东北3城市大气悬浮颗粒物浓度的季节变动与粒径分布

目的了解东北3个不同类型城市的大气悬浮颗粒污染物的浓度、分布及季节变化情况。方法选择沈阳市、抚顺市、铁岭市不同区域各3所小学及附近10户居民（距校址500 m以内）为监测点,分别于2002、2003、2004年每季监测2 w,每次48 h连续采样,重量法测定大气悬浮颗粒物浓度、粒径分布和季节变化情况。结果3城市监测点的大气悬浮颗粒物污染情况相近。大气悬浮颗粒物浓度3城市3年内的冬、春两季都超过国家环境空气质量二级标准1.28～1.54倍;PM10浓度3城市3年内各季节每次日采样测量均超过国家环境空气质量二级标准1.07～2.22倍;PM2.5浓度超过美国EPA细颗粒物空气质量标准3.84～7.76倍。结论采暖期大气悬浮颗粒物污染加重,非采暖期大气悬浮颗粒物增加与沙尘暴过境有关。其中抚顺市大气悬浮颗粒物污染加重与工矿企业污染有关。     

2004-2008年我国110个城市大气污染物空间分布特征

[目的]研究2004-2008年中国大陆110个重点城市可吸入颗粒物(inhalable particles,PM10)、二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide,SO2)和二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide,NO2)年均浓度空间演变规律. [方法]根据距离原则构造空间邻接矩阵,用全局自相关和局部自相关分析方法探讨大气污染物年均浓度分布的空间异质性. [结果] 2004-2008年我国大陆110个城市PM10和SO2年均浓度呈显著空间正相关;NO2年均浓度除2008年呈随机分布外,其他年份呈显著空间正相关.PM10年均浓度的热点集中在河南省中北部、山西省北部和甘肃省中部城市群;SO2年均浓度的热点集中在山西省东北部和贵州省中部城市群;NO2年均浓度的热点集中在京津、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲城市群. [结论]PM10、SO2和NO2浓度的空间分布在我国大陆呈现聚集性.     

唐山南湖中央生态公园大气环境质量调查

目的对唐山南湖中央生态公园大气环境质量进行监测,分析首要污染物和超标污染物,评价园区大气质量状况。方法采用功能分区法进行采样点布置,共设7个采样点,位于上风侧的某公园作为对照点。测定大气中的二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、臭氧(O3)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度,计算各指标的空气质量分指数和不同监测区域的空气质量指数,对园区大气环境质量进行评价。结果园区大气中PM2.5质量浓度高于国家Ⅱ级标准,其余指标均未超标;各监测区域中,植物园SO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5质量浓度最高,其空气质量分指数也最高。园区空气质量指数为115.6,空气质量分级为三级。结论在本研究的监测时间内,PM2.5是园区的首要污染物和超标污染物,园区空气质量分级为三级,质量状况为轻度污染。     

贵阳市大气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5日污染特征

于2015年秋季(1月)、夏季(8月)对贵阳市五个区的大气颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5)进行了监测研究。结果发现,贵阳市大气颗粒物污染很轻,8月和11月PM10、PM2.5的超标率都为0;大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5浓度季节变化大,11月PM10和PM2.5浓度明显大于8月;2个月的监测数据显示5个区PM10和PM2.5日均值浓度变化趋势基本一致,5个区中南明区的PM10和PM2.5浓度最高,花溪区的PM10和PM2.5浓度最低。PM10中PM2.5比重较大,PM2.5粒径小,对人体健康危害很大。     

2002-2007年深圳市关内和关外大气污染物变化规律及相关性分析

目的研究深圳市2002—2007年关内、关外大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10空间和时间的变化规律。方法收集深圳市2002—2007年9个国控环境监测点SO2、NO2和PM10的日平均浓度,对大气污染物时间空间变化情况及大气污染物之间的相关性进行分析。结果深圳市2002—2007年关内、关外大气SO2、NO2、PM10浓度的月变化均呈"V"字型分布,即1—6月逐渐下降,6—12月又逐渐上升;关内、关外大气污染物浓度均是秋季高,夏季低;深圳市2002—2007年关内大气污染物浓度变化趋势是2002—2004年逐渐上升,2005年有所下降,2006—2007年又再次上升,而关外2002—2006年变化趋势与关内相似,而2007年并没有继续上升,反而3个指标监测值均有所下降;关外地区SO2浓度连续6a高于关内,NO2与PM10浓度关外2002—2006年连续5a高于关内,而2007年关内首次超过关外;2002—2007年深圳市关内、关外大气SO2浓度符合国家二级标准,但关内接近一级标准,NO2浓度符合国家三级标准,PM10浓度符合国家二级标准。深圳市大气SO2、NO2和PM10浓度之间存在较强的相关性。结论深圳市空...     

河南省大气PM10污染状况分析

近年来。随来河南省工业化的发展和城市生活水平的提高，各类企业及汽车数量急剧增多，废气的排放量有所增加。另外。城市建设过程中也使得大量的粉尘排入大气，加剧了城市空气污染。本文拟对河南省18个省辖市区大气可吸入颗粒物（PM10）污染现状进行分析，并提出相应对策，为制环保措施提供参考，同时也为环境方案规划提供科学依据。     

2001年~2004年郑州市大气污染现状调查与分析

目的分析郑州市大气污染原因,提出大气污染的对策。方法对2001年至2004年郑州市空气质量自动监测数据进行统计分析、利用环境质量指数法进行评价。结果按年均浓度评价,各年年均浓度均超过了国家二级标准,空气质量为三级。2002年大气污染最为严重。各年污染结构:PM10为首要污染物,SO2、NO2污染状况随年度变化呈上升趋势。年度内数据显示:春冬两季污染较为严重,明显高于夏秋两季。结论郑州市大气污染仍属于煤烟型污染,建议环境监管部门继续加强大气污染防治工作,特别是冬春两季的监测和治理。     

2003—2014年贵阳市环境空气质量变化趋势分析

目的 分析贵阳市2003-2014年环境空气质量的状况及变化趋势.方法 收集贵阳市2003-2014年主要环境空气污染物(PM10、SO2和NO2)的年均浓度监测数据,分析其变化特征.结果 2003-2014年大气PM 10每年年均浓度均超标,SO2部分年份超标,NO2均达标.大气PM10和SO2年均浓度呈下降趋势,NO2呈上升趋势;空气污染物的12年平均污染负荷系数依次为PM10＞SO2＞NO2,其中PM10污染负荷系数呈上升趋势(rs=0.526,P＜0.05),SO2污染负荷系数呈下降趋势(rs=-0.958,P＜0.01),NO2污染负荷系数呈上升趋势(rs=0.965,P＜0.01).2013-2014年冬季大气PM10浓度高于夏季(P＜0.05),冬季大气SO2浓度高于春、夏、秋季(P＜0.01).结论 近12年来贵阳市空气质量有明显改善,但污染情况仍需重视,尤其是冬季.     

应用伤残调整寿命年评价我国城市大气颗粒物污染的人群健康效应

目的 评价大气颗粒物污染引起我国城市居民伤残调整寿命年(disability adjusted life years,DALYs)的损失.方法 以2006年我国656个城市的城市人口作为暴露人口,以国家控制大气质量监测体系中各城市的可吸入颗粒物(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns,PM_(10))年均浓度为暴露水平,应用DALYs指标,评价我国城市大气颗粒物污染的人群健康效应.结果 2006年大气颗粒物污染能引起我国城市居民(50.66±9.52)万例早逝,(15.66±4.12)万例慢性支气管炎患者,(1264.05±522.97)万例内科门诊患者,(9.99±5.04)万例心血管疾病住院患者和(7.20±0.82)万例呼吸系统疾病住院患者.2006年归因于城市大气颗粒物污染的DALYs损失总计为(526.22±99.43)万人年,其中由早逝引起的百分率为96.26%(506.55/526.22).城市颗粒物污染越重,城市人口越多,则相应的DALYs损失越大.结论 大气颗粒物污染已对我国城市居民的健康造成了较大的影响,从公共卫生的角度说明了加强治理大气污染的必要性和迫切性.     

广州市番禺区2004年大气环境监测评价

[目的]监测番禺区环境空气卫生质量状况,为环境空气综合治理,改善空气质量提供可靠的依据。[方法]大气采样及各项指标的分析均按《环境监测技术规范》(大气部分),同时进行单项和综合污染指数评价。[结果]2004年二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的年平均值分别为0.089、0.069和0.139 mg/m3,各指标均呈春冬季高、夏秋季低的变化规律;污染程度依次为SO2>PM10>NO2。[结论]2004年SO2、PM10为广州市番禺区环境空气中的主要污染物。     

河南省2004年度城市大气污染现状分析

目的了解河南省城市大气污染现状和污染特征,为制定河南省大气污染防治策略提供科学依据。方法根据2004年河南省城市环境空气质量监测资料,采用环境空气质量指数法和污染负荷分析法,评价河南省大气污染现状和主要污染物;通过各污染物的月均值分析河南省城市大气污染全年变化趋势。结果河南省18个省辖城市中,5个城市为轻污染,4个城市为中污染;主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物和二氧化硫;河南省城市大气污染呈季节性变化,冬季最严重。结论河南省城市大气污染较为严重,以煤烟型为主。     

住宅室内空气颗粒物污染状况及其与大气浓度关系的初探

目的了解当前住宅室内空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及其与室外大气浓度的关系。方法选择10户市区常住家庭,采用单孔多段冲击式颗粒物采样仪进行室内外空气PM2.5、PM10浓度的同时监测。结果非采暖期室内空气PM2.5和PM10的浓度范围分别为27.0～272.9μgm3和42.9～309.6μgm3;采暖期分别为20.7～251.4μgm3和34.0～283.9μgm3。PM2.5与PM10浓度之间呈良好的直线相关关系。室内外颗粒物浓度的相关关系在非采暖期和采暖期有所不同。结论住宅室内空气颗粒物污染比较严重,今后应进一步研究室内颗粒物的污染规律,探讨颗粒物对人群健康的影响。     

Airborne particulate matter and premature deaths in urban Europe: the new WHO guidelines and the challenge ahead as illustrated by Spain

Twenty first century epidemiological publications on urban air pollution are confirming that inhalation of fine, airborne particulate matter (PM) has serious chronic human health effects and is a major cause of premature death worldwide. Recently updated recommendations by WHO identify three “Interim Targets” for the stepped reduction in PM levels within world cities in the quest to achieve an annual mean Air Quality Guideline (AQG) concentration of 20 μg/m³ for particles less than 10 microns in size (PM₁₀). In this paper we offer a perspective from Spain, a country with the longest record of reporting pollution data from large numbers of urban traffic sites to a central European database (AIRBASE). We can demonstrate that average annual PM concentrations at urban traffic monitoring stations in many European cities continue to be 50–100% above the WHO AQG, a situation exacerbated by high urban PM_2.5/10 ratios which indicate a dominance of finer, more deeply inhalable particles potentially more detrimental to health. Given that WHO has estimated in 2000 there were well over 250,000 premature deaths in Europe attributable to PM inhalation, such continuing high urban pollution levels are placing a huge burden on European medical resources.     

某城市交通区大气多环芳烃污染的时空分布特征

[目的]了解城市交通区不同地区和不同时间内颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征。[方法]对某城市某交通区不同地点颗粒物和多环芳烃的含量分别进行了监测，同时在1个地点进行了连续24h监测。[结果]不同地段颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量不同，总体趋势是：高架下大气中颗粒物多环芳烃的污染比高架上严重；城区比郊区污染严重；隧道内比隧道外污染严重。同时，同一地点颗粒物及其中多环芳烃连续24h的监测结果表明，在24h内，大气中颗粒物及其中的多环芳烃含量有规律的波动，在清晨、下午出现两个高峰。研究还发现在颗粒物和其中多环芳烃之间存在明显的相关性，相关系数为0．231，并得到了回归模型；对不同粒径的成分分析结果表明，PM2.5占PM10的30％～50％，是主要的多环芳烃携带颗粒物。[结论]交通因素以及周围环境因素是导致大气中颗粒物多环芳烃污染浓度改变的主要因素之一；PM2.5是主要的多环芳烃的携带者。     

The concentration-response relation between PM(2.5) and daily deaths

Particulate air pollution at commonly occurring concentrations is associated with daily deaths. Recent attention has focused on the shape of the concentration-response curve, particularly at low doses. Several recent articles have reported that particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM(10)) was associated with daily deaths with no evidence of a threshold. These reports have used smoothing or spline methods in individual cities and pooled the results across multiple cities to obtain estimates that are more robust. To date, fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter Less than or equal to 2.5 microm; PM(2.5)), a component of PM(10), has not been examined in this regard. We examined this association in a hierarchical model in six U.S. cities. In the first stage, we fit log-linear models including smooth functions of PM(2.5) in each city, controlling for season, weather, and day of the week. These smooth functions allowed for nonlinearities in the city-specific associations. We combined the estimated curves across cities using a hierarchical model that allows for heterogeneity. We found an essentially linear relationship down to 2 microg/m(3). The same approach was applied to examine the concentration response to traffic particles, controlling for particles from other sources. Once again, the association showed no sign of a threshold. The magnitude of the association suggests that controlling fine particle pollution would result in thousands of fewer early deaths per year.     

Comparison of fine particle measurements from a direct-reading instrument and a gravimetric sampling method

Particulate air pollution, specifically the fine particle fraction (PM2.5), has been associated with increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in general population studies. Occupational exposure to fine particulate matter can exceed ambient levels by a large factor. Due to increased interest in the health effects of particulate matter, many particle sampling methods have been developed In this study, two such measurement methods were used simultaneously and compared. PM2.5 was sampled using a filter-based gravimetric sampling method and a direct-reading instrument, the TSI Inc. model 8520 DUSTTRAK aerosol monitor. Both sampling methods were used to determine the PM2.5 exposure in a group of boilermakers exposed to welding fumes and residual fuel oil ash. The geometric mean PM2.5 concentration was 0.30 mg/m3 (GSD 3.25) and 0.31 mg/m3 (GSD 2.90)from the DUSTTRAK and gravimetric method, respectively. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient for the gravimetric and DUSTTRAK PM2.5 concentrations was 0.68. Linear regression models indicated that log, DUSTTRAK PM2.5 concentrations significantly predicted loge gravimetric PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.01). The association between log(e) DUSTTRAK and log, gravimetric PM2.5 concentrations was found to be modified by surrogate measures for seasonal variation and type of aerosol. PM2.5 measurements from the DUSTTRAK are well correlated and highly predictive of measurements from the gravimetric sampling method for the aerosols in these work environments. However, results from this study suggest that aerosol particle characteristics may affect the relationship between the gravimetric and DUSTTRAK PM2.5 measurements. Recalibration of the DUSTTRAK for the specific aerosol, as recommended by the manufacturer, may be necessary to produce valid measures of airborne particulate matter.     

Association of particulate air pollution with daily mortality: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study

China is one of the few countries with some of the highest particulate matter levels in the world. However, only a small number of particulate matter health studies have been conducted in China. The study objective was to examine the association of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM(10)) with daily mortality in 16 Chinese cities between 1996 and 2008. Two-stage Bayesian hierarchical models were applied to obtain city-specific and national average estimates. Poisson regression models incorporating natural spline smoothing functions were used to adjust for long-term and seasonal trends of mortality, as well as other time-varying covariates. The averaged daily concentrations of PM(10) in the 16 Chinese cities ranged from 52 μg/m(3) to 156 μg/m(3). The 16-city combined analysis showed significant associations of PM(10) with mortality: A 10-μg/m(3) increase in 2-day moving-average PM(10) was associated with a 0.35% (95% posterior interval (PI): 0.18, 0.52) increase of total mortality, 0.44% (95% PI: 0.23, 0.64) increase of cardiovascular mortality, and 0.56% (95% PI: 0.31, 0.81) increase of respiratory mortality. Females, older people, and residents with low educational attainment appeared to be more vulnerable to PM(10) exposure. Conclusively, this largest epidemiologic study of particulate air pollution in China suggests that short-term exposure to PM(10) is associated with increased mortality risk.     

大气颗粒物中重金属分布特征和来源的研究进展

近年来,大气颗粒物引起的环境空气污染受到广泛的关注.颗粒物的研究内容主要集中在不同时间、空间和不同粒径颗粒物浓度的测定、成分分析和健康效应等方面.该文针对颗粒物中的重金属成分,从其含量水平、分布特征、赋存状态和来源分析上进行综述,总结目前对颗粒物中重金属的研究成果,并展望该领域研究方向.     

Associations between outdoor air pollutants and hospitalization for respiratory diseases

The concentration of particulate matter in outdoor air, as indicated by daily measures of particulate matter 10 microm in diameter (PM10) in many cities, has been found to be associated with the daily number of deaths and hospital admissions in these cities. To understand this association better, we studied the daily number of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and the concentrations of eight pollutants in ambient air, during a period of 38 months, in an area with cold winters and air pollution that comes mainly from motor vehicles. We estimated the changes in risk of hospitalization by interquartile increases in pollutant concentrations by Poisson regression analyses. Controlling for periodic trends and weather, the relative risk of hospitalization associated with an interquartile increase of PM10 was 1.038 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.991-1.087]. In contrast, the relative risk associated with benzene was 1.105 (95% CI = 1.047-1.166). In a two-pollutant model, the relative risk estimates were 1.014 (95% CI = 0.966-1.063) for PM10 and 1.090 (95% CI = 1.031-1.153) for benzene. We evaluated other two- and three-pollutant models and concluded that pollutants other than PM10 are more strongly associated with hospital admissions for respiratory diseases.     

Oxidative potential of PM10 and PM2.5 collected at high air pollution site related to chemical composition: Krakow case study

Measurements of the oxidative potential (OP) of airborne particulate matter may be applied for the assessment of the health-based exposure by integrating various biologically relevant properties of particles. This study aimed at the determination of oxidative activity of two size fractions of particulate using the ascorbic acid (AA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) assay. Samples of PM were collected in Krakow, one of the most polluted cities in Poland, in the city centre. Samples were collected during wintertime, when heating sources used in residential areas have significant influence on the concentrations of particulate matter in the air. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations varied from 8.9 to 92.5 μg m^?3. Samples were chemically analysed for elemental carbon, organic carbon, ions and metals. PM2.5 was found as a more oxidative active fraction, where OP_AA and OP_GSH depletions were up to 81.7 and 132.0 μg m^?3, respectively. The average values of OP_AA of PM10 and PM2.5 were similar and equalled 40.8 and 37.2 μg m^?3, respectively. The average value of OP_GSH of PM2.5 equalled 56.7 μg m^?3 and was 3.5 times higher than OP_GSH of PM10. The loss of AA amount in PM10 and PM2.5 and the depletion of GSH in PM2.5 were best described by the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The kinetics of the GSH depletion reaction in PM10 was best described by the pseudo first-order kinetics model. The strong correlations between carbonaceous and metallic constituents of PM and oxidative potential suggest their relevance in participation in oxidative activity of particulate matter.