗传性耳聋

目的探讨一个非综合征型遗传性耳聋大家系线粒体DNA(mitoehondrial DNA，mtDNA)突变类型。方法临床听力测试已明确诊断，并收集非综合征型遗传性耳聋分支家系中33人及6例散发聋患者的外周静脉血样本，从白细胞中提取DNA，聚合酶链反应扩增mtDNA目的片段，分别用BsmA I、Apa I及Xba I限制性内切酶检测1555G、3243G和7445G点突变，对相关的扩增片段进行基因测序。结果酶切检测，家系中17例耳聋患者均为1555G点突变阳性，非母系成员及散发聋病例均为阴性。测序结果：6例酶切显示1555G突变阳性病例均发现(nt)1555A→G转换和(nt)961C插入，3243G、7445G点突变阴性。结论在该非综合征型遗传性耳聋大家系中，mtDNA 12SrRNA基因区域A1555G和961insC的双重突变可能共同参与了听力损害的过程。     

线粒体DNA 3243、3316点突变与2型糖尿病

目的研究2型糖尿病患者中线粒体tRNA^Leu(UUR)基因3243A／G突变和NADH脱氢酶亚单位1基因(ND1)基因3316G／A突变的发生频率及其与2型糖尿病的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性技术检测225例中国云南2型糖尿病患者和195名无糖尿病家族史的健康对照者有无3243A／G突变和3316G／A突变，并经DNA直接测序确证。结果2型糖尿病患者中3316G／A突变者5例(2．22％)，195例对照者中突变者2例(1．03％)，突变发生率在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0．4576)；两组中无线粒体3243A／G突变。结论线粒体tRNA^Leu(UUR)基因3243A／G突变在中国云南2型糖尿病人群中发生频率低，可能不是云南人群中2型糖尿病的常见病因。线粒体ND1基因3316G／A突变可能仅为人群中线粒体基因组的正常多态。其他的遗传、环境及子宫内因素需要进一步研究。     

非综合征型遗传性耳聋两家系线粒体基因突变分析

目的 探讨母系遗传非综合征型耳聋发病机理及7445^G点突变在这类家系及散发感音神经性耳聋病例中的发生率，为建立相应的基因诊断方法提供依据。方法 收集两个母系遗传非综合征型耳聋家系和14个感音神经性耳聋散发病例；抽外周血标本，从白细胞中提取DNA；聚合酶链反应扩增线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）目的片段，分别以Alw 26Ⅰ、ApaⅠ及XbaⅠ限制性内切酶检测1555^G、3243^G及7445^G点突变；行mtDNA 12S r RNA、tRNA^Leu(UUR)、tRNA^Ser(UCN)基因测序。结果 经酶切检测，两家系中12例为7445^G点突变阳性，其余6例及14例散发病例均为阴性，所有病例1555^G、3243^G点突变均阴性；7445^G点突变呈母系遗传。mtDNA测序显示，所有病例1555^G、3243^G点突变均阴性；酶切显示为7445^G突变阳性病例经基因测序均发现有（nt)7445A→G替换。结论 7445^G点突变在母系遗传非综合征型耳聋家系中有较高的发生率，而在散发病例中发生率很低；7445^G结合1555^G点7突变筛查对这类耳聋的诊断有重要意义。     

线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作综合征的临床特征及遗传学研究

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作（MELAS）综合征临床与分子遗传学特征,寻找MELAS线粒体DNA（mtDNA）A3243G点突变比例与临床特征的关联性。方法对2001年1月至2008年1月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院神经内科住院和门诊临床疑似线粒体脑肌病的患儿,行外周血白细胞mtDNA A3243G点突变筛查、血乳酸检测和神经影像学等检查。A3243G点突变阳性病例中选取符合MELAS临床疑似诊断标准的患儿（突变阳性组）,对其家系进行调查,采集家族成员血进行mtDNA A3243G点突变筛查;A3243G点突变阴性病例中选取符合MELAS临床疑似诊断标准的患儿行肌肉病理活检和肌肉A3243G点突变筛查（突变阴性组）。分析比较两组的临床资料及MELAS遗传学特征。结果研究期间共有272例疑似线粒体脑肌病的患儿进行了外周血白细胞A3243G点突变的筛查。A3243G点突变的20例阳性标本中,突变均为异胞质性（heteroplasmy）,18例符合MELAS的临床疑似诊断标准。血细胞中突变型mtDNA的比例为9.0%-50.0%,其中4例同时在肌肉组织检测到相同突变,突变比例为42.4%-64.8%。临床症状以惊厥、乏力、智力进行性倒退、发热、呕吐、视力障碍和失语为主,身材矮小和体毛增多为主要体征,13例合并癫,血乳酸均升高,头颅CT/MRI显示双侧对称性苍白球钙化和脑梗死信号。A3243G点突变筛查阴性标本中有4例临床符合MELAS临床疑似诊断标准,肌肉病理可见破碎红边纤维,肌肉A3243G点突变筛查阴性。14个家庭中的37名家庭成员采集了外周血进行mtDNA A3243G点突变筛查,突变阳性组中患儿母亲5名检测到A3243G点突变,突变比例分别为3.0%,5.0%,11.8%,21.3%和26.9%,同胞兄弟4名检测到A3243G突变,突变比例分别为19.3%、33.3%,37.5%和41.5%,均无临床症状,其他成员未检测到突变。本研究A3243G点突变比例与发病年龄和就诊年龄呈负相关趋势,与病程未?     

线粒体tRNALeu(UUR)基因nt3243A→G突变糖尿病临床特点分析

目的 了解线粒体tRNALeu(UUR)基因nt3243A→G突变在上海及江浙地区家族性糖尿病人群中的发生率及其临床特点.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态结合直接测序方法对随机抽取的无亲缘关系的770个糖尿病家系的先证者进行线粒体tRNA<'Leu(UUR)>基因nt3243A→G突变的筛查,并进一步对阳性先证者家系进行家系遗传学及临床特点分析.结果 在770个糖尿病先证者中发现13例(1.69%)nt3243A→G突变.13个先证者家系的一级亲属中共检出32例3243突变携带者,其中24例为糖尿病,8例糖耐量正常,17例伴不同程度听力减退.24例糖尿病患者多呈消瘦体型,有18例呈典型母系遗传,13例伴胰岛素抵抗,15例伴听力障碍,14例应用胰岛素治疗.结论 上海及江浙地区家族性糖尿病人群线粒体3243点突变检出率是1.69%,线粒体糖尿病患者的临床特点是:(1)多数呈母系遗传,少数可为散发;(2)多于45岁以前发病;(3)体型多偏瘦;(4)胰岛β细胞分泌功能明显降低,部分患者同时伴有胰岛素抵抗;(5)多数患者伴神经性听力障碍或神经性耳聋.     

早发糖尿病线粒体基因突变的研究

目的研究天津地区早发糖尿病(发病年龄≤45岁)中线粒体基因突变的发生率及其相关性。方法随机选取无血缘关系、发病年龄≤45岁的糖尿病患者348例;对照组207名,收集相应临床资料,提取外周血基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性及克隆技术检测线粒体基因点突变。结果糖尿病组线粒体基因点突变总的发生率为8.3%,明显高于对照组(3.3%)(P<0.05),其中17例ND412026A→G突变(4.9%);10例ND1点突变(2.9%),其中包括4例3316G→A突变(1.2%),5例3394T→C突变(1.4%),1例3426A→G突变(0.3%);2例3243A→G突变,检出率为0.6%。在对照组中发现4例12026A→G(1.9%);2例3394T→C突变(0.9%);1例G3316G→A突变(0.5%);未发现3243A→G突变和3426A→G突变。结论天津地区早发糖尿病患者存在多种线粒体基因点突变。     

家族性糖尿病人群中线粒体基因点突变的分析研究

目的 研究线粒体基因11个已知突变或变异在中国家族性糖尿病人群中的确切发生率及其与糖尿病的相关性.方法 应用聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态结合直接测序方法 对随机抽取的无亲缘关系的770个糖尿病家系的先证者及309名非糖尿病对照者进行线粒体基因tRNALeu(3243,3256),tRNASer(12258),tRNAGlu(14709),tRNALys(8296,8344.8363),NDI(3316,3394,3426),ND4(12026)区11个已知位点突变或变异的筛查.结果 糖尿病先证者组中发现13例tRNALeu3243 A→G突变(1.69%),9例tRNAGlu14709 T→C变异(1.17%),17例ND1 3316 G→A变异(2.21%),18例ND13394 T→C变异(2.34%),28例ND412026 A→G变异(3.63%);在正常对照组中发现5例14709 T→C变异(1.62%),5例3316 G→A变异(1.62%)和6例3394 T→C变异(1.94%),9例12026 A→G变异(2.91%),未见到3243 A→G突变携带者.在两组中均未见到tRNALeu3256C→T,tRNALys 8296A→G,tRNALys8344A→G,tRNALys 8363G→A,tRNASer 12258C→A和ND1 3426 A→G突变.分别比较14709,3316,3394,12026位点变异在糖尿病先证者组和对照组的发生率以及临床资料,差异无统计学意义.在糖尿病先证者组中尚见到同时伴有两个位点改变的情况,其中3243 A→G突变和3394 T→C变异者2例,3243 A→G突变和12026 A→G变异2例.结论 线粒体基因tRNALeu(UUR) 3243 A→G突变是中国人线粒体糖尿病的主要致病基因,14709,3316,3394,12026位点变异可能是中国人线粒体基因多态,中国人群中未见到tRNALeu 3256C→T,tRNALys 8296A→G,tRNALys 8344A→G,tRNALys 8363G→A,tRNASer 12258C→A和ND1 3426 A→G突变,它们可能不是中国人线粒体糖尿病的致病基因.     

一个同时携带线粒体DNA A1555G突变和GJB2235delC单杂合突变家系的基因型与听力表型

目的 调查一个同时携带线粒体DNA A1555G突变和GJB2 235delC突变的非综合征型耳聋家系,分析其基因型和听力表型的关系.方法 对家系成员进行临床听力测试,收集家系中8名成员的外周静脉血样本,从白细胞中提取DNA,聚合酶链反应扩增GJB2基因和线粒体DNA(mitochondric DNA,mtDNA)目的 片段,对扩增片段直接测序进行GJB2基因、mtDNA 12S rRNA及tRNASer(UCN)基因突变分析.结果 此家系先证者存在mtDNA A1555G突变和GJB2 235delC杂合突变,听力表型为极重度感音神经性耳聋.其他母系成员携带mtDNA A1555G突变,未发现tRNASer(UCN)基因突变,家系中其他母系成员听力表型为双侧对称高频下降或听力正常.结论 GJB2 235delC单杂合突变可能参与了mtDNA A1555G的听力损害.     

一个同时携带线粒体DNA A1555G突变和GJB2235delC单杂合突变家系的基因型与听力表型

目的 调查一个同时携带线粒体DNA A1555G突变和GJB2 235delC突变的非综合征型耳聋家系,分析其基因型和听力表型的关系.方法 对家系成员进行临床听力测试,收集家系中8名成员的外周静脉血样本,从白细胞中提取DNA,聚合酶链反应扩增GJB2基因和线粒体DNA(mitochondric DNA,mtDNA)目的 片段,对扩增片段直接测序进行GJB2基因、mtDNA 12S rRNA及tRNASer(UCN)基因突变分析.结果 此家系先证者存在mtDNA A1555G突变和GJB2 235delC杂合突变,听力表型为极重度感音神经性耳聋.其他母系成员携带mtDNA A1555G突变,未发现tRNASer(UCN)基因突变,家系中其他母系成员听力表型为双侧对称高频下降或听力正常.结论 GJB2 235delC单杂合突变可能参与了mtDNA A1555G的听力损害.     

一个同时携带线粒体DNA A1555G突变和GJB2235delC单杂合突变家系的基因型与听力表型

目的 调查一个同时携带线粒体DNA A1555G突变和GJB2 235delC突变的非综合征型耳聋家系,分析其基因型和听力表型的关系.方法 对家系成员进行临床听力测试,收集家系中8名成员的外周静脉血样本,从白细胞中提取DNA,聚合酶链反应扩增GJB2基因和线粒体DNA(mitochondric DNA,mtDNA)目的 片段,对扩增片段直接测序进行GJB2基因、mtDNA 12S rRNA及tRNASer(UCN)基因突变分析.结果 此家系先证者存在mtDNA A1555G突变和GJB2 235delC杂合突变,听力表型为极重度感音神经性耳聋.其他母系成员携带mtDNA A1555G突变,未发现tRNASer(UCN)基因突变,家系中其他母系成员听力表型为双侧对称高频下降或听力正常.结论 GJB2 235delC单杂合突变可能参与了mtDNA A1555G的听力损害.     

Are duplications of mitochondrial DNA characteristic of Kearns--Sayre syndrome?

The phenotypes of Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) and chronicprogressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) are closely associatedwith deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Recent evidencesuggesting that more than one type of rearrangement may be presentin KSS led us to reinvestigate 18 patients with KSS or CPEOfor the presence of mtDNA rearrangements other than deletion.mtDNA duplication was detectable in 10 of 10 patients with KSS,while deletion monomers were the only recombinant mtDNA easilydetectable in eight of eight patients with CPEO. Deletion dimerswere found only in cases having duplications. Thus, duplicationsof mtDNA seem to be a hallmark of KSS, including a patient wherePearson's syndrome was the first manifestation. We suggest thatduplication of mtDNA is characteristic of the early-onset diseaseKSS, and that the balance of mtDNA rearrangements may be centralto the pathogenesis of this unique group of disorders.     

Genotype and phenotype analyses in 136 patients with single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions

We examined 136 patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion. Clinical diagnoses included chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (94 patients); Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS; 33 patients); Pearson's marrow-pancreas syndrome (six patients); and Leigh syndrome, Reye-like syndrome, and mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (one patient). The length and location of deletion were highly variable. Only one patient had deletion within the so-called shorter arc between the two origins of mtDNA replication. The length of deletion and the number of deleted transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAs) showed a significant relationship with age at onset. Furthermore, KSS patients had longer and larger numbers of deleted tRNAs, which could be risk factors for the systemic involvement of single mtDNA deletion diseases. We found 81 patterns of deletion. Direct repeats of 4 bp or longer flanking the breakpoints were found in 96 patients (70.5%) and those of 10 bp or longer in 49 patients (36.0%). We found two other common deletions besides the most common deletion (34 patients: 25.0%): the 2,310-bp deletion from nt 12113 to nt 14421 (11 patients: 8.0%) and the 7,664-bp deletion from nt 6330 to nt 13993 (ten patients: 7.3%). These deletions had incomplete direct repeats longer than 13 bp with one base mismatch.     

Mutations in GJB2, GJB6, and mitochondrial DNA are rare in African American and Caribbean Hispanic individuals with hearing impairment

Autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing impairment (ARNSHI) comprises 80% of familial hearing loss cases. Approximately half result from mutations in the connexin 26 (Cx26) gene, GJB2, in Caucasian populations. Heterozygous mutations in GJB2 occasionally co-occur with a deletion of part of GJB6 (connexin 30; Cx30). It is estimated that approximately 1% of deafness is maternally inherited, due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Few studies have focused on the frequency of mutations in connexins or mtDNA in African American (AA) and Caribbean Hispanic (CH) admixture populations. In this study, we performed bidirectional sequencing of the GJB2 gene and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for the common GJB6 deletion, as well as PCR/RFLP analysis for three mutations in mtDNA (A1555G, A3243G, A7445G), in 109 predominantly simplex AA and CH individuals. Variations found were a 101T > C (M34T; 1/101 cases), 109G > A (V37I; 1/101), 35delG (mutation; 4/101, (3/4) of non-AA/CH ethnicity), 167delT (mutation; 1/101), 139G > T (mutation; E47X; 1/101 homozygote, consanguineous), -15C > T (1/101), 79G > A (V27I; 9/101), 380G > A (R127H; 4/101; Guyana, India, Pakistan ethnicity), 670A > C (Indeterminate; K224Q; 1/101), 503A > G (novel; K168R; 3/101) and 684C > A (novel; 1/101). All but one of the AA and CH patients had monoallelic variations. There were no hemizygous GJB6 deletions in those with monoallelic GJB2 variations. We also did not identify any patients with the three mutations in mtDNA. Bidirectional sequencing of the GJB2 gene was performed in 187 AA and Hispanic healthy individuals. Our results reveal that GJB2 mutations, GJB6 deletions, and mtDNA mutations may not be significant in these minority admixture populations.     

Mitochondrial genetic analysis in a Chinese family suffering from both mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes and diabetes

To investigate the mitochondrial mutations in patients suffering from both mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and maternally inherited diabetes. MELAS was confirmed by muscle biopsy performed from the biceps muscle of the proband. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The significant mtDNA loci of other 14 family members were further detected according to the sequencing results of the proband. Direct sequencing of PCR products was used to identify the mitochondrial mutations. The proband (III 1) and her brother (III 3) both harbored the tRNALeu (UUR) A3243G mutation, with heteroplasmic levels of 50% and 33% respectively. Moreover, another two mitochondrial variants, A8860G and A15326G, were also detected in the samples of all the family members. MELAS and diabetes can coexist in one patient, and the main cause for these diseases is the tRNALeu (UUR) A3243G mutation. However, other gene variants may contribute to its pathogenesis. This case also supports the concept that both syndromes can be regarded as two phenotypes of the same disease.     

Mutations in mitochondrially encoded complex I enzyme as the second common cause in a cohort of Chinese patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes

The mutation pattern of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in mainland Chinese patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) has been rarely reported, though previous data suggested that the mutation pattern of MELAS could be different among geographically localized populations. We presented the results of comprehensive mtDNA mutation analysis in 92 unrelated Chinese patients with MELAS (85 with classic MELAS and 7 with MELAS/Leigh syndrome (LS) overlap syndrome). The mtDNA A3243G mutation was the most common causal genotype in this patient group (79/92 and 85.9%). The second common gene mutation was G13513A (7/92 and 7.6%). Additionally, we identified T10191C (p.S45P) in ND3, A11470C (p. K237N) in ND4, T13046C (p.M237T) in ND5 and a large-scale deletion (13025-13033:14417-14425) involving partial ND5 and ND6 subunits of complex I in one patient each. Among them, A11470C, T13046C and the single deletion were novel mutations. In summary, patients with mutations affecting mitochondrially encoded complex I (MTND) reached 12.0% (11/92) in this group. It is noteworthy that all seven patients with MELAS/LS overlap syndrome were associated with MTND mutations. Our data emphasize the important role of MTND mutations in the pathogenicity of MELAS, especially MELAS/LS overlap syndrome.     

Do sequence variants in the major non-coding region of the mitochondrial genome influence mitochondrial mutations associated with disease?

Several different mutations in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been associated with disease, but their origins and the basis of the wide phenotypic variability remain to be elucidated. We initially investigated three patients with heteroplasmic disease associated mutations of mtDNA for the presence of cis mutations in the major non- coding region that might influence their origins or pathology. A T --> C transition at nt 16 189 previously identified in one patient with the 3243 G:C mutation was associated with heteroplasmic length variation. Identical length variation was found in patient-derived cybrid lines containing 0-97.5% 3243 G:C. Similarly, heteroplasmic length variation was demonstrated in 2/6 other probands with both the 3243 mutation and the 16,189 polymorphism. The distribution of length variants in probands and in asymptomatic family members was identical in all cases. Thus length variation appears to be independent of the level of 3243 mutant mtDNA and hence probably arose within both 3243 G:C and 3243 A:T mtDNAs. We suggest that the 16,189 polymorphism reflects a predisposition to the formation or fixation of several different mutations in mitochondrial tRNA-LeuUUR.      

Clinical features of MELAS and its relation with A3243G gene point mutation

Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) mostly occur in children. The point mutation A3243G of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may work as a specific bio-marker for mitochondrial disorders. The related clinical features, however, may vary among individuals. This study therefore investigated the relation between MELAS clinical features and point mutation A3243G of mtDNA, in an attempt to provide further evidences for genetic diagnosis of MELAS. Children with MELAS-like syndromes were tested for both blood lactate level and point mutation A3243G of mtDNA. Further family study was performed by mtDNA mutation screening at the same loci for those who had positive gene mutation at A3243G loci. Those who were negative for A3243G point mutation were examined by muscle biopsy and genetic screening. Both clinical and genetic features were analyzed. In all 40 cases with positive A3243G mutation, 36 children fitted clinical diagnosis of MELAS. In other 484 cases with negative mutation, only 8 children were clinically diagnosed with MELAS. Blood lactate levels in both groups were all elevated (P>0.05). In a further genetic screening of 28 families, 10 biological mothers and 8 silbings of MELAS children had positive A3243G point mutations but without any clinical symptoms. Certain difference existed in the clinical manifestations between children who were positive and negative for A3243G mutation of mtDNA but without statistical significance. MELAS showed maternal inheritance under most circumstances.     

Complete restoration of a wild-type mtDNA genotype in regenerating muscle fibres in a patient with a tRNA point mutation and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy

Replicative segregation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can produce large differences in the proportions of wild-type and mutant mtDNAs in different cell types of patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. This is particularly striking in the skeletal muscle of patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), a sporadic disease associated with large- scale mtDNA deletions, and in sporadic patients with tRNA point mutations. Although the skeletal muscle fibres of these patients invariably contain a large proportion of mutant mtDNAs, mutant mtDNAs are rare or undetectable in satellite cells cultured from the same muscle biopsy specimens. Since satellite cells are responsible for muscle fibre regeneration, restoration of the wild-type mtDNA genotype might be achieved in these patients by encouraging muscle regeneration. To test this concept, we re-biopsied a patient with a KSS phenotype and a mtDNA point mutation in the tRNAleu(CUN)gene and analysed muscle fibres regenerating at the site of the original muscle biopsy. Regenerating fibres were identified by morphological criteria and by expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). All such fibers were positive for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity by cytochemistry and essentially homoplasmic for wild-type mtDNA, while the majority of non-regenerating fibres were COX-negative and contained predominantly mutant mtDNAs. These results demonstrate that it may be possible to improve muscle function in similar patients by methods that promote satellite cell incorporation into existing myofibres.