血清IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型复发感染中的意义

目的探讨血清中IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型复发感染中的意义。方法将单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型潜伏感染的小鼠用过热作为应激原，诱发病毒的复发感染。以免疫组化检测病毒抗原的表达观察病毒活化；用放射免疫的方法检测血清中IL-6水平的变化。结果热应激后，疱疹病毒潜伏感染小鼠的部分三叉神经节细胞出现HSV-1抗原阳性表达，12-24h OD值达高峰，之后下降。小鼠血清IL-6水平也出现升高，12h为峰值，24h后开始下降，持续48h。与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论IL-6能够诱发单纯疱疹病毒-Ⅰ型的复发感染。     

小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型脑内潜伏感染的实验研究

目的:探讨单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-Ⅰ)F株初次感染后在脑内是否形成潜伏感染。方法:用角膜划痕法给Balb/c小鼠接种单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型F株,6周后用免疫组化法检测脑组织不同部位及三叉神经节HSV-1抗原的表达,聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法分别检测小鼠脑的颞叶、脑干、小脑及三叉神经节疱疹病毒DNA片段。结果:病毒接种6周后,小鼠三叉神经节、脑组织的不同部位未检测到HSV-1抗原的表达;三叉神经节、脑的颞叶、脑干和小脑均检测到了疱疹病毒DNA片段。结论:单纯疱疹病毒除了可以在三叉神经节建立潜伏感染外,脑组织也是其建立潜伏感染的部位之一。     

血清IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒I型复发感染中的意义

目的探讨血清中IL-6在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒I型复发感染中的意义。方法将单纯疱疹病毒I型潜伏感染的小鼠用过热作为应激原,诱发病毒的复发感染。以免疫组化检测病毒抗原的表达观察病毒活化;用放射免疫的方法检测血清中IL-6水平的变化。结果热应激后,疱疹病毒潜伏感染小鼠的部分三叉神经节细胞出现HSV-1抗原阳性表达,12～24hOD值达高峰,之后下降。小鼠血清IL-6水平也出现升高,12h为峰值,24h后开始下降,持续48h。与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IL-6能够诱发单纯疱疹病毒-Ⅰ型的复发感染。     

小鼠单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型脑内潜伏感染LAT基因的表达及意义

目的　观察小鼠单纯疱疹病毒 I型 (HSV - 1)脑内潜伏感染时潜伏相关转录子 (L AT)在脑组织与三叉神经节 (TG)表达的差异 ,探讨 HSV - 1脑内潜伏再激活感染的发病机制。方法　用颅内病毒接种法给 Balb/ c小鼠接种单纯疱疹病毒 I型 F株 ,建立 HSV- 1脑内潜伏感染模型 ,病毒接种 8周后半定量 RT- PCR方法分别检测小鼠三叉神经节和脑的颞叶、小脑、脑干 L AT m RNA的表达。结果　小鼠三叉神经节和脑的不同部位均有 L AT m RNA的表达 ,三叉神经节、颞叶、小脑和脑干的半定量值分别为 :0 .6 86 0、0 .4 2 2 3、0 .3915和 0 .4 4 72。三叉神经节的半定量值高于脑的其它部位 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　三叉神经节与脑组织 L AT m RNA表达水平的差异可能是两者病毒潜伏再激活感染发生机制不同的原因之一。     

三叉神经根区粘连蛛网膜组织中IL-6的表达及意义

目的探讨原发性三叉神经痛(TN)患者三叉神经根区粘连的蛛网膜组织中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)表达对单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-1)的影响,并进一步探讨HSV-1感染与TN的关系。方法首先采用PCR方法检测TN患者三叉神经根区粘连的蛛网膜、无粘连的蛛网膜组织中HSV-1特异性基因片段,再用免疫印迹法分别检测上述组织中抗原的表达,从而确定病毒感染状态,将其重新划分为HSV-1潜伏感染组、增殖感染组、未感染组,再用酶联免疫吸附测定法分别定量检测三组蛛网膜标本组织和患者血清中IL-6水平。结果 HSV-1增殖感染组的蛛网膜组织中IL-6水平[(324.64±14.28)pg/g]高于潜伏感染组[(232.75±19.17)pg/g],潜伏感染组也高于未感染组[(93.54±14.08)pg/g],且均有统计学差异(P<0.01);血清中IL-6水平三组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论 IL-6是HSV-1增殖感染过程中的重要介质。HSV-1的增殖感染可能诱发或加重三叉神经根区蛛网膜的粘连,蛛网膜组织可能也是HSV-1的潜伏基地。HSV-1感染可能是继血管压迫之外造成三叉神经根区蛛网膜粘连继而引发TN的另一重要因素。     

三叉神经根区周围蛛网膜粘连与HSV-1感染关系的实验研究

目的 研究三叉神经痛患者三叉神经根区周围蛛网膜粘连与单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型感染的关系.方法 实验组40 例三叉神经痛患者三叉神经根区粘连的蛛网膜,对照组20 例外伤患者蛛网膜,每例蛛网膜分别做病理切片,PCR 检测HSV-1 特异性基因片段以及用HSV-1 单克隆抗体检测抗原的表达.结果 实验组病理切片光镜下粘连的蛛网膜主要以炎细胞浸润、水肿、钙化以及粘液样变性为主,检测到HSV-1 特异性基因片段阳性率为72.5% (29 /40),抗原阳性率为17.5% (7 /40),即以潜伏感染为主,少部分呈增值性感染.对照组病理切片有3 例细胞轻度水肿,余均为正常蛛网膜结构.有4 例HSV-1 特异性基因片段阳性,无抗原阳表达.卡方检验实验组和对照组蛛网膜HSV-1 的感染率有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 三叉神经根区蛛网膜的粘连与HSV-1 的感染密切相关;粘连的蛛网膜加剧了根区动脉对三叉神经根的压迫,是加重三叉神经痛的病因之一.     

细胞周期素依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂治疗实验性单纯疱疹性脑炎的效果及其机制

目的探讨细胞周期素依赖性蛋白激酶(CDK)抑制剂(Olomoucine)治疗实验性单纯疱疹性脑炎(HSE)效果及其机制。方法45只小鼠随机分为1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)假感染组、感染对照组和Olo-moucine治疗组,每组15只。应用流式细胞术测定各组脑细胞表面抗原CD11b的表达;使用逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)的表达;TUNEL染色检测神经细胞凋亡,脑组织病理切片观察组织形态学变化。另40只小鼠HSV-1感染后随机分为Acyclovir治疗组和Olomoucine治疗组,每组20只;2周后应用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存率比较。结果HSV-1感染后脑组织中CD11b阳性细胞、TNF-α、IL-6表达较假感染组显著增高(均P<0.01);TUNEL阳性细胞数明显增多;脑组织细胞变性、出血及炎性细胞浸润。Olomoucine治疗后,脑组织中CD11b阳性细胞、TNF-α、IL-6表达明显降低(均P<0.01),神经细胞凋亡减少,脑组织病理改变减轻。Olomoucine治疗组生存率较Acydovir治疗组显著提高(P<0.05)。结论Olo-mo...     

小鼠单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎主要免疫反应特性研究

目的 了解单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎(HSE)小鼠的主要免疫反应特性.方法 Balb/c小鼠颅内注射HSV1病毒制造HSE模型,脑组织切片观察病理变化,流式细胞仪检测CD11b、CD40、MHCⅠ、MHCⅡ抗原表达水平,RT-PCR检测脑内细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α)mRNA表达水平.结果 HSE小鼠脑组织片状坏死出血.HSE小鼠表达CD11b、CD40、MHC 、MHC 增加,TH1型细胞因子(IL-2、TNF-α)、TH2型细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10)显著增高.结论 小胶质细胞感染后被激活、增殖,MHC增加以发挥抗原提呈作用;CD40表达将进一步激活小胶质细胞,促进TH1及TH2型细胞因子分泌.     

柯里拉京对HSE炎性因子分泌和神经元凋亡影响的实验研究

目的探讨柯里拉京对单纯疱疹病毒型脑炎(HSE)炎性因子分泌和神经元凋亡的影响。方法建立HSV-1接种BV2细胞模型,随机分为正常组、单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)感染组、柯里拉京干预组、地塞米松干预组、黄芪多糖干预组,采用ELISA法检测各组炎性因子白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-a)的表达水平;25只Balb/c小鼠按上述分组分成五组,除正常组外其它各组应用HSV-1感染小鼠建立病毒性脑炎模型,治疗4d后采用TUNEL法观察各组小鼠神经元凋亡的情况。结果与病毒感染组比较,柯里拉京和地塞米松干预组HSV-1感染后IL-1b和TNF-a的分泌(P<0.01)和神经元凋亡数(P<0.01)均明显减少。结论柯里拉京可能通过减少HSV-1感染后IL-1b和TNF-a的分泌,并同时抑制神经元的凋亡来发挥其脑保护作用。     

Dopamine-derived alkaloids in alcoholism and in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases

Summary Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) alkaloids and 1-carboxy TIQ derivatives have been found in human fluids and/or tissues. The possible biosynthetic pathways of salsolinol (Sal), taken as an example of TIQs, are discussed, and the possibility that biosynthesis occurs through a stereospecific enzymatic reaction is considered. In this respect, it is reported that the R enantiomer of Sal predominates in urines of healthy volunteers, whereas the S enantiomer predominates in port wine and possibly in other beverages and foods, suggesting that Sal present in humans could have, at least partially, and endogenous enzymatic origin.TIQs and other dopamine-derived alkaloids are weak MAO inhibitors, the R enantiomer of Sal and salsolidine being more potent than the S form.The changes in monoamine oxidase activity and the nigrostriatal concentrations of dopamine and homovanillic acid in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and in alcoholism are reviewed. In these pathological situations, changes in the levels of dopamine-derived alkaloid levels may occur. The possibility that the modifications found might cause or contribute to changes in mental and/or neurophysiological states in these pathological situations is considered.     

Genetic findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence and in adulthood

Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) are on the rise, and affected children, 1-2% of the general population, often are seriously impaired in their development. OCD is characterized by recurrent, intrusive and disturbing thoughts as well as by repetitive stereotypic behaviours. Depending on their age and developmental status, patients usually try unsuccessfully to suppress the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours. The current state of genetic research on OCD and early-onset OCD is presented and discussed. OCD, especially early-onset OCD, has been shown to be familial. Convincing evidence indicates that both environmental and genetic factors substantially influence OCD. Various approaches, including linkage and association studies, yielded conflicting results as well as the notion that multiple genes of modest effect sizes, in interaction with environmental factors, cause vulnerability to the disorder. The phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of OCD complicate the identification of specific genetic factors. Further studies have to be designed in consideration of subtypes, e.g. age at onset, symptom dimensions, or comorbid disorders.     

Platelet MAO activity and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed and suicidal patients and in healthy controls

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG) were simultaneously measured in 20 currently depressed patients, 11 recovered depressed patients, 15 nondepressed suicide attempters, and 42 healthy control subjects. Both 5HIAA and HVA were positively and significantly correlated to platelet MAO activity in the healthy subjects, but not in any of the patient groups. Suicide attempters had significantly lower CSF 5HIAA than nonsuicidal patients.     

Carbamazepine and Its Metabolites in Human Perfused Placenta and in Maternal and Cord Blood

Summary: Placental transfer and metabolism of carbamazepine (CBZ) was studied in a dual recirculating placental cotyledon perfusion system and was also evaluated in 16 pairs of maternal venous and cord blood samples. Among the parameters studied as possible indicators of a successful perfusion, volume changes in perfusate divided the perfusions into two groups, whereas no significant differences between perfusions were noted in blood gas analysis or in antipyrine transfer. CBZ added into the maternal circulation crosses the placenta in the beginning quicker than antipyrine which is in agreement with the different lipid solubilities of these compounds. Because the transfer rates of antipyrine and CBZ were about the same, the mechanism of transfer of CBZ is probably similar to that of antipyrine (passive diffusion). No metabolites of CBZ could be detected in the perfusate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatographyhass spectrometry. With the improved HPLC methodology for CBZ metabolites, six metabolites were detected in clinical samples, including 10-hydroxy-10, 11-dihydro-CBZ (10-OH-CBZ), which has been described earlier in only 1 uremic patient. Relative levels of metabolites showed significant individual differences. CBZ crosses perfused placenta rapidly, but this does not contribute to CBZ metabolites detected in maternal and fetal circulation.     

Cellular origin and regulation of D- and L-serine in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia

D-Serine is known to be essential for the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the excitation of glutamatergic neurons, which have critical roles in long-term potentiation and memory formation. D-Serine is also thought to be involved in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. The deletion of serine racemase (SRR), which synthesizes D-serine from L-serine, was recently reported to improve ischemic damage in mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. However, the cell type in which this phenomenon originates and the regulatory mechanism for D-/L-serine remain elusive. The D-/L-serine content in ischemic brain increased until 20 hours after recanalization and then leveled off gradually. The results of in vitro experiments using cultured cells suggested that D-serine is derived from neurons, while L-serine seems to be released from astroglia. Immunohistochemistry studies of brain tissue after cerebral ischemia showed that SRR is expressed in neurons, and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH), which synthesizes L-serine from 3-phosphoglycerate, is located in astrocytes, supporting the results of the in vitro experiments. A western blot analysis showed that neither SRR nor 3-PGDH was upregulated after cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the increase in D-/L-serine was not related to an increase in SRR or 3-PGDH, but to an increase in the substrates of SRR and 3-PGDH.